• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권17호
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• pp.7547-7554
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• 2015

Background: The use of smokeless tobacco (SLT) among women is increasing in India, especially among those with limited education and resources. Preventing the initiation of SLT among women is critical since it has known negative consequences for oral and reproductive health. Most research on tobacco initiation in India focuses on adolescents. This paper addresses the unrecognized issues of post marital initiation among women of reproductive age, highlighting the importance of reproductive stages in women's tobacco initiation. The objective is to examine the correlates of SLT initiation among low income women in Mumbai from pre-marriage through early marriage, first pregnancy and beyond, using case examples to illustrate initiation during each of these stages. Materials and Methods: In 2011-2012, cross-sectional community level survey data were collected from a representative sample of 409 daily SLT-using married women aged 18-40 years in a low income community in Mumbai. Information on socio-demographics, initiation by reproductive stage, types of tobacco use, childhood exposure to tobacco, learning to use, and initiation influences and reasons were collected through a researcher-administered survey. Univariate and bivariate analysis assessed factors influencing initiation of SLT use by reproductive stage. In addition 42 narratives of tobacco use were collected from a purposive sample of pregnant and non-pregnant married women addressing the same questions in detail. Narratives were transcribed, translated, and coded for key concepts including initiation of tobacco use. Results: Thirty-two percent of women initiated SLT use before marriage, 44% initiated after marriage but before pregnancy, 18.1% initiated during their first pregnancy and the remainder started after their first pregnancy. Mean age of marriage among women in this study was 16 years. Younger women (i.e. age at time of the interview of less than 30 years) were 0.47 [95% CI (0.32, 0.87)] percent less likely to initiate after marriage than women aged more than 30 years. Women who got married before 18 years of age were 2.34 [95% CI (1.40, 3.93)] times more likely to initiate after marriage than their counterparts. Childhood exposure was a predictor for initiating SLT use prior to marriage but not after. Women reporting tooth and gum pain were 1.85 times more likely to initiate after marriage than their counterparts. Husband and neighbours were the most significant influences on post-marital initiation. Narratives highlighted differences in processes of initiation pre and post marriage and during pregnancy. Conclusions: Most tobacco prevention interventions are directed to adolescents in school. This study suggests that especially for low literate or illiterate women, school based interventions are ineffective. To be effective strategies to prevent SLT initiation must reach women in urban areas at or immediately after marriage and during their first pregnancy. Messages must negate culturally rooted beliefs about the health benefits of SLT in order to prevent initiation and onset of daily use.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.131-142
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• 2005

현재 개발된 4 kbit/s이하의 저 전송율 음성부호화 시스템은 STC(Sinusoidal Transform Coding)나 MBE (Multi-band Excitation Coding)에 바탕을 두고 있다. 이러한 저 전송율 부호화기들은 대표적인 전이구간 신호인 유성음의 시작점과 끝점에서의 혼합신호(onset signal, offset signal), 비주기적인 신호(non-period signal) 등은 정확히 표현하지 못하기 때문에 자연스런 음질을 만들어 내지 못한다. 본 논문에서는 유성음에는 하모닉 모델, 무성음에서는 스토케스틱 모델, 전이구간에는 하모닉 기반의 비주기적인 펄스의 위치를 추적하는 방식을 사용하여 효과적으로 전이구간을 모델링 하는 방법과 2.4 kbit/s 다중모드 부호화방법을 제안한다. 제안한 방법은 원본신호에서 선형예측 부호화 방법으로 추출된 잔여신호를 신호의 성격에 따라 모델을 달리하는 방법이며, 자각의 신호의 성격에 따라 좋은 성능을 나타내는 모델을 사용하였다. 또한 효율적인 전이구간 모델링 방법의 도입으로 저 전송율에서 CELP(Code Excitation Linear Predictive) 부호화 방식에 의해 시간축에서 합성되는 여기신호와 선형위상을 이용한 하모닉 부호화 방식에 의해 주파수축에서 합성되는 여기신호를 효율적으로 결합이 가능하다는 것이 제안된 2.4 kbit/s 다중모드 부호화기의 장점이다. 제안된 방법의 2.4kbit/s 다중모드 부호화기는 미국 연방 표준부호화기인 2.4 kbit/s MELP(Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction) 부호화기보다 더 좋은 성능을 나타낸다.

