• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.133-137
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• 2010

Purpose: Breast cancer is known to be more vulnerable to bone metastasis and lymph node metastasis than other types of cancer, and nuclear examinations whole body bone scan and lymphoscintigraphy are performed commonly before and after breast cancer operation. In case whole body bone scan is performed on the day before lymphoscintigraphy, the radiopharmaceutical taken into and remaining in the bones provides anatomical information for tracking and locating sentinel lymph nodes. Thus, this study purposed to examine how much bone density affects in locating sentinel lymph nodes. Materials and Methods: The subjects of this study were 22 patients (average age $52{\pm}7.2$) who had whole body bone scan and lymphoscintigraphy over two days in our hospital during the period from January to December, 2009. In the blind test, 22 patients (average age $57{\pm}6.5$) who had lymphoscintigraphy using $^{57}Co$ flood phantom were used as a control group. In quantitative analysis, the relative ratio of the background to sentinel lymph nodes was measured by drawing ROIs on sentinel lymph nodes and the background, and in gross examination, each of a nuclear physician and a radiological technologist with five years' or longer field experience examined images through blind test in a five-point scale. Results: In the results of quantitative analysis, the relative ratio of the background to sentinel lymph nodes was 14.2:1 maximum and 8.5:1 ($SD{\pm}3.48$) on the average on the front, and 14.7:1 maximum and 8.5:1 ($SD{\pm}3.42$) on the average on the side. In the results of gross examination, when $^{57}Co$ flood phantom images were compared with images containing bones, the score was relative high as 3.86 ($SD{\pm}0.35$) point for $^{57}Co$ flood phantom images and 4.09 ($SD{\pm}0.42$) for bone images. Conclusion: When whole body bone scan was performed on the day before lymphoscintigraphy, the ratio of the background to sentinel lymph nodes was over 10:1, so there was no problem in locating lymph nodes. In addition, we expect to reduce examination procedures and improve the quality of images by indicating the location of sentinel lymph nodes using bone images as body contour without the use of a source.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.355-385
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• 2005

As the system of autonomous police that has been debated for long time is fixed to be introduced by the program of participatory government, this treatise intends to analyze main contents and review controversial items in order to present supplementary measures. The program of participatory government to introduce autonomous police in Korea focuses on converting the autonomous police of Korea from centralized police administration in order to provide 'customized security service' that is appropriate to the regional environment. Thus, if relevant city, county or district considers that it is required to introduce the system autonomous police, the assembly may enforce the decision by enacting ordinance. For enforcement, organization in the unit of section will be established in the line of mayor, county headman and district office. The main role will be security service that is closely related to the life of inhabitants such as crime prevention, patrol, traffic crackdown, etc. as well as public health, sanitation and environmental control which are being performed by autonomous organization at present. However some expected controversial items may be summarized in the following 3 points on the premise of accepting the program of government. First, the point at issue related to the basic function of police. The basic function of police is generally understood as order keeping function such as anterior and preventive job and law enforcing function such as posterior and suppressing job. By the way, the program of government does not endow the autonomous police with investigation right for general crime, thereby raising the controversy that our autonomous police is nothing but the assistant of police. Furthermore, the present national police also expresses its dissatisfaction to the transfer of authority. Second, the issue of balance of security service between self-governing bodies may be raised. The security environment is different between self-governing bodies and thus demand of security is different. Therefore, the security service of autonomous police will reveal difference in qualitative aspect for each self-governing body. Moreover, it can be easily anticipated that the quality of security service may be different as per the financial independence degree. Third, the point at issue anticipated with the operation funded by the budget of self-governing body. As autonomous police is operated by the budget of self-governing body, the following problems may be raised; (1) since police administration is subordinated to general administration, the concentration may be weakened (2) the cooperation between policy agencies may be impeded (3) owing to the difficult in possessing spare police, the mobility of police may be somewhat reduced.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.762-767
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• 2004

