• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제45권9호
• /
• pp.1358-1365
• /
• 2016

본 연구에서는 원적외선을 이용하여 1차 열풍건조 한 고추 다진 양념을 건조할 경우 두께, 건조온도와 송풍속도에 따른 건조특성과 건조제품의 색도 변화, 건조 전후 고추 다진 양념의 capsaicinoid 등 품질특성을 분석하여 원적외선 건조 기초 자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 고추 다진 양념의 건조속도는 원적외선 건조온도와 송풍속도가 증가할수록 빨라지고 건조시간이 단축되는 경향을 보였으며, 건조 두께 10 mm 조건이 20 mm 조건보다 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 특히 두께 10 mm, 원적외선 건조온도 $80^{\circ}C$, 송풍속도 0.8 m/s 조건에서 건조시간이 63분으로 건조속도가 가장 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 검증한 건조모델 중 Page 및 Henderson 모델의 경우 전체적인 건조시간대에서 비교적 잘 일치하는 것으로 나타나, 고추 다진 양념의 원적외선 건조 시 Page 및 Henderson 모델을 이용할 경우 높은 정밀도에서 함수율비 예측이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 원적외선 건조 후 고추 다진 양념의 색차(${\Delta}E$) 값은 두께 10 mm 조건보다 20 mm 조건에서 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 건조온도 $70^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 약간 높은 것으로 나타났으나 오차 범위로 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 원적외선 건조 후 고추 다진 양념의 적색도(a) 값은 두께 20 mm, 건조온도 $80^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 갈변하는 현상이 심화하는 것으로 나타났다. Capsaicin 함량은 건조 두께가 두껍고, 건조온도가 낮으며, 송풍속도가 느릴수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 또한, 모든 조건에서 건조 전 capsaicin 함량인 22.15 mg/100 g에 비해 건조 후 capsaicin 함량이 2.24~4.70 mg/100 g 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 두께 10 mm, 건조온도 $80^{\circ}C$, 송풍속도 0.8 m/s 조건에서 감소폭이 작은 것으로 나타났다. Dihydrocapsaicin 함량의 경우에도 원적외선 건조 후 1.05~3.82 mg/100 g 감소하는 것으로 나타났고, 두께 10 mm, 건조온도 $80^{\circ}C$, 송풍속도 0.8 m/s 조건에서 감소폭이 작은 것으로 나타났다. 원적외선 건조 중 에너지 소비량은 송풍속도가 느리고 건조온도가 높을수록 감소하였으며, 건조 두께 10 mm 조건이 20 mm 조건보다 적은 경향을 나타내었다. 또한, 두께 10 mm, 건조온도 $80^{\circ}C$, 송풍속도 0.6 m/s 조건에서 에너지 소비량은 5.08 kWh/kg-water로 가장 적은 값을 보였다. 따라서 고추 다진 양념의 건조시간, 건조 중 변색, capsaicinoid 함량 및 에너지 소비량 등을 고려하면 건조 고추 다진 양념의 고품질화를 위해서는 원적외선 건조온도 $80^{\circ}C$, 송풍속도 0.6 m/s, 두께 10 mm 조건이 적절한 건조조건으로 판단된다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.63-86
• /
• 2010

Personalized services directly and indirectly acquire personal data, in part, to provide customers with higher-value services that are specifically context-relevant (such as place and time). Information technologies continue to mature and develop, providing greatly improved performance. Sensory networks and intelligent software can now obtain context data, and that is the cornerstone for providing personalized, context-specific services. Yet, the danger of overflowing personal information is increasing because the data retrieved by the sensors usually contains privacy information. Various technical characteristics of context-aware applications have more troubling implications for information privacy. In parallel with increasing use of context for service personalization, information privacy concerns have also increased such as an unrestricted availability of context information. Those privacy concerns are consistently regarded as a critical issue facing context-aware personalized service success. The entire field of information privacy is growing as an important area of research, with many new definitions and terminologies, because of a need for a better understanding of information privacy concepts. Especially, it requires that the factors of information privacy should be revised according to the characteristics of new technologies. However, previous information privacy factors of context-aware applications have at least two shortcomings. First, there has been little overview of the technology characteristics of context-aware computing. Existing studies have only focused on a small subset of the technical characteristics of context-aware computing. Therefore, there has not been a mutually exclusive set of factors that uniquely and completely describe information privacy on context-aware applications. Second, user survey has been widely used to identify factors of information privacy in most studies despite the limitation of users' knowledge and experiences about context-aware computing technology. To date, since context-aware services have not been widely deployed on a commercial scale yet, only very few people have prior experiences with context-aware personalized services. It is difficult to build users' knowledge about context-aware technology even by increasing their understanding in various ways: scenarios, pictures, flash animation, etc. Nevertheless, conducting a survey, assuming that the participants have sufficient experience or understanding about the technologies shown in the survey, may not be absolutely valid. Moreover, some surveys are based solely on simplifying and hence unrealistic assumptions (e.g., they only consider location information as a context data). A better understanding of information privacy concern in context-aware personalized services is highly needed. