• Title/Summary/Keyword: On-line Market

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A Study on the Expected Effect of Mobile Prepaid Payment for the Activation of Food Waste Volume-Rate System (음식물 종량제 활성화를 위한 모바일 선불결제 적용에 따른 기대효과 연구)

  • Kim, YongIl;Kim, SeungCheon
    • Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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    • v.10 no.11
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    • pp.47-54
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    • 2020
  • This study proposes an NFC-based payment system that considers user convenience while expanding the existing payment method for RFID-based individual food and logistics waste equipment. In line with this trend, I proposed to apply NFC to the existing RFID-based food meter to release the food in the meantime and to address the problem of re-carrying due to card loss, card not possessed, and non-filling, and the question that could not be identified by various cumbersome procedures. NFC's function alone has been certified for its convenience, which led to its introduction and research in the period of time. Of course, we need to negotiate fees with the transportation card company, but if we see a market share related to transportation card soon, we think smooth negotiations will take place. NFC method will be expanded to all phones with iPhone NFC opening. Therefore, in the next study, we intend to apply the payment system in NFC by linking with local currency, mobile vouchers, and card companies, which are being paid as respective payment means according to the recent emergency support system for COVID-19.

Third-Party Financing Contracts Between Energy Users and Energy Saving Companies (비대칭정보하에서의 최적계약 도출 -에너지절약시장)

  • Kang, Kwang-Kyu
    • Journal of Environmental Policy
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.75-94
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    • 2009
  • The process of obtaining third-party financing contacts was analyzed via a two-stage game model: a "signaling game" for the first stage,and a "principal-agent model" for the second stage. The two-stage game was solved by a process of backward induction. In the second stage game, the optimal effort level of the energy saving company (ESCO), the optimal compensation scheme of the energy user, and the optimal payoffs for both parties were derived for each subgame. The optimal solutions forthe different subgames were then compared with each other. Our main finding was that if there is some restriction on ESCO's revenue (e.g. a progressive sales tax) that causes ESCO's revenue toincrease at a decreasing rate, then the optimal sharing ratio is uniquely determined at a level of strictly less than one under a linear compensation scheme, i.e. a unique balance exists. Subgames have a unique equilibrium arrived at separately for each situation,. Within this equilibrium, energy users accept energy audit proposals from H-type ESCOs with high levels of technology, but reject proposals from L-type ESCOs with low levels of technology. While L-type ESCOs cannot attain profits in the third-party financing market, H-type ESCOS can pocket the price differential between L-type and H-type audit fees. Accordingly, revenues in an H-type ESCO equilibrium increase not only in line with the technology of the ESCO inquestion, but also faster than in an L-type equilibrium due to more advanced technology. At the same time, energy users receive some positive payoff by allowing ESCOs to perform third-party financing tasks within their existing energy system without incurring any extra costs.

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Determinants of the Self-employed's In-Work Poverty (자영업자의 취업빈곤에 영향을 미치는 요인)

  • Ji, Eun Jeong
    • Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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    • v.65 no.1
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    • pp.147-174
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    • 2013
  • Until recently, self-employment workers are often excluded from labor market studies. Most relevant studies has focused on the determinants of entry into self-employment. However, the self-employment is highly exposed to poverty risk although they are working. Despite that, relatively little is known about the economic severity of the self-employed. This study uses data from the Korea Welfare Panel Study to examine the situation of the self-employed's in-work poverty and the determinants of in-work poverty among them. Major findings are as follows. First, self-employed people experience 3.5 times higher in-work poverty risk than employees. Especially, the ratio of own-account self-employed people living below the poverty line is similar with that of even precarious employees. Second, the extent of poverty of self-employment is more serious. Third, the proportion of self-employed among working poor is about 53% although self-employed workers are composed of only about 24% among working people. Fourth, temporary employees and self-employed people are more likely to be poor than full time employees according to logistic regression. It is statistically significant. It implies that it is desirable to regard the self-employed as the policy target group along with temporary employees. Fifth, the ratio of in-work poverty of self-employed aged 40-64 whose education level is low and the self-employed aged 40-64 who work in low-skilled service sector are higher than that of the other group. It implies that measures to alleviate their economic difficulties are urgently needed.