With the developement of non-invasive surgical techeniques, coronary artery bypass graft without cardiopulmonary bypass has become popular. We compared the preoperative risk factors and in-hospital outcomes of patients having off-pump CABG with these having on-pump CABG. Material and Method： From January 2001 to June 2003, 87 patients underwent CABG. Thirty-sin patients underwent on-pump CABG, fifty-one patients under-went off-pump CABG. Preoperative risk factors, extent of coronary disease, operative time, postoperative endotracheal intubation time, duration of ICU stay & hospital stay, the amount of bleeding and postoperative levels of cardiac enzymes were compared in both groups, Result: The were no differences in their sex ratios, ages, preoperative risk factors, preoperative Ml, Canadian classes, extent of coronary artery diseases and, echocardio-graphic ejection fraction between Off-pump CABG and On-pump CABG groups. Off-pump CABG group had significantly lower mean operative time (270$\pm$79.3 min vs 372$\pm$142.2 min, p＜0.001), mean ventilation time (17.1$\pm$13.4 hr vs 24.3$\pm$17.8 hr) and CK-MB level (8,9$\pm$18.7 IU/L vs 25.7$\pm$8.4 IU/L) than on-pump CABG groups, On-pump CABG group had more distal grafts (2.2$\pm$0.5 vs 1.7$\pm$0.71 than Off-pump CABG groups did. There were no differences in their postoperative complications and outcomes including amount of postoperative bleeding for 24 hrs, reoperation for bleeding control, mean in-hospital days, postoperative infection, renal failure and neurologic complications between Off-pump CABG and On-pump CABG groups. Conclusion: This study showed that patients who underwent Off-pump CABG had less operation time & intubation time and lower CK-MB level; however, they also have less distal graft. Even though CABG without CPB provided satisfactory results, more clinical experience & longer follow-up is required.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.916-922
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• 1996

In patients with pleural adhesion, video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has been regarded as a contra- indication. When such adhesions were found during a thoracoscopic trial, the thoracotomy proceeded with for fear of parenchymal Injury and bleeding. We had a question whether or not thoracoscopic surgery should be done in such pleural adhesions. Of the 226 consecutive thoracoscopic surgeries from Jul. 1992 through Sep. 1995, pleural adhesions were detected intraoperatively in 50 cases (22.1%): a detailed breakdown is as follows: pneumothorax (16 cases), pleural disease (15), benign pulmonary nodule(7), mediastinal mass(5), hyperhidrosis (2), diffuse parenchymal or interstitial lung disease (2), bronchiectasis(2), and primary lung cancer(1). We classified pleural adhesions according to their extent and severity. Extent is categorized as the involved area of the lung: degree 1, II, or III; severity is given one of four grades: mild, moderate, severe, or ve y severe. In cases of very severe severity requiring decortication, the possibility of VATS was excluded. Of the 50 cases, mild adhesions were detected in 15 cases(30.0%), moderate in 29 (58.0%), and severe in 6 (12.0%). As for the extent of the adhesions, 8 cases (16.0%) were categorized as degree 1, 32 cases (64. 0%) as degree II, and 10 cases (20.0%) as degree III. For patients with pleural adhesions, the operation time, the chest tube indwelling time, and the postoperative hospital stay were all longer than for patients in the non-adhesion group. Postoperative complications, namely prolonged air-leakage and pleural drain- age, were more common (18.0% and 6.0%, respectively) than in the non-adhesion group (5.1% and 1.7%, respectively). Only two bronchiectatic patients (4%) were converted to an open thoracotomy because of in- ability to control bleeding. Although complications were encountered more frequently in the group with adhesions, patients were still able to enjoy the benefi s of thoracoscopic surgery. It is advisable to proceed with thoracoscopic surgery even in cases of unpredicted pleural adhesions.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.465-473
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• 2004

Purpose : The essential triad for nerve regeneration is nerve conduit, supporting cell and neurotrophic factor. In order to improve the peripheral nerve regeneration, we used polyglycolic acid(PGA) tube and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) gene transfected Schwann cells in sciatic nerve defects of SD rat. Materials and methods : Nerve conduits were made with PGA sheet and outer surface was coated with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) for mechanical strength and control the resorption rate. The diameter of conduit was 1.8mm and the length was 17mm Schwann cells were harvested from dorsal root ganglion(DRG) of SD rat aged 1 day. Schwann cells were cultured on the PGA sheet to test the biocompatibility adhesion of Schwann cell. Human BDNF gene was obtained from cDNA library and amplified using PCR. BDNF gene was inserted into E1 deleted region of adenovirus shuttle vector, pAACCMVpARS. BDNF-adenovirus was multiplied in 293 cells and purified. The BDNF-Adenovirus was then infected to the cultured Schwann cells. Left sciatic nerve of SD rat (250g weighing) was exposed and 14mm defects were made. After bridging the defect with PGA conduit, culture medium(MEM), Schwann cells or BDNF-Adenovirus infected Schwann cells were injected into the lumen of conduit, respectively. 12 weeks after operation, gait analysis for sciatic function index, electrophysiology and histomorphometry was performed. Results : Cultured Schwann cells were well adhered to PGA sheet. Sciatic index of BDNF transfected group was $-53.66{\pm}13.43$ which was the best among three groups. The threshold of compound action potential was between 800 to $1000{\mu}A$ in experimental groups which is about 10 times higher than normal sciatic nerve. Conduction velocity and peak voltage of action potential of BDNF group was the highest among experimental groups. The myelin thickness and axonal density of BDNF group was significantly greater than the other groups. Conclusion : BDNF gene transfected Schwann cells could regenerate the sciatic nerve gap(14mm) of rat successfully.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.7
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• pp.824-831
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• 2009

