• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.453-466
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• 2008

In order to examine the generation mechanism of long ocean waves along the west coast of Korea and to understand the amplification process of the long ocean waves, sea level, atmospheric pressure and wind data observed every minute from 2007 March 29 to 2007 April 1 were analyzed and onedimensional numerical ocean model experiments were performed. An atmospheric pressure jump propagated southeastward from Backryungdo to Yeonggwang along the west coast of Korea with speed of $13{\sim}27\;m/s$ between 2007 March 30 23:00 and 2007 April 1 1:30. Average magnitude of pressure jump was 4.2 hPa. As a moving atmospheric jump propagated from north to south along the coast, long ocean waves were generated and the sea level abnormally rose or fell at Anheung, Kunsan, Wido and Yeonggwang. Average amplitude of sea level rise (or fall) was about 113.6 cm. In a one-dimensional numerical ocean model, nonlinear shallow water equations were numerically integrated and a moving atmospheric pressure jump with traveling speed of 24 m/s was used as an external force. While the atmospheric pressure jump travels over 60 m depth ocean, a long ocean wave is generated. Because the propagation speed of the atmospheric jump is almost equal to that of the long ocean wave, Proudman resonance occurs and the long ocean wave amplifies. As the atmospheric pressure jump moves into the coastal area shallower than 60 m, the speed of the long ocean wave decreases and Proudman resonance effect decreases. However, the amplitude of the long ocean wave increases and wave length becomes shorter because of shoaling effect. When the long ocean wave hits the land boundary, amplitude of the long ocean wave drastically amplifies due to reflection. Data analysis and numerical experiments suggest that the southeastward propagation of an atmospheric pressure jump over the shallow ocean, which is a necessary condition for Proudaman resonance, generated the long ocean waves along the west coast of Korea on 2007 March 31 and the ocean waves amplified due to shoaling effect in the coastal area and reflection at the shore.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.196-202
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• 2003

3차원 입체조형방사선치료(3D conformal radiation therapy; 3D-CRT) 및 세기조절방사선치료(intensity modulated radiation therapy; IMRT) 에서와 같은 정밀 방사선 치료기술이 보다 효과적으로 이루어지기 위해서는 환자자세 오차를 최소화해야 한다. 치료계획용적(PTV)을 정할 때 필요한 마진을 최대한 줄여 줌으로써 치료 병변에 선량을 집중시키고, 정상조직의 선량은 감소시킬 수 있게 되기 때문이다. 이러한 목적 하에 조사문 사진(portal film)을 치료계획시 얻은 기준 영상에 정합시켜 환자자세 오차를 정량적으로 분석할 수 있는 프로그램 도구를 개발하고자 하였다. 현재 본원에서 치료 위치 확인을 위해서는 치료 계획 시행 중에 얻은 모의치료 사진과 치료시 EC-L 필름(KODAK사, 미국)을 사용하여 찍은 조사문 사진을 주로 사용하고 있다. 이 외에도, 모의치료시 영상을 디지털 캡춰한 영상이나, 치료계획으로부터 얻은 디지털화재구성영상(digitally reconstructed radiograph; DRR)도 기준 영상으로 이용할 수 있도록 하였다. 프로그램 제작 툴로는 IDL5.4 (RSI사, 미국)를 사용하였다. 조사문사진의 가장 큰 단점인 영상 대조도를 증가시키기 위해, histogram-equalization, adaptive histogram equalization, 특히 CLAHE (contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization) 등의 영상처리 기능을 구현하였다. 영상 정합 방법으로는 기준 영상에 골반입구(pelvic inlet) 와 같은 위치에 윤곽선을 그리고, 이를 조사문 사진 상에 중첩시킨 다음, 조사문 사진의 동일 해부학적 위치에 일치되도록 이동하여 그 오차를 수치화하였다. 조사문 사진에 CLAHE 필터를 적용한 결과, 치료면 확인을 위해 이중 조사된 영역의 대조도를 월등히 향상시킬 수 있었다. 전후면과 측면 영상을 위 과정을 사용하여 정합시킴으로, 전후, 좌우, 상하 방향으로의 환자자세 차이를 정량화 할 수 있었다. 또한, CLAHE 영상처리 기법을 이용하여 조사문 사진의 화질을 현저하게 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 'view-box' 방식과 비교하여 치료 환자자세의 정확도를 수치화 시킴으로써 계통오차(systemic error)와 임의오차(random error) 등의 정량적 분석이 가능해졌다. 더 나아가 환자자세오차를 교정하는 프로토콜을 도입한다면, 보다 정확한 치료에 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.237-247
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• 2020

