• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.87-90
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• 2013

The average annual and winter ambient air temperatures in Korea have risen by $0.7^{\circ}C$ and $1.4^{\circ}C$, respectively, during the last 30 years. Due to climate change, the occurrence of abnormal weather conditions has become more frequent, causing damage to vegetable crops grown in Korea. Hot pepper, chinese cabbage and radish, the three most popular vegetables in Korea, are produced more in the field than in the greenhouse. It has been a trend that the time for field transplanting of seedlings is getting earlier and earlier as the spring temperatures keep rising. Seedlings transplanted too early in the spring take a longer time to resume the normal growth, because they are exposed to suboptimal temperature conditions. This experiment was carried out to figure out the change of cellular tissue of chinese cabbage under the condition of low temperature to provide the information regarding the coming climatic change, on the performance of 'Chunkwang' chinese cabbage during the spring growing season. In our study, plant height, number of leaf, chlorophyll and leaf area was lower at the open field cultivation than heating house treatment after transplanting 50 days. Especially in fresh weight, compared with heating treatment, open field and not heated treatment were notably low with the 1/3 level. Of damage symptoms due to low temperature cabbage leaves about 10 sheets when $-3.0^{\circ}C$ conditions in chinese cabbage was a little bit of water soaking symptoms on the leaves. $-7.4^{\circ}C$ under increasingly severe water soaking symptoms of leaf turns yellow was dry. Microscopy results showed symptoms of $-3.0^{\circ}C$ when the mesophyll cell of palisade tissue and spongy tissue collapse, $-7.4^{\circ}C$ palisade tissue and spongy tissue was completely collapsed. The result of this study suggests that the growers should be cautioned not to transplant their chinese cabbage seedlings too early into the field, and should be re-transplanting or transplanting other plants if chinese cabbage are exposed to suboptimal temperature conditions ($-3.0^{\circ}C$ or $-7.4^{\circ}C$).

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.128-137
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• 2002

This study was conducted to develop the heat exchanger by utilizing the heat energy of underground water(15℃), which might be used for cooling and heating system of the agricultural facilities. We developed the heat exchanger by using the parallel type plat fin tube made of Aluminum(Al 6063), which was named Aloo-Heat(No. 0247164, offered by Korean Intellectual property Office). The trial manufactures were made from Aloo-heat which was 600mm, 700mm length respectively, and It were welded to the end "U" type in order to direct flow of the underground water. The performance test was carried out under the condition of open space and room temperature with the change of flow rate of the underground water and air. The results are as follows. 1. The trial manufactures had convection heat value from 33 to 156 W/m²℃, and It was coincided with design assumption. 2. The amount of energy transfer was increased with the increment of the area of heat transfer, the air flow, the gap of temperature inlet & outlet the underground water and the air. 3. The heat value was 6,825W when the air flow was 6,000m³/h and the gap of temperature between inlet and outlet of the underground water was 6℃, and It dropped from 25.8℃ to 23.2℃(-2.6℃ difference). The convection heat value was 88.5W/m²℃. 4. The heat value was 2.625W when the air flow was 4,000m³/h and the gap of temperature between inlet and outlet the underground water was 2℃, and It dropped from 27℃ to 22.5℃(-4.5℃ difference). The convection heat value was 33.6W/m²℃. 5. Correlation values(R²) of the testing heat values of the trial manufacture type I, II, and III were 0.9141, 0.8935, and 0.9323 respectively, and correlation values(R²) of the amount of the air flow 6,000m³/h, 5,000m³/h, 4,000m³/h were 0.9513, 0.9414, and 0.9003 respectively.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.3-17
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• 1997