Purpose : We aimed to investigate the efficacy of and functional recovery after intracerebral transplantation of different doses of mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs) in immature rat brain with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Methods : Postnatal 7-days-old Sprague-Dawley rats, which had undergone unilateral HI operation, were given stereotaxic intracerebral injections of either vehicle or mMSCs and then tested for locomotory activity in the 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th week of the stem cell injection. In the 8th week, Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the learning and memory dysfunction for a week. Results : In the open field test, no differences were observed in the total distance/the total duration (F=0.412, P=0.745) among the 4 study groups. In the invisible-platform Morris water maze test, significant differences were observed in escape latency (F=380.319, P<0.01) among the 4 groups. The escape latency in the control group significantly differed from that in the high-dose mMSC and/or sham group on training days 2-5 (Scheffe's test, P<0.05) and became prominent with time progression (F=6.034, P<0.01). In spatial probe trial and visible-platform Morris water maze test, no significant improvement was observed in the rats that had undergone transplantation. Conclusion : Although the rats that received a high dose of mMSCs showed significant recovery in the learning-related behavioral test only, our data support that mMSCs may be used as a valuable source to improve outcome in HIE. Further study is necessary to identify the optimal dose that shows maximal efficacy for HIE treatment.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 2009

Background: Chronic rejection after a cardiac allograft usually occurs about six months after the operation. Vasculopathy due to chronic rejection causes atherosclerosis in the coronary artery of the transplanted heart and then this causes myocardial injury. We intended to discover and document those findings that occur in a transplanted ascending aorta. Material and Method: In rats weighting $200{\sim}300gm$ (Spraque-Dawley rat), we carried out heterotopic heart allo-transplantation with the modified Ono-Lindsey method and then the rats were administrated cyclosporine (10mg/kg/day). After three months survival, we acquired biopsy materials from the native ascending aorta and the allo-transplanted ascending aorta and we compared them. We classified each severity of 1) intimal thickening, 2) medial hyperplasia, 3) medial calcification, 4) medial inflammation and 5) chondroid metaplasia, which are specific biopsy findings for chronic rejection after a cardiac allograft. Each severity was classified, according to the opinion of one pathologist, in the native ascending aorta biopsies (n=9) and the allo-transplanted ascending aorta biopsies (n=13). The data of the control group and the study group were statistically analyzed with using the Mann-Whitney test (SPSS version 12.0 window). Result: The important changes of the allo-transplanted aorta were intimal thickening (p<0.0001), medial calcification (p=0.045), medial inflammation (p<0.0001) and chondroid metaplasia (p=0.045), but not medial hyperplasia (p=0.36). Conclusion: Cardiac allograft vasculopathy was seen in the transplanted ascending aorta, the same as was seen in the coronary artery, after allograft cardiac transplantation. We have reached the conclusion that chronic rejection also progresses in the aorta.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.12 s.159
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• pp.1697-1707
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• 2006

Relentless advances in information technology are constantly transforming market dynamics of the retail industry. RFID is an emerging innovative technology that can reduce labor costs, improve inventory control and increase sales by effective business processes. Apparel retailers need to recognize the benefits of RFID and identify critical success factors. By focusing on apparel retailers, this study attempts (1) to identify the reality of RFID associated with benefits; and (2) to prospect the implementation of RFID in apparel retailing. We conducted a focus group interview with selected six panels who were experts of retail industry in the United States to obtain data regarding RFID attributes. Content analysis was used to generate related excerpts and classify 31 attributes of RFID benefits from the meaningful 173 responses. For experience of RFID, retailers were familiar with RFID technology and expressed the belief that RFID basically would support an existing retail system for speed to markets. However, retailers addressed the level of experience with RFID technology that they were still in the early adoption stage among few innovative companies. The content analysis identified five dimensions of RFID benefits for apparel retailing: Visibility and Velocity, Revenue Enhancement, Customer Service, Security, and Employee Productivity. This result lends support to the belief that RFID has a significant potential to streamline supply chain management, store operation and customer service for apparel retailing. This study provides intellectual and managerial implications far practitioners and researchers by postulating the effective use of RFID in the apparel retail industry.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.159-168
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• 2010