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to identify a generic set of factors for elemental information privacy concern in context-aware personalized services and to develop a rank-order list of information privacy concern factors. We consider overall technology characteristics to establish a mutually exclusive set of factors. A Delphi survey, a rigorous data collection method, was deployed to obtain a reliable opinion from the experts and to produce a rank-order list. It, therefore, lends itself well to obtaining a set of universal factors of information privacy concern and its priority. An international panel of researchers and practitioners who have the expertise in privacy and context-aware system fields were involved in our research. Delphi rounds formatting will faithfully follow the procedure for the Delphi study proposed by Okoli and Pawlowski. This will involve three general rounds: (1) brainstorming for important factors; (2) narrowing down the original list to the most important ones; and (3) ranking the list of important factors. For this round only, experts were treated as individuals, not panels. Adapted from Okoli and Pawlowski, we outlined the process of administrating the study. We performed three rounds. In the first and second rounds of the Delphi questionnaire, we gathered a set of exclusive factors for information privacy concern in context-aware personalized services. The respondents were asked to provide at least five main factors for the most appropriate understanding of the information privacy concern in the first round. To do so, some of the main factors found in the literature were presented to the participants. The second round of the questionnaire discussed the main factor provided in the first round, fleshed out with relevant sub-factors. Respondents were then requested to evaluate each sub factor's suitability against the corresponding main factors to determine the final sub-factors from the candidate factors. The sub-factors were found from the literature survey. Final factors selected by over 50% of experts. In the third round, a list of factors with corresponding questions was provided, and the respondents were requested to assess the importance of each main factor and its corresponding sub factors. Finally, we calculated the mean rank of each item to make a final result. While analyzing the data, we focused on group consensus rather than individual insistence. To do so, a concordance analysis, which measures the consistency of the experts' responses over successive rounds of the Delphi, was adopted during the survey process. As a result, experts reported that context data collection and high identifiable level of identical data are the most important factor in the main factors and sub factors, respectively. Additional important sub-factors included diverse types of context data collected, tracking and recording functionalities, and embedded and disappeared sensor devices. The average score of each factor is very useful for future context-aware personalized service development in the view of the information privacy. The final factors have the following differences comparing to those proposed in other studies. First, the concern factors differ from existing studies, which are based on privacy issues that may occur during the lifecycle of acquired user information. However, our study helped to clarify these sometimes vague issues by determining which privacy concern issues are viable based on specific technical characteristics in context-aware personalized services. Since a context-aware service differs in its technical characteristics compared to other services, we selected specific characteristics that had a higher potential to increase user's privacy concerns. Secondly, this study considered privacy issues in terms of service delivery and display that were almost overlooked in existing studies by introducing IPOS as the factor division. Lastly, in each factor, it correlated the level of importance with professionals' opinions as to what extent users have privacy concerns. The reason that it did not select the traditional method questionnaire at that time is that context-aware personalized service considered the absolute lack in understanding and experience of users with new technology. For understanding users' privacy concerns, professionals in the Delphi questionnaire process selected context data collection, tracking and recording, and sensory network as the most important factors among technological characteristics of context-aware personalized services. In the creation of a context-aware personalized services, this study demonstrates the importance and relevance of determining an optimal methodology, and which technologies and in what sequence are needed, to acquire what types of users' context information. Most studies focus on which services and systems should be provided and developed by utilizing context information on the supposition, along with the development of context-aware technology. However, the results in this study show that, in terms of users' privacy, it is necessary to pay greater attention to the activities that acquire context information. To inspect the results in the evaluation of sub factor, additional studies would be necessary for approaches on reducing users' privacy concerns toward technological characteristics such as highly identifiable level of identical data, diverse types of context data collected, tracking and recording functionality, embedded and disappearing sensor devices. The factor ranked the next highest level of importance after input is a context-aware service delivery that is related to output. The results show that delivery and display showing services to users in a context-aware personalized services toward the anywhere-anytime-any device concept have been regarded as even more important than in previous computing environment. Considering the concern factors to develop context aware personalized services will help to increase service success rate and hopefully user acceptance for those services. Our future work will be to adopt these factors for qualifying context aware service development projects such as u-city development projects in terms of service quality and hence user acceptance.