• ALGAE
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.207-216
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• 2005

Myrionecta rubra, a mixotrophic ciliate, is a cosmopolitan red tide species which is commonly found in neritic and estuarine waters. M. rubra had long been listed as an “nculturable protist”until 2 different laboratory strains were finally established in 2 research groups at the beginning of this century, enabling us to perform initiative investigation into various aspect of the live M. rubra strains (Gustafson et al. 2000; Yih et al. 2004b; Johnson and Stoecker 2005). Field sampling was carried out on high tide at 2 fixed stations around Kunsan Inner Harbor (St.1 near the Estuarine Weir and St.2 off Kunsan Ferry Station) every other day for 4 months from mid-February 2004 to understand detailed figure of the recurrent spring blooms of M. rubra following the onset of the water gates operation of the Keum River Estuarine Weir on August 1994. With its maximum abundance of 272 cells mL$^{-1}$ in St.1, fluctuation pattern of the M. rubra population at the 2 stations was strikingly similar. Notable growth of M. rubra population started on late April, to cause M. rubra red tides during one month from mid-May in which “xceptionally low salinity days”without its red tide were intermittently inserted. High abundance of M. rubra over 50 cells mL$^{-1}$ was recorded at samples with their water temperature and salinity higher than 15${^{\circ}C}$ and 4.0 psu, respectively. During pre-bloom period when salinity fluctuation is moderate and the water temperature is cooler than 15°C, Skeletonema costatum, a chain-forming centric diatom, was most dominant. Cyanobacterial species such as Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Phormidium sp. replaced other dominant phytoplankters on the days with “xceptionally low salinity”even during the main blooming period of M. rubra. To summarize, M. rubra could form spring blooms in Keum River Estuary when the level of salinity fluctuation was more severe than that for the dominant diatom Skeletonema costatum and milder than that for the predominance by freshwater cyanobacteria. Therefore, optimal control of the scale and frequency of freshwater discharges might lead us to partially modify the fluctuation pattern of M. rubra populations as well as the period of spring blooms by M. rubra in Keum River Estuary. Sampling time interval of 2 days for the present study or daily sampling was concluded to be minimally required for the detailed exploration into the spring blooms by M. rubra populations in estuaries with weirs like Keum River Estuary.

• 보험의학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.29-32
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• 2010

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a progressive occlusive disease of the cerebral vasculature with particular involvement of the circle of Willis and the arteries that feed it. MMD is one of cerebrovacular accident,which is treated with sugical maeuver in pediatic neurosurgery. Moyamoya (ie, Japanese for "puff of smoke") characterizes the appearance on angiography of abnormal vascular collateral networks that develop adjacent to the stenotic vessels. The steno-occlusive areas are usually bilateral, but unilateral involvement does not exclude the diagnosis. The exact etiology of moyamoya disease is unknown. Some genetic predisposition is apparent because it is familial 10% of the time. The disease may be hereditary and multifactorial. It may occur by itself in a previously healthy individual. However, many disease states have been reported in association with moyamoya disease, including the following: 1) Immunological - Graves disease/thyrotoxicosis 2) Infections - Leptospirosis and tuberculosis 3) Hematologic disorders - Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, sickle cell anemia, and lupus 4) Congenital syndromes - Apert syndrome, Down syndrome, Marfan syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, Turner syndrome, von Recklinghausen disease, and Hirschsprung disease 5) Vascular diseases - Atherosclerotic disease, coarctation of the aorta and fibromuscular dysplasia, 6)cranial trauma, radiation injury, parasellar tumors, and hypertension etc. These associations may not necessarily be causative but do warrant consideration due to impact on treatment.(Mainly neurosurgical operation.) The incidence of moyamoya disease is highest in Japan. The prevalence of MMD is 1 person per 100,000 population. The prevalence and incidence of moyamoya disease in Japan has been reported to be 3.16 cases and 0.35 case per 100,000 people, respectively. With regard to sex, the female-to-male ratio is 1.4:1. A bimodal peak of incidence is noted, with symptoms occurring either in the first decade(5-10yr) or in the third and fourth decades (30-40yr)of life. Mortality rates of moyamoya disease are approximately 10% in adults and 4.3% in children. Death is usually from hemorrhage. In aspect of life insurance, MR is 1700%, EDR is 16 per 1000 persons. Children and adults with moyamoya disease (MMD) may have different clinical presentations. The symptoms and clinical course vary widely from asymptomatic to transient events to severe neurologic deficits. Adults experience hemorrhage more commonly; cerebral ischemic events are more common in children. Children may have hemiparesis, monoparesis, sensory impairment, involuntary movements, headaches, dizziness, or seizures. Mental retardation or persistent neurologic deficits may be present. Adults may have symptoms and signs similar to those in children, but intraventricular, subarachnoid, or intracerebral hemorrhage of sudden onset is more common in adults. Recently increasing diagnosis of MMD with MRI, followed by surgical operation is noted. MMD needs to be considered as the "CI" state now in life insurance fields.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.95-105
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to review the characteristics of patients who visited the emergency room of a Korean medical hospital with musculoskeletal disorders during the last 5 years and to provide a potential basis for future studies and emergency medical practice. Methods : Patient visit records between May 1st, 2010 and February 28th, 2015 were reviewed and patients with musculoskeletal disorders were included in a retrospective analysis. Results : A total of 5,218 patient visit records were initially reviewed and 1,485 patients (28.46 %) were included in the analysis. S code group was the most frequently diagnosed coding group of Korean Standard Classification of Diseases. The male to female ratio was 1.05:1 and patients in their thirties represented the highest age group. When classified by time of visit, the distribution of patients was similar from 10:00 to 22:59. The most frequently visited day and month were Sunday and September. 879 patients (59.19 %) visited the emergency room within 24 hours from onset of symptoms. The most common symptom site was the low back (45.59 %), followed by ankle (13.94 %) and neck (13.80 %). The most frequently used treatment method was acupuncture (92.32 %), followed by infrared (45.45 %), TENS (30.03 %) and herbal medication (29.02 %). The follow-up and admission rates were 30.24 % and 13.00 % respectively. 343 patients (23.10 %) received Western medical treatment within a day before visiting the emergency room of the Korean medical hospital. Conclusions : This analysis provides the latest information on the characteristics of patients who visited the emergency room of a Korean medical hospital with musculoskeletal disorders. The results can provide the basis for further studies and for other attempts to improve the clinical setting of the emergency room.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.177-186
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• 2013