Because a wedged beam consists of attenuated primary photons and scattered radiations from wedge, the spectrum of the wedged beam does not coincide with that of an open beam with same geometry. The aims of current report are to get exact information about whether effects of 15-60$^{\circ}$ wedge for 4 -10 MV photon beams should be considered for dose calculation or not, and to suggest a reference condition for measurement of wedge transmission factor. Percent depth dose of both open and wedged fields with angles of 15, 30, 45, 60$^{\circ}$ for beams of 4 MV(Clinac 4/100, Varian), two 6 MV(Clinac 6/100 and Clinac 2100C, Varian), 10 MV(Clinac 2100C, Varian) X-rays were measured to 30cm deep in water using ionization chambers. Hardening factors of photon beams were calculated with measured PDDs. Both field size factors and transmission factors of wedge filters were measured at d$_{max}$ in water. Beam hardening factors of wedged fields of 4 and 6 MV X-ray were larger than 1 for all wedge angles, field sizes and depths deeper than d$_{max}$ Beam hardening factors for wedge angles 15, 30, 45, 60$^{\circ}$ for 10$\times$10cm were respectively 1.010, 1.014, 1.023 and 1.034 for 4MV X-ray, 1.005, 1.008, 1.019, and 1.024 for 6MV X-ray of Clinac 6/100, 1.011, 1.021, 1.032, 1.036 for 6MV X-ray of Clinac 2100C, and 1.008, 1.012, 1.012 and 1.012 for 10MV X-ray. Beam hardening factors of 10MV X-ray were 1 within 1.2％ difference for all wedge angles, depths and field sizes. It was made clear that for 6MV X-rays, the beam hardening factor depends on treatment machine. The relationship of the factor and depth was linear. Field size factor at d$_{max}$ was independent of wedge angle except for the field of 15$\times$15cm. and maximum difference of the field size factors for the field size was 1.4％ for 4MV X-ray. When the wedge factor is determined, dependence of the factor on field size is negligible at d$_{max}$ but should be considered at deeper depth. Calculating dose distribution or MU, the beam hardening factor should be applied for 4~6MV X-ray beams, but might not be considered for 10MV beam. When wedge transmission factor was determined at d$_{max}$ or in air, field size factors for open field are also applicable to wedged fields, but otherwise, field size factor for each wedge or wedge factor depending on field size should be applied.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.529-552
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to examine the matter as to how the meaning of the physical therapeutic landscape by water, which is associated with physical, cultural, spatial, and economical aspects, appears in the space centering on women and is to look into the feminine factors in term of a rest area, consideration, and imagery for women. From a perspective of a rest area for women, the meaning of a physical aspect is remarkable and is materialized in thermal waters and bathing, atmosphere, subsidiary facilities and safe nightlife. According to these phenomena, female visitors are able to feel freedom, power, which can return themselves to the best condition by thermal waters, therapeutic equipments provided in a watering place continuously, safe protection and exchange with strangers with an open mind. And the cultural aspect of the therapeutic landscape by water is discovered in consideration for women. It is the fact that joins the Japanese culture based on consideration towards others to the traditional culture of hot springs by itself. For example, women can feel various pleasure, experience the protection or the support by someone and pursuit not only physical beauty but also mental or spiritual one through welcome bus, service of Okami san and Nakai san, decorations, funny installments and secure of private space. Lastly, the imagery of women can be identified in cultural, spatial, and economical aspects extensively somewhat and is embodied by advertising mediums, signs of hot springs, shrines, objets and products variously. It is made into healthiness, relaxation, comfort, familiarity and image that are realized to love or are connected to a happy marriage life. To sum up the results, the healing or therapeutic elements for women appearing in hot springs are gathered to some abstraction such as freedom, safe, effect beyond the body, pleasure, durability of healing or therapy, beauty and hope; furthermore, if these abstraction are combined each other closely, the effect of healing or therapy, which transforms anxiety into a stable condition, can be exposed externally.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 1980

Extracorporeal circulation by hemodilution technique has been currently used with its clinical safety and good peripheral tissue perfusion in open heart surgery. There is no doubt that $O_{2}$ carrying capacity of the blood is disturbed by decreased hemoglobin level resulting from hemodilution of the circulating blood. From the view point of the blood gas exchange, these experimental studies were undertaken to determined the sate limit of hemodilution in the condition of cardiopulmonary bypass with a constant perfusion flow rate. Twelve adult mongrel dogs weighing 10 to 13 Kg. were anesthetized with pentobarbital and then respiration was controlled with Harvard volume respirator using room air. The cardiopulmonary by pass was performed by use of Sarns heart lung machine (console 5000, 5 head and 2 roller pumps) and Travenol pediatric bubble oxygenator. The perfusion rate during bypass was maintained at a constant rate of 80 ml/min/Kg of body weight. The ratio of oxygen gas flow to blood flow was kept in 3 to 1 constantly. International hemodilution was attained by serial blood withdrawals and immediate infusion of equal volumes of diluants composed of Ringer's lactate, 5% dextrose in water and 25% mannitol solution, proportionally 60%, 30%, and 10%. Arterial and venous blood samples were obtained between 15 and 20 minutes following each hemodilution. Hematocrits and hemoglobin values, $PO_{2}$, $PCO_{2}$ and pH were measured. Oxygen and carbon dioxide contents oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide elimination were calculated groups according to different hematocrit values and the correlations were evaluated. Result were as follows. 1. the arterial $O_{2}$ tension and $O_{2}$ saturation were maintained at the physiological level irrespective of the hematocrit value. 2. The venous $O_{2}$ tension and $O_{2}$ saturation showed a tendency to decline with the decrease in hematocrit value and positive correlation between them (r = +0.49, r = +0.76), The mean values of venous $O_{2}$ tension and $O_{2}$ saturation, however, were not decreased when the hematocrit levels were lower than 20%. 3. The arterial $O_{2}$ content declined lineally in proportion to the fall of hematocrit level with a positive correlation between them (r = +0.95). 4. The venous $O_{2}$ contents were decreased gradually as the hematocrit value decreased with positive correlation between them ( r =+0.89). The trend of diminution of venous $O_{2}$ content, however, was became low according to progressive decrease of hematocrit level. 5. Systemic oxygen consumption was in higher range than $O_{2}$ requirement of basal metabolism when the hematocrit value was above 20%, but abruptly decreased when the hematocrit value became to below 20%. 6. The arterial $CO_{2}$ tension and $CO_{2}$ content showed trend of increasing with progressive decrease of hematocrit value but exhibited a rather broad range and there was no relationship between those value and the hematocrit value. 7. The venous $CO_{2}$ tension and $CO_{2}$ content have also no correlation with change of Ht. value but related directly to those value of arterial blood with positive correlation between them (r = +0.78, r = +0.95_. 8. A-V difference of $CO_{2}$ content and $CO_{2}$ elimination wasnot significantly influenced by Ht. value. From the results, we obtained that feasible limit in inteneional hemodilution is above the hematocrit value of 20% under the given experimental condition.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.168-195
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• 1999