Objective : Fixation of the C1-2 segment is challenging because of the complex anatomy in the region and the need for a high degree of accuracy to avoid complications. Preoperative 3D-computed tomography (CT) scans can help reduce the risk of complications in the vertebral artery, spinal cord, and nerve roots. However, the patient may be susceptible to injury if the patient's anatomy does not match the preoperative CT scans. The intraoperative 3D image-based navigation systems have reduced complications in instrument-assisted techniques due to greater accuracy. This study aimed to compare the radiologic outcomes of C1-2 fusion surgery between intraoperative CT image-guided operation and fluoroscopy-guided operation. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the radiologic images of 34 patients who underwent C1-2 fusion spine surgery from January 2009 to November 2018 at our hospital. We assessed 17 cases each of degenerative cervical disease and trauma in a study population of 18 males and 16 females. The mean age was 54.8 years. A total of 139 screws were used and the surgical procedures included 68 screws in the C1 lateral mass, 58 screws in C2 pedicle, nine screws in C2 lamina and C2 pars screws, four lateral mass screws in sub-axial level. Of the 34 patients, 19 patients underwent screw insertion using intraoperative mobile CT. Other patients underwent atlantoaxial fusion with a standard fluoroscopy-guided device. Results : A total of 139 screws were correctly positioned. We analyzed the positions of 135 screws except for the four screws that performed the lateral mass screws in C3 vertebra. Minor screw penetration was observed in seven cases (5.2%), and major pedicle screw penetration was observed in three cases (2.2%). In one case, the malposition of a C2 pedicle screw was confirmed, which was subsequently corrected. There were no complications regarding vertebral artery injury or onset of new neurologic deficits. The screw malposition rate was lower (5.3%) in patients who underwent intraoperative CT-based navigation than that for fluoroscopy-guided cases (10.2%). And we confirmed that the operation time can be significantly reduced by surgery using intraoperative O-arm device. Conclusion : Spinal navigation using intraoperative cone-beam CT scans is reliable for posterior fixation in unstable C1-2 pathologies and can be reduced the operative time.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.690-698
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• 2010

유기물에 의한 지하수 자원의 오염이 중요한 환경 문제로 대두되고 있다. 계면활성제 증진 대수층 복원(SEAR)은 유기 오염물에 대하여 가장 유망한 원위치 복원법 중 하나로 인식되고 있다. 계면활성제 또는 계면활성제/폴리머 용액은 복원 프로세스를 촉진시켜 물 세척 시보다 처리 시간을 크게 감소시킨다. 유기물로 오염된 대수층 복원을 위하여 계면활성제 기반의 처리법을 설계할 때 충분한 수치 시뮬레이션을 통한 사전 분석이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 3차원 다상 다성분 유한 차분 모델인 UTCHEM을 이용하여 유기물 오염 대수층에 대한 SEAR 과정 중 미세에멀젼의 형성과 유동을 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 고려한 복원 프로세스 변수로는 주입 유체의 배열, 유체 주입 및 추출율, 계면활성제 슬러그 및 추격수 내 폴리머 농도, 계면활성제 슬러그 주입 시간 등이다. 각 변수에 대하여 주입 및 생산정에서의 변화와 유기상의 공간적 분포를 비교하였다. 이 결과로부터 정화 시간 및 누적 유기물 회수량을 검토하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 비수상 액체로 오염된 대수층의 정화 시 설계 전략을 수립하는데 중요한 정보를 제공한다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.75-92
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• 1984

This study attempted to analyze the distribution of stress, to examine the bending effect in the mandible according to the pulling directions and determine on which pulling directions are adequate when an orthopedic force was applied to the mandible. An orthopedic force, 500gm, was applied to the gnathion, one point of the chin area, in three directions. The three directions were ; high puli' from gnathion to the center of condyle head, and vertical pull, from gnathion to a parallel line with the posterior border of the ramus, and medium pull, from the gnathion to a parallel line with the lower border of mandible. The distribution of principal stress, bending moment and amount of displacement within the mandible was analyzed by a 3-dimensional finite element method and that of the various portions of mandible were computed and compared according to the pulling directions. The results were as follows : 1. The bending moment of each part of a mandible has been found to be markedly larger in case of vertical pull than in case of either high pull or medium pull. In vertical pull the bending moment turned out to largest at the condyle head and neck portion, the gonial angle portion, the coronoid portion and the ascending ramus portion, respectively, while comparatively large at the cuspid and bicuspid portion and the first molar portion. In case of high pull it was largest at the gonial angle portion and becoming smaller at the coronoid portion, the ascending ramus portion, the condyle head and neck portion, and the cuspid and bicuspid portion, in that order. In case of medium pull, however, the bending moment was largest at the condyle head and neck portion, becoming smaller at the first molar portion, the ascending ramus portion, the coronoid portion, the cuspid and bicuspid portion, and gonial angle portion, in that order. 2. As for the bending effect it was calculated to be mostly oriented downward at the mandibular body and backward at the mandibular ramus in both high pull and vertical pull. In case of medium pull it was oriented upward at the mandibular body and forward at the mandibular ramus. 3. The bending effect also turned out to be mostly oriented outward in case of high pull and medium pull, and inward in vertical pull. 4. At the mandibular body and ramus, the bending effect in the upward-downward direction and that in the forward-backward direction were found to be larger than in the inward-outward direction. 5. If and when we expect any correcting effect on the mandibular protrusion by means of the chin cup appliance, we can say sure as conclusion that high pull and vertical pull are more effective than medium pull.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.5-15
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• 2015