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GNSS Software Receivers: Sampling and jitter considerations for multiple signals

  • Amin, Bilal;Dempster, Andrew G.
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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    • v.2
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    • pp.385-390
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    • 2006
  • This paper examines the sampling and jitter specifications and considerations for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) software receivers. Software radio (SWR) technologies are being used in the implementation of communication receivers in general and GNSS receivers in particular. With the advent of new GPS signals, and a range of new Galileo and GLONASS signals soon becoming available, GNSS is an application where SWR and software-defined radio (SDR) are likely to have an impact. The sampling process is critical for SWR receivers, where it occurs as close to the antenna as possible. One way to achieve this is by BandPass Sampling (BPS), which is an undersampling technique that exploits aliasing to perform downconversion. BPS enables removal of the IF stage in the radio receiver. The sampling frequency is a very important factor since it influences both receiver performance and implementation efficiency. However, the design of BPS can result in degradation of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) due to the out-of-band noise being aliased. Important to the specification of both the ADC and its clocking Phase- Locked Loop (PLL) is jitter. Contributing to the system jitter are the aperture jitter of the sample-and-hold switch at the input of ADC and the sampling-clock jitter. Aperture jitter effects have usually been modeled as additive noise, based on a sinusoidal input signal, and limits the achievable Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Jitter in the sampled signal has several sources: phase noise in the Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO) within the sampling PLL, jitter introduced by variations in the period of the frequency divider used in the sampling PLL and cross-talk from the lock line running parallel to signal lines. Jitter in the sampling process directly acts to degrade the noise floor and selectivity of receiver. Choosing an appropriate VCO for a SWR system is not as simple as finding one with right oscillator frequency. Similarly, it is important to specify the right jitter performance for the ADC. In this paper, the allowable sampling frequencies are calculated and analyzed for the multiple frequency BPS software radio GNSS receivers. The SNR degradation due to jitter in a BPSK system is calculated and required jitter standard deviation allowable for each GNSS band of interest is evaluated. Furthermore, in this paper we have investigated the sources of jitter and a basic jitter budget is calculated that could assist in the design of multiple frequency SWR GNSS receivers. We examine different ADCs and PLLs available in the market and compare known performance with the calculated budget. The results obtained are therefore directly applicable to SWR GNSS receiver design.

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Studies on DNA Fingerprint for the Korean Native Chicken (한국 재래계의 유전자 지문에 관한 연구)

  • 여정수;정태완;한재용;최창본;김재우;정선부
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.209-216
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    • 1993
  • This study was conducted to classify Korean native chicken(KNC) and imported chicken by phenotypic performances and DNA fingerprinting. Two lines, KNC and White Leghorn(WL) , of chicken were maintained in the laboratory of Yeungnam University. Economic traits (body weight, sexual maturity, hen-day egg production, egg weight) and phenotypic characteristics (body-type, head, feather, shank) were checked. The DNA fingerprinting was analyzed for both breeds. The growth rate of the KNC was similar to WLS and sexual maturity of the KNC came later than WL. Hen-day egg production of the KNC was also slightly lower than the WL. The egg weight was about 10g lighter than WL. There was no difference in body weight of female KNC compared to the WL after 28 weeks. The study confirms difference between KNC and WL in DNA fingerprinting as well as its outlook. Thus, we suggest that these should be tested in nationwide districts about chickens known as the KNC using DNA fingerprinting. Then, the confirmed KNC populations should be maintained and used for the genetic improvement. Finally, only confirmed KNC should be in market which induce consumer to seek the KNC by its favorite.