The hakgil is the important disease in the oriental medicine historically. In the preseant time also this disease continually appear all over the world. So purpose of this study is that consider the symptoms and pathogenesis of hakgil(瘧疾) with the point of view of oriental medicine. And in this study, the results are summarized as the followings. 1. The symptos of hakgil(瘧疾). 1) Rigor and heat spasm : The main symptoms of hakgil is the severe and periodical rigor and heat spasm. Generally the rigor first appear and later the heat spasm appear. According to the first and last, severe and weak, the hakgil is classified to hanhak(寒瘧), onhak(溫瘧), danhak(癉瘧), binhak(牝瘧). 2) The regulation of the time of spasm : The spasm occour in the same time daily or one time in two days, three days or several days. And the spasm time is regulary in day or night. 3) The term between the spasm and next one become later or faster. It can be decided that the becoming worse and better in the disease with the signs. 4) The seasonal property Generally the hakgil appear in summer and early autumn. 5) The other kind of hakgil there are five-organ hakgil(五臟瘧), six-kyung hakgil(六經瘧), janghak(瘴瘧), kuihak(鬼瘧), six-gi hakgil(六氣瘧), damhak(痰瘧), sikhak(食瘧), and so on. 6) The pulse condition of the hakgil is chiefly hyun(弦). 2. The pathogenesis of the hakgil 1) The cause of the hakgil The causes of the hakgil first are the seo(暑) or heat(熱) that make the problem in the cycle of five phases(五行). In the consequence, il open the hole of skin so that the pathogenic factors easily invade the humanbody and at the same time the pathogenic factor in the inside easily come out, that make the spasm. In the second time the pathogenic factor of yin(陰) - wind(風), cold(寒), water(水) invade through the opened skin to combine with the factor in the inside. Such condition make the hakgil and the accessory spasm. 2)The pathogenesis of hakgil(瘧疾) (1) The rigor and heat spasm of hakgil(瘧疾) appear because in summer the human body don't accomplish a task of summer because of hot weather or heat, so in autumn the ki(氣) of human body separate into yin(陰) and yang(陽), and the skin of human body is weaken so the saki(邪氣: pathogenic factors) is easily come into the human body. At this time the circulation of ki(氣) is obstructed, so the jungki(精氣: vital substance) apply to straighten the circulation of ki(氣), if the jungki(精氣: vital substance) help the yin(陰) the rigor spasm appear in the opposit direction the jungki(精氣: vital substance) help the yang(陽) the heat spasm appear. (2) The period of circulation of ki(氣) and jungki(精氣: vital substance) is one day, so the general period of spasm of hakgil(瘧疾) is one day, But if the saki(邪氣: pathogenic factors) come into the human body deeply, the jungki(精氣: vital substance) cannot apply 10 straighten the circulation of ki(氣) every day so the period of spasm become longer.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.1265-1274
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• 2021