Objectives This study is to evaluate the current situation of Russian tourists for medical tourism of Spine Specialty Korean Medicine Hospital. Methods 133 Russian tourists visiting Spine Specialty Korean Medicine Hospital from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012, were analysed in the statistics. Their data was sourced from the computerized medical records. And 87 of them answer a questionnaire about reasons for selection of Spine Specialty Korean Medicine Hospital and satisfactory for medical service. Results A total of 133 Russian visited Spine Specialty Korean Medicine Hospital for medical service, consisting of 73 females (54.8%), the fourties to fifties 58.9% by age. They avoided visiting in the winter. The average number of visiting was 7.1 times. The average treatment period was 9.9days. Majority of the elapsed time from the onset to the arrival was more than 1 year (56.6%). Low back pain (56.4%) is the most in musculoskeletal disorders and obesity (21.7%) and gynecological diseases (30.4%) were the most in a non-musculoskeletal disorders. Medication and acupuncture was the major treatment. 89.2% of the prescribed medication was the efficacy of musculoskeletal. Russian medical tourists most visited by support of travel agent (58.6%). The main reason of their visiting was non-surgical treatment for spinal disorder (31%). 96.6% of them were satisfied because rapid pain relief and kindness. Conclusions For this study, we confirmed a possibility for the Korean medical treatment of Russian tourists for medical tourism. Still, more research and goverment support for the expansion of Korean medical tourism is needed.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.131-135
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• 2008

Objective : Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is considered as a reversible pathophysiological condition mainly induced by continuous vascular compression of the facial nerve root exit zone (REZ) at the cerebellopontine angle. As an offending vessel, vertebrobasilar artery tends to compress much more heavily than others. The authors analyzed HFS caused by vertebrobasilar artery and described the relationships between microsurgical findings and clinical courses. Methods : Out of 1,798 cases treated with microvascular decompression (MVD) from Jan. 1980 to Dec. 2004. the causative vessels were either vertebral artery or basilar artery in 87 patients. Seventy-nine patients were enrolled in this study. Preoperatively, computed tomography (CT) or brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with 3-dimentional short range MR technique was performed and CT was checked immediately or 2-3 days after anesthetic recovery. The authors retrospectively analyzed the clinical features. the compression patterns of the vessels at the time of surgery and treatment outcomes. Results : There were 47 were male and 32 female patients. HFS developed on the left side in 52 cases and on the right side in 27. The mean age of onset was 52.3 years (range 19-60) and the mean duration of symptoms was 10.7 years. Many patients (39 cases; 49.1%) had past history of hypertension. HFS caused only by the vertebral artery was 8 cases although most of the other cases were caused by vertebral artery (VA) in combination with its branching arteries. Most frequently, the VA and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) were the simultaneous causative blood vessels comprising 32 cases (40.5%). and in 27 cases (34.2 %) the VA and the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) were the offenders. Facial symptoms disappeared in 61 cases (77.2%) immediately after the operation and 68 cases (86.1%) showed good outcome after 6 months. Surgical outcome just after the operation was poor in whom the perforators arose from the offending vessels concurrently (p<0.05). Conclusion : In case where the vertebral artery is a cause of HFS, commonly branching arteries associated with main arterial compression on facial REZ requires more definite treatment for proper decompression because of its relatively poor results compared to the condition caused by other vascular compressive origins.