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Estimation of Structural Strength for Spudcan in the Wind Turbine Installation Vessel (해상풍력발전기 설치선박의 스퍼드캔 구조강도 예측법)

  • Park, Joo-Shin;Lee, Dong-Hun;Seo, Jung-Kwan
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.141-152
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    • 2022
  • As interest increases related to the development of eco-friendly energy, the offshore wind turbine market is growing at an increasing rate every year. In line with this, the demand for an installation vessel with large scaled capacity is also increasing rapidly. The wind turbine installation vessel (WTIV) is a fixed penetration of the spudcan in the sea-bed to install the wind turbine. At this time, a review of the spudcan is an important issue regarding structural safety in the entire structure system. In the study, we analyzed the current procedure suggested by classification of societies and new procedures reflect the new loading scenarios based on reasonable operating conditions; which is also verified through FE-analysis. The current procedure shows that the maximum stress is less than the allowable criteria because it does not consider the effect of the sea-bed slope, the leg bending moment, and the spudcan shape. However, results of some load conditions as defined by the new procedure confirm that it is necessary to reinforce the structure to required levels under actual pre-load conditions. Therefore, the new procedure considers additional actual operating conditions and the possible problems were verified through detailed FE-analysis.

A Study on the Efficiency Enhancement Plan of the Broadcasting: Advertising Industry Infrastructure Construction Direction in Korea (한국 방송광고산업 인프라 구축방향에 관한 효율성 제고방안 연구)

  • Yeom, Sung-Won
    • Korean journal of communication and information
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    • v.22
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    • pp.131-166
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    • 2003
  • The opening of advertising market and introduction of the free competition doctrine make the competition harsher among advertising agencies. Advertising agencies do their best to execute their ad more efficiently and scientifically. But, it is the reality that broadcasting advertising industry in korea did not construct enough infrastructure to execute the systematic activities compared with that of advanced countries. So, we need to grasp the present conditions and draw a time-table to construct primarily necessary infrastructures. In case of hardware infrastructure in advertising industry, digitalization of broadcasting and convergence of broadcasting with telecommunication make it hurry to construct that. But as the ad agencies was in the situation to compete each other, they have a difficulty to construct common hardware infrastructure enthusiastically. Thus, it is necessary to build hardware infrastructure in advertising industry for policy. And the construction of that should be executed systematically not for the short term effects but for the long term objectives. Also, it is the most important to construct reliable Software infrastructure in advertising industry from all of ad agencies. In these days, ad agencies have a tendency not to believe the important information, like the data of ratings and advertising transaction information, in relation to the advertising activities. And they do not share and communicate about the information of the advertising industry trends, research trends, advertisement related information. So, it is also hurry to build the on-line and off-line database system. Finally, for the development of brainware infrastructure in advertising industry, it is the most necessary to activate the cooperation relation between university and advertising agencies. Universities need to invite experts in the advertising to teach the students practical knowledge and ad agencies to recruit students who want to develop their carrier in the advertising industries. In conclusion, advertising industry in korea to solve these tasks for the development of advertising industry infrastructure in the way of cooperation and harmony of each other rationally and efficiently.

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Survey for contamination and study for reduction of ochratoxin A and aflatoxin in red pepper (고추 중 오크라톡신 A와 아플라톡신의 오염도 조사 및 저감화방안 연구)