불포화 지반에서 선행강우에 의한 강우침투특성을 분석하기 위하여 국내 편마암 풍화토에 대한 일차원 실내강우 침투실험을 수행하였다. 춘천 및 충주지역 시료에 대한 실내모형실험에서 불포화토의 음의 간극수압은 강우 재하시 급격히 감소하고, 강우 종료후 점차 회복되었다. 강우강도가 증가함에 따라 침투속도가 증가하였으며, 선행강우시보다 본강우에서 침투속도가 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 이는 선행강우에 의하여 증가된 지반의 높은 포화도가 본강우시 강우침투속도를 증가시킨 것으로 사료된다. 특히 점토함유량이 많은 충주시료에서 음의 간극수압의 회복 속도와 침투속도가 느리게 나타났다. 유한요소 사면안정에 대한 수치해석 결과는 강우 침투에 의한 음의 간극수압의 감소에 따른 사면 안전율을 감소와 강우 종료후 간극수압의 확산에 의한 추가적인 사면 안정성 저감을 보여주고 있다. 사면의 안전율은 선행강우시 보다 본강우에서 더욱 감소하였다. 선행강우는 불포화지반의 초기 간극수압의 크기와 깊이별 패턴에 지대한 영향을 미치며, 이는 강우 사면의 안정성 해석에 고려해야 할 중요한 요소이다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.573-584
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• 2017

In order to simulate a typhoon precisely, the satellite observation data has been assimilated using WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting model) three-Dimensional Variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system. The observation data used in 3DVAR was GPS Radio Occultation (GPS-RO) data which is loaded on Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite. The refractivity of Earth is deduced by temperature, pressure, and water vapor. GPS-RO data can be obtained with this refractivity when the satellite passes the limb position with respect to its original orbit. In this paper, two typhoon cases were simulated to examine the characteristics of data assimilation. One had been occurred in the Western Pacific from 16 to 25 October, 2015, and the other had affected Korean Peninsula from 22 to 29 August, 2012. In the simulation results, the typhoon track between background (BGR) and assimilation (3DV) run were significantly different when the track appeared to be rapidly change. The surface wind speed showed large difference for the long forecasting time because the GPS-RO data contained much information in the upper level, and it took a time to impact on the surface wind. Along with the modified typhoon track, the differences in the horizontal distribution of accumulated rain rate was remarkable with the range of -600~500 mm. During 7 days, we estimated the characteristics between daily assimilated simulation (3DV) and initial time assimilation (3DV_7). Because 3DV_7 demonstrated the accurate track of typhoon and its meteorological variables, the differences in two experiments have found to be insignificant. Using observed rain rate data at 79 surface observatories, the statistical analysis has been carried on for the evaluation of quantitative improvement. Although all experiments showed underestimated rain amount because of low model resolution (27 km), the reduced Mean Bias and Root-Mean-Square Error were found to be 2.92 mm and 4.53 mm, respectively.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.273-283
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• 2008