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the expression pattern of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in endometrium and the pathogenesis of endometriosis by investigating VEGF expression patterns and their difference between eutopic endometrium of patients with endometriosis and that of normal controls without endometriosis. Methods: Endometrial sections were obtained from 64 hysterectomy specimens from women under age of 40, who had undergone hysterectomies and had histological evidence of endometriosis, with stage 3 and 4 according to the revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine classification. As for controls, 37 sections were gained from women diagnosed as having cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) of the uterine cervix and without evidence of pelvic endometriosis or adenomyosis during their operation. The VEGF content was evaluated immunohistochemically in the eutopic endometrium from 64 patients with endometriosis and 37 normal controls. Histological semiquantitative score (H-score) was calculated and compared between study group and control group throughout the menstrual cycle. Results: There was no significant difference in the H-score of VEGF in the eutopic endometrium between patients with endometriosis and controls without endometriosis when compared according to the same phase of the cycle, although the H-score of the study group was significantly higher in the secretory phase than the proliferative phase. Conclusion: The VEGF expression in the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis was not different from that of women without endometriosis. This study suggests VEGF expression in eutopic endometrium is unlikely associated with the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.467-474
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• 2014

Objective: To observe the effects of allogeneic and autologous transfusion on cellular immunity, humoral immunity and secretion of serum inflammatory factors and perforin during the perioperative period in patients with malignant tumors. Methods: A total of 80 patients (age: 38-69 years; body weight: 40-78 kg; ASA I - II) receiving radical operation for gastro-intestinal cancer under general anesthesia were selected. All the patients were divided into four groups based on the methods of infusion and blood transfusion: blank control group (Group C), allogeneic transfusion group (group A), hemodiluted autotransfusion Group (Group H) and hemodiluted autotransfusion + allogenic transfusion Group (A+H group). Venous blood was collected when entering into the surgery room ($T_0$), immediately after surgery ($T_1$) and 24h ($T_2$), 3d ($T_3$) and 7d ($T_4$) after surgery, respectively. Moreover, flow cytometry was applied to assess changes of peripheral blood T cell subpopulations and NK cells. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were performed to determine levels of IL-2, IL-10, TNF-${\alpha}$ and perforin. Immune turbidimetry was employed to determine the changes in serum immunoglobulin. Results: Both CD3+ and NK cells showed a decrease at $T_1$ and $T_2$ in each group, among which, in group A, CD3+ decreased significantly at $T_2$ (P<0.05) compared with other groups, and CD3+ and NK cell reduced obviously only in group A at $T_3$ and $T_4$ (P<0.05). CD4+ cells and the ratio of D4+/CD8+ were decreased in groups A, C and A+H at $T_1$ and $T_2$ (P<0.05). No significant intra- and inter-group differences were observed in CD8+ of the four groups (P<0.05). IL-2 declined in group C at $T_1$ and $T_2$ (P<0.05) and showed a decrease in group A at each time point (P<0.05). Moreover, IL-2 decreased in group A + H only at $T_1$. No significant difference was found in each group at $T_1$ (P<0.05). More significant decrease in group ?? at $T_2$, $T_3$ and $T_4$ compared with group A (P<0.05), and there were no significant differences among other groups (P>0.05). IL-10 increased at $T_1$ and $T_2$ in each group (P<0.05), in which it had an obvious increase in group A, and increase of IL-10 occurred only in group A at $T_3$ and $T_4$ (P<0.05). TNF-${\alpha}$ level rose at $T_1$ (P<0.05), no inter- and intra-group difference was found in perforin in all groups (P<0.05). Compared with the preoperation, both IgG and IgA level decreased at $T_1$ in each group (P<0.05), and they declined only in Group A at $T_2$ and $T_3$ (P<0.05), and these parameters were back to the preoperative levels in other groups. No significant differences were observed between preoperative and postoperative IgG and IgA levels in each group at $T_4$ (P>0.05). No obvious inter- and intra-group changes were found in IgM in the four groups (P>0.05). Conclusions: Allogeneic transfusion during the perioperative period could obviously decrease the number of T cell subpopulations and NK cells and the secretion of stimulating cytokines and increase the secretion of inhibiting cytokines in patients with malignant tumors, thus causing a Th1/Th2 imbalance and transient decreasing in the content of plasma immune globulin. Autologous transfusion has little impact and may even bring about some improvement oo postoperative immune function in patients with tumors. Therefore, cancer patients should receive active autologous transfusion during the perioperative period in place of allogeneic transfusion.