• 인지과학
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.51-66
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• 1999

특정 위치에 주어진 선택적 주의에 의해 발생하는 지각 변화를 수용장의 수평 이동 가설 및 시각 공간의 확장 가설을 실험적으로 검증하였다. 검사 자극의 주위에 일정 형태로 배열된 점들의 일부를 깜박이거나 그 점들에 선택적으로 주의를 기울이도록 함으로써 외인 적으로 또는 내인 적으로 주의가 유도되었으며 지각 변화 정도는 동시에 제시되는 검사 선분의 버니어 정렬, 기울기 및 길이 판단을 통해 측정되었다. 주의 효과는 상-하향 단계 조정법(up-and-down staircase method)을 사용하여 버니어 정렬 및 기울기 실험에서는 수직으로 배열된 것처럼 지각되는 검사 선분의 위치나 기울기로, 길이 판단 실험에서는 검사-비교 자극간의 주관적 등가 점(PSE: point of subjective equality)으로 측정되었다. 내인 적, 외인 적 주의 조건 모두에서 수직선이 주의 착 점에서 멀어지는 쪽으로 밀쳐 지각된다는 것과 그 부위에 가까이 제시된 선분이 길게 지각된다는 것이 발견되었다. 주의에 의한 이러한 지각 변화는 검사 자극이 주의 착 점으로부터 멀어질수록, 주의 유도 후 검사 자극 제시까지의 시간이 길어질수록 감소하였다. 수직 선분 자극이 주의 착 점으로부터 밀쳐져 지각되고 수평 선분이 주의 영역 부위에서 길게 지각된 실험 결과는 주의에 의한 지각 변화를 설명하는데 있어 수용 장 이동 가설보다는 지각 공간 확장 가설이 더 적절함을 시사한다.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.643-650
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• 1998

저자들은 1996년 3월부터 1997년 3월까지 계명대학교 동산의료원 물리치료실에서 치료를 받은환자 중 안면신경 마비 증세를 나타낸 39례에 대하여 임상적인 고찰을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 연령별로는 30대에서 10례(24.6%)로 가장 많았다. 2) 성별로는 남자 21례(53.8%), 여자 18례(46.2%)였다. 3) 발생부위는 우측 19례(48.7%), 좌측 18례(46.2%)였다. 4) 발생원인별로는 원인불명(Bell's palsy) 19례(48 7%), 염증, 종양 각 6례(15.4%), 외상성 5례(12.9%), 대사성 2례(5.1%), 선천성 1례(2.6%)였다. 5) 병변의 발생에서 최초 치료일까지의 기간은 10일 이내가 26례(66.7%), 11-20일은 8례 (20.5% )였다. 6) 치료기간은 평균 25.21이며, 치료기간과 회복율의 상관관계는 통계학적 유의성은 없었다. 7) 치료 후 치료결과는 상당히 좋은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.38-42
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• 2012

To determine the prevalence of the primary glaucoma (PG) and occurrence of primary glaucoma in initially non-affected normal eye. Medical records of 7751 dogs presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH) of Seoul National University (SNU) between January 2006 and December 2009 were examined. Among 7751 dogs, forty three dogs (0.55%) developed PG. The following breeds were included in the study: 18 American Cocker Spaniels, 17 Shih Tzus, 3 Mixed Breeds, 2 Malteses, 2 Pekingeses, and 1 Chow Chow. The mean onset age of PG in the first eyes was $7.1{\pm}2.3$ years in the all breeds. Compared with Mixed Breed (0.54%), American Cocker Spaniel (3.16%, p = 0.004) and Chow Chow (20%, p = 0.001) had a higher risk of developing glaucoma. Twenty six of 43 dogs (60.1%) were females with male-to-female ratio of 1:1.53. Twenty nine of 33 eyes (87.9%) developed glaucoma in the fellow eye within mean ${\pm}SD$ time of $17.5{\pm}2.7$ months. From this study, American Cocker Spaniel and Shih Tzu were the most frequent PG breed in Korea. Also, unilateral PG dogs developed glaucoma in the non-affected normal eye within approximately 17 months. The results indicate that prophylactic medical therapy with antiglaucoma agents should be considered to delay or prevent developing glaucoma in non-affected normal eye.