고분자 전해질 연료전지의 구성요소인 기체 확산층(Gas Diffusion Layer)은 반응물을 채널에서 MEA로 전달하며 동시에 생성물을 MEA에서 채널로 전달하는 역할을 한다. 기체 확산층의 기체 투과도가 클수록 기체 확산층을 통과하는 반응기체의 양이 증가하여 고분자전해질 연료전지 성능이 향상되며 물질전달과 함께 열전달이 이루어지기 때문에 생성열에 의한 MEA의 온도상승을 억제해준다. 본 연구에서는 기체 확산층의 기체투과도를 달리하여 전기화학 반응과 열 생성을 고려한 3차원 수치해석 모델을 통해 동일 반응면적을 가지는 직선형 채널과 곡사형 채널에 대해 열전달 및 물질전달 특성을 분석하였다. 수치해석 결과 직선형 채널의 경우 곡사형 채널에 비해 기체 확산층의 기체투과도에 따른 성능 변화가 크지 않았다. 이러한 이유는 직선형 채널에서 주된 물질전달은 확산에 의해 이뤄지기 때문이다. 곡사형 채널의 경우 기체투과도가 높을수록 대류에 의한 물질전달로 원활한 물질전달이 이뤄졌기 때문에 연료전지 성능이 증가 되었으며 원활한 물질전달이 열전달을 촉진하여 MEA의 온도를 낮추었다. 또한 곡사형 채널에서는 기체투과도가 작아질수록 확산에 의한 물질 및 열전달 특성을 보여주었다.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.750-761
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• 2011

현재 대중화 되고 있는 디지털 방송 이후의 발전방향인 Post_HD(High-Definition)서비스로 3DTV(Three Dimensional Television)가 대두되고 있다. 이와 같은 3DTV 서비스는 스테레오스코픽 영상을 구성하는 방법에서 이를 기존의 방송망에서 서비스하기 위한 방법까지 다양한 방법들이 연구되어지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 3DTV 서비스를 제공하기 위한 다양한 비디오 영상의 구성 방법에 모두 적용 가능한 전송방법으로 MPEG-2 전송스트림의 PMT에 스테레오스코픽 기술자를 추가한 방안과 MPEG-C part 3의 확장을 통해 스테레오스코픽 비디오를 전송하는 방안의 분석하여 고화질 스테레오스코픽 비디오 방송서비스 방안을 제안한다. 제안된 기술은 기존의 3D 방송을 지원하지 않는 단말에서도 기준영상만을 출력하여 기존의 MPEG-2 전송스트림과 호환성을 유지하고 있다. 따라서 기존의 디지털 방송과 스테레오 스코픽 영상 서비스 지원이 가능한 규격으로써 향후 통신과 방송 영역에서 스테레오스코픽 기반 3D 서비스 활성화에 기여할 것이다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.785-791
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• 2000

Left ventricular dysfuction is common in immediate postoperative periods after surgical correction of heart diseases with chronic left ventricular volume overload. We speculated postoperative changes of left ventricular volume and unction in patients with patent ductus osus(PDA) who had underwent surgical repair at ages older than 16 years. Factors influencing postoperative left ventricular volume and function were also analyzed. Material and Method: From August 1989 to August 1999 thirty-siz adult patients with PDA 28 females and 8 males. were enrolled in this study. Their age ranged from 16 years to 57 years(mean :32 years). Types of surgical repair were division with primary closure in 22, division with patch closure in 6, internal obliteration using cardiopulmonary bypass in 4 and ligation in 4. Aortic clamping was combined during surgical repair in 22(61%) and cardiopulmonary bypass was used in 8(22%) Two-dimensional echocardiography studies were performed in 34(94%) preoperatively and in 25(66%) immediate postoperatively to assess postoperative changes of left ventricular internal dimensions. left ventricular volume and ejection fraction. Duration of postoperative follow-up ranged from 1 month to 99 months (mean:22 months) and 10 patients underwent 16 echocardiographic evaluation during this period Result : Preoperative and postoperative left ventricular systolic dimensions(LVIDs) were 42$\pm$8.0mm and 42$\pm$8.3mm left ventricular diastolic dimensions(LVIDd) were 64$\pm$10.0mm and 56$\pm$7.4mm left ventricular end systolic volumes(LVESV) were 62$\pm$19cc (z=1.87$\pm$0.06) and 59$\pm$24cc(z=1.78$\pm$0.08) left ventricular end diastolic volumes(LVEDL) were 169$\pm$40cc(z-1.17$\pm$0.1) and 112$\pm$29cc(z=0.85$\pm$0.1) and ejection fractions(EF) were 66$\pm$6.7% and 48$\pm$12.6% respectively. There were statistically significant differences between preoperative and postoperative values in LVDIDd(p=0.001) LVEDV(p=0.001) and EF(p=0.0001) while no significant difference is LVIDs and LVESV. Postoperative depression of ejcection fraction was significantly related with z-score of preoperative LVESV and LVEDV by univariateanalysis while LVEDV only was significant risk factor for postoperative LV dysfunction by multiple regressioin analysis ($\Delta$LVEF=-13.3-4.62$\times$LVEDV(z), p=0.001) During the follow-up periods ejection fractions become normalized in all except one patients. Conclusion ; Left ventricular function is usually deteriorated after the surgical correction of PDA in adult age and preoperative LVEDV is a major determinant of postoperative LV function.