  • Kim, Dong-Ho;Jang, Han-Sub;Kim, Yeong-Min;Ahn, Jong-Sung
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.299-306
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    • 2009
  • Aflatoxin (AF) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) are carcinogenic and possible carcinogenic mycotoxins respectively produced by Aspergillus spp or Penicillium spp. The study for contamination survey and proposal for reduction of mycotoxin in red pepper were carried out. 192 samples were collected at such various stages and markets as pre/post-harvest stages, internet shopping mall /super-market and small stakeholder mill/geographically indicated company. As only 2 samples were positive for aflatoxin, so contamination rate was 1.04%. In the meanwhile, contamination rate for ochratoxin A was 21.88% and a various amount of OTA was detected in 42 positive samples. 6 samples were found to be contaminated at higher level than $5\;{\mu}gkg^{-1}$ for ochratoxin A, which was established recently as a maximum permissible limit in korea. There was no difference in degree of contamination with regard to cultivation type because any mycotoxin was not found at all in both organically and conventionally grown red pepper. But, there was statistically significant difference in the process of manufacturing. Finished products were OTA-contaminated at a level of $2.32\;{\pm}\;6.54\;{\mu}gkg^{-1}$(mean ${\pm}$ SD), even though OTA was not detected in deep frozen red peppers right after long term storage. And contamination for OTA was a level of $0.33\;{\pm}\;0.91\;{\mu}gkg^{-1}$(mean ${\pm}$ SD) in red paprika powder after uv sterilization, while the contamination for OTA was $2.78\;{\pm}\;4.49\;{\mu}kg^{-1}$(mean ${\pm}$ SD) in non-uv sterilized powder. In addition, our investigation shows that higher OTA contamination occurred in some of famous brand products sold in super-market and domestic products than products collected through on-line shopping or from small stakeholder mills and imported products respectively, however, difference was not statistically significant.

Surrogate Internet Shopping Malls: The Effects of Consumers' Perceived Risk and Product Evaluations on Country-of-Buying-Origin Image (망상대구점(网上代购店): 소비자감지풍험화산품평개대원산국형상적영향(消费者感知风险和产品评价对原产国形象的影响))

  • Lee, Hyun-Joung;Shin, So-Hyoun;Kim, Sang-Uk
    • Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.208-218
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    • 2010
  • Internet has grown fast and become one of the most important retail channels now. Various types of Internet retailers, hereafter etailers, have been introduced so far and as one type of Internet shopping mall, 'surrogate Internet shopping mall' has been prosperous and attracting consumers in the domestic market. Surrogate Internet shopping mall is a unique type of etailer that globally purchases well-known brand goods that are not imported in the market, completes delivery in the favor of individual buyers, and collects fees for these specific services. The consumers, who are usually interested in purchasing high-end and unique but not eligible brands, have difficulties to purchase these items overseas directly from the retailers or brands in other countries due to worries of payment failure and no address available for their usually domestic only delivery. In Korea, both numbers of surrogate Internet shopping malls and the magnitude of sales have been growing rapidly up to more than 430 active malls and 500 billion Korean won in 2008 since the population of consumers who want this agent shopping service is also expending. This etail business concept is originated from 'surrogate-mediated purchase' and this type of shopping agent has existed in many different forms and also in wide ranges of context level for quite a long time. As marketers face their individual buyers' representatives instead of a direct contact with them in many occasions, the impact of surrogate shoppers on consumer's decision making has been enormously important and many scholars have explored various range of agent's impact on consumer's purchase decisions in marketing and psychology field. However, not much rigorous research in the Internet commerce has been conveyed yet. Moreover, since as one of the shopping agent surrogate Internet shopping malls specifically connect overseas brands or retailers to domestic consumers, one specific character of the mall's, image of surrogate buying country, where surrogate purchases are conducted in, may play an important role to form consumers' attitude and purchase intention toward products. Furthermore it also possibly affects various dimensions of perceived risk in consumer's information processing. However, though tremendous researches have been carried exploring the effects of diverse dimensions of country of origin, related studies in Internet context has been rarely executed. There have been some studies that prove the positive impact of country of origin on consumer's evaluations as one of information clues in product manufacture descriptions, yet studies detecting the relationship between country image of surrogate buying origin and product evaluations rarely undertaken regarding this specific mall type. Thus, the authors have found it well-worth investigating in this specific retail channel and explored systematic relationships among focal constructs and elaborated their different paths. The authors have proven that country image of surrogate buying origin in the mall, where surrogate malls purchase products in and brings them from for buyers, not only has a positive effect on consumers' product evaluations including attitude and purchase intention but also has a negative effect on all three dimensions of perceived risk: product-related risk, shipping-related risk, and post-purchase risk. Specifically among all the perceived risk, product-related risk which is arisen from high uncertainty of product performance is most affected (${\beta}$= -.30) by negative country image of surrogate buying origin, and also shipping-related risk (${\beta}$= -.18) and post-purchase risk (${\beta}$= -.15) get influenced in order. Its direct effects on product attitude (${\beta}$= .10) and purchase intention (${\beta}$= .14) are also secured. Each of perceived risk dimension is proven to have a negative effect on purchase intention through product attitude as a mediator (${\beta}$= -.57: product-related risk ${\rightarrow}$ product attitude; ${\beta}$= -.24: shipping-related risk ${\rightarrow}$ product attitude; ${\beta}$= -.44: post-purchase risk ${\rightarrow}$ product attitude) as well. From the additional analysis, the paths of consumers' information processing are shown to be different based on their levels of product knowledge. While novice consumers with low level of knowledge consider only perceived risk important, expert consumers with high level of knowledge take both the country image, where surrogate services are conducted in, and perceived risk seriously to build their attitudes and formulate decisions toward products more delicately and systematically, which is in line with previous studies. This study suggests several pieces of academic and practical advice. Precisely, country image of surrogate buying origin does affect on consumer's risk perceptions and behavioral consequences. Therefore a careful selection of surrogate buying origin is recommended. Furthermore, reducing consumers' risk level is required to blossom this new type of retail business whether its consumer are novices or experts. Additionally, since consumer take different paths of elaborating information based on their knowledge levels, sophisticated marketing approaches to each group of consumers are required. For novice buyers strong devices for risk mitigation are needed to induce them to form better attitudes and for experts selections of better and advanced countries as surrogate buying origins are advised while endorsement strategy for the site might work as a reliable information clue to all consumers to mitigate the barriers to purchase goods online. The authors have also explained that the study suffers from some limitations, including generalizability. In future studies, tests of and comparisons among different types of etailers with relevant constructs are recommended to broaden the findings.