Two field experiments were conducted to improve the conception rate of Hanwoo cow. The first experiment aimed to investigate the physiological condition of Hanwoo cows on estrus, including metabolic profiles and body condition score (BCS). The second experiment investigated the effect of a novel estrus detector on the artificial insemination (AI) conception rate for Hanwoo cows. For the first experiment, 80 Hanwoo cows (2.5 ± 0.10 of parity), approximately one month before estrus, were housed in 16 pens and offered the experimental diets twice daily with free water access. The BCS were recorded, and blood was collected from the jugular veins just before AI. The collected blood was used to measure physiological conditions, such as metabolite and hormone levels. For the second experiment, each cow was equipped with a neck-mounted estrus detector collar, which had a sensor connected through the internet. Approximately one month before estrus, three hundred sixty Hanwoo cows (2.4 ± 0.21 of parity) were assigned into groups with or without W-Tag collar treatments. The animals were managed the same as in the first experiment. The pregnancy rate reached 55% in the first experiment. The concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) was higher (p < 0.012; 1.56 vs. 1.08 ng/mL) in cows that were not pregnant (NPG) than in cows that were pregnant (PG) after AI. The BCS and other concentrations of metabolites and hormones in the blood were not different in both NPG and PG cows. The ranges of estrogen, LH, and follicle-stimulating hormone for PG cows were 11.9 to 39.0 pg/mL, < 0.25 to 1.98 ng/mL, and < 0.50 to 0.82 ng/mL, respectively. In the second experiment, cows with the estrus detector had lower days open (p < 0.001; 78.1 vs. 84.8 d), insemination frequency (p < 0.001; 1.26 vs. 2.52), and return of estrus (p < 0.001; 70.9 vs. 79.1 d) than those in cows without the estrus detector. In conclusion, the present study indicated that lower LH concentration just before AI potentially increased the pregnancy rate of Hanwoo cows. Furthermore, the application of estrus detectors to Hanwoo cows could improve the conception success rate for AI.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 2005

This research was conducted to improve and establish Bokto direct seeding technology use of silicate in rice. Bokto direct seeding technology has recently released to alternative new method for transplanting method of the rice plant. In recent rice production has serious problem due to higher cost and labor shortage in Korea. In particular rice has been faced on open market to internationally due to WTO, FTA agreement etc. Thus rice growers in Korea have been more concentrated on cost reduction using by direct seeding technology such as dry seeding and water seeding while those methods have severe constraints like poor seedling, more weed occurrence, lodging and poor grain quality. In recent a new technology for improvement of these problem has released to farmer's field and proven to alternative rice growing technology of transplanting. In this technology there was additional application of silicate which has known as soil improvement and this research was obtained in the following results. At the application of silicate, sand, and soil there was high in seedling establishment by 90~100% in pot experiment but there was 55.0% seedling stand of the untreated control. Under dry condition seedling stand was 0% at the untreated control while 65~100% high in application of silicate, sand, and soil. Meanwhile, under rainy condition untreated control there was 85% of seedling stand but soil application was 20% of seedling establishment due to blocking of oxygen and physical soil blockage.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.83-92
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• 2005

Fluid conductivity logging has been applied in the boreholes to identify the permeable fi:actures and estimate the origin of saline groundwater in coast area. Fluid replacement technique measures the fluid electrical conductivity with depth at different times in a well after the borehole is first washed out with different water by passing a tube to the borehole bottom. Then formation water flows into the borehole through aquifer such as permeable fractures or porous formation during ambient or pumping condition. Measured conductivity profiles with times therefore indicate the locations of permeable zone or fractures within the open hole or the fully slotted casing hole. As a result of fluid conductivity logging for three boreholes in the study area, it is interpreted that saline groundwater is caused by seawater intrusion through fractured rock, although the effect by land reclamation partially remains. We are planning the quantitative analysis to estimate the hydraulic characteristics using fluid replacement technique, and this approach might be usefully utilized for assessing the characteristics of seawater intrusion, the design of optimal pumping, and estimating the hydraulic properties in coastal aquifer.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2020

Recently, Artificial Neural Network receives attention as a data prediction method. Among these, a Long Shot-term Memory (LSTM) model specialized for time-series data prediction was utilized as a prediction method of hydrological time series data. In this study, the LSTM model was constructed utilizing deep running open source library TensorFlow which provided by Google, to predict inflows of multipurpose dams. We predicted the inflow of the Yongdam Multipurpose Dam which is located in the upper stream of the Geumgang. The hourly flow data of Yongdam Dam from 2006 to 2018 provided by WAMIS was used as the analysis data. Predictive analysis was performed under various of variable condition in order to compare and analyze the prediction accuracy according to four learning parameters of the LSTM model. Root mean square error (RMSE), Mean absolute error (MAE) and Volume error (VE) were calculated and evaluated its accuracy through comparing the predicted and observed inflows. We found that all the models had lower accuracy at high inflow rate and hourly precipitation data (2006~2018) of Yongdam Dam utilized as additional input variables to solve this problem. When the data of rainfall and inflow were utilized together, it was found that the accuracy of the prediction for the high flow rate is improved.