Ethical Fashion Consumer Behavior in Korea - Factors Influencing Ethical Fashion Consumption - (한국에서의 윤리적 패션 소비자 행동 - 윤리적 패션 소비에 영향 미치는 요인을 중심으로 -)

  • Koh, Ae-Ran;Noh, Ji-Yeon
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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    • v.33 no.12
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    • pp.1956-1964
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    • 2009
  • Understanding ethical fashion consumers in Korea is essential for the expansion of the ethical fashion market. This study analyzed ethical consumers in Korea in an examination of the factors that influence ethical purchase behavior and attitudes. The differences between ethical fashion consumers and non-ethical fashion consumers were investigated using eight variables (perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE), self-direction, benevolence, universalism, social responsibility, perceived behavioral control, face saving, and group conformity). Data were collected by means of a questionnaire through both on-line and off-line surveys from April 20 to June 7, 2009. Only the respondents knowledgeable of ethical products or ethical consumption were asked to complete the questionnaire. A total of 494 samples were used for analyses. Using independent samples t-test, the differences in each variable between two groups were examined. There were significant differences between ethical fashion consumers and non-ethical fashion consumers in attitudes toward ethical consumption behavior, behavioral intention, PCE, self-direction, universalism, social responsibility, and face saving variables. The factors influencing attitude and behavior intention were investigated by step-wise regression analyses. For ethical fashion consumers, the attitudes to ethical consumption behavior were largely influenced by PCE and benevolence. Social responsibility was the most predictable variable in guiding behavioral intention. Behavioral intention was also influenced by benevolence and attitude. Group conformity was found to be negatively correlated with behavioral intention. The findings of this study provide significant guidance for marketers of ethical fashion products. This study is the start of ethical fashion consumer research in Korea and can develop into variable subfields in the future.