• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2015

We surveyed butterfly community in a rural area of the southwestern part of Korea to investigate the changes of species composition and their abundances between 2001~2002 and 2014. The butterfly survey was conducted at the same site using a line transect method. There was a significant decrease of the numbers of species and individuals between 2001~2002 and 2014. We categorized each species based on six ecological traits: habitat type, habitat breadth, food plant type, food plant breadth, number of generation per year and overwintering stage. The comparison of number of species using these ecological traits showed no difference during the 10-yr time intervals. However, the comparison of number of individuals for the ecological traits showed the significant differences except for one trait, overwintering stage. We could suspect that the decrease of butterflies in the study area was resulted from the habitat change. To investigate the causal factors and the changes of butterfly fauna, we need a long-term monitoring of the local butterfly community.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.203-209
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• 1974

This study is intended to comparison of the recent ideal number of children and atrial approach for analyzing value system for children that form attitude affecting birth control with earlier study conducted 10 years ago. In general the traditional fertility pattern of Korea may be considered as 'early marriage and high fertility' backed by the confucian value system of a farming-oriented country. A selective attitude favoring sons contributes substantially to fertility. But Korea is now moving toward a late marriage and fertility pattern. This has been due to the repid introduction of western culture and a partial acceptance of western value systems, a relative weakening of traditional value systems, a gradual increase in infant and child servival rates thresh medicines, and a desire to avoid having too many children because of economic poverty. This study showed following results: Ideal number of sons and daughters in urban area was decreased by 0.2 respectively compared to earlier study. In rural area, the number of decrease of sons and daughters was 0.5 and 0.2 respectively. The conception concerning Happiness has changed to wealth from health in previous opinion. Regarding attitude toward having sons, 98 percent of them wanted to have sons positively, moreover 10 percent of them wanted two or more sons. Regarding reasons for the wanting sons, we see that economic and traditional considerations, such as dependance in old age, and inheritance of the family line, are a principle concern of about 56 percent in both areas. The rate of dependence in old age was decreased conspicuously compare to previous study while the rate of helding rituals was increased remarkably in rural area. Among reasons for limiting family size. 'for better living and for better education for their children were main rasons reted 46 percent in urban, 51 percent in rural areas. The rates were not changed compare to previous study. Regarding attitude of those who have no son or children, the rate of re-marriage with second wife was decreased remarkably in rural area and the rate of living without special behaivor for having son was increased compare to previous study.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.179-189
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• 2013

The Haean basin is a unique geographical feature formed by differential erosion and it borders the military demarcation line. Recently the basin has become an interest of civilians due to security tour, highland vegetables and wetland. After the civil war, the population decreased but it has increased since 2007. The annual mean air temperature in the basin has increased with a rate of $+0.016^{\circ}C/yr$ and the annual precipitation also has increased with a rate of +10.41 mm/yr. The precipitation occurring in June~August (wet season) occupied most of the total precipitation increase. In addition, recently the number of groundwater wells and its use have gradually increased and most of them are for agriculture including cultivation of rice and highland vegetables. If the air temperature further increases in the future according to the climate change scenarios, the highland vegetables cultivation will be difficult. Furthermore, if the rainstorm in the summer will be enforced, the groundwater recharge and water management will be aggravated. Therefore, an evaluation for sustainable groundwater development in the basin and a reform of the current agriculture (change of cultivating crops) depending on much water are essentially required.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.689-694
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• 2018

Recently, fuel consumption efficiency has become the most important issue in the vehicle development process due to the problem of environmental pollution. The air flow patterns of the vehicle body line and rear part are the most important elements affecting the fuel consumption efficiency. Especially, the airflow pattern of the vehicle rear part is the most important design factor to be considered in rear spoiler design. In this paper, the control factors affecting the airflow of the rear spoiler are determined, the airflow sensitivity of these control factors are tested and, then, the optimized control factors to reduce the airflow drag force are proposed. The model of optimized control factors is tested and the values of the optimized control factors are changed by analyzing the S/N ratio and mean value. Finally, the new modified model incorporating the optimized control factors is tested in an air flow tunnel and its ability to decrease the air drag and reduce the cost is verified.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2453-2459
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• 2014

Ginsenoside Rg1 is one effective anticancer and antioxidant constituent of total saponins of Panax ginseng (TSPG), which has been shown to have various pharmacological effects. Our previous study demonstrated that Rg1 had anti-tumor activity in K562 leukemia cells. The aim of this study was designed to investigate whether Rg1 could induce apoptosis in TF-1/Epo cells and further to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here we found that Rg1 could inhibit TF-1/Epo cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis in vitro in a concentration and time dependent manner. It also suppressed the expression of EpoR on the surface membrane and inhibited JAK2/STAT5 pathway activity. Rg1 induced up-regulation of Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and C-PAPR protein and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and AG490, a JAK2 specific inhibitor, could enhance the effects of Rg1. Our studies showed that EpoR-mediated JAK2/STAT5 signaling played a key role in Rg1-induced apoptosis in TF-1/Epo cells. These results may provide new insights of Rg1 protective roles in the prevention a nd treatment of leukemia.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.8
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• pp.133-143
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• 2006

Today, most of games permit interaction between user and game freely. Therefore it is difficult to progress the story-line of the primary stage. Especially in educational game surroundings, we have more difficulties in achieving original purpose of education. In this paper, we proposed the applied model of mini-game which was inserted into main-game in order to control interaction between user and game. On the basis of this model, we derived valuation elements by mini-game implementation types from developing the educational game in which involved mini-game. We looked around whether the educational game achieved the educational goal of first stage or not. Comparing with some excellent ones picked up by public authorities, we evaluated the educational game. As the result of evaluation, we could find that the application of mini-game had very high effectiveness in attainment of teaming goal, studying of well-balanced, and induction of learning motivation. And we found that the application also had very affirmative effect to the practical objects of primary stage in overall sphere.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.328-328
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• 2017

Drought is a major limiting factor that reduces rice production and occurs often especially under recent climate change. Plants have the ability to alter their developmental morphology in response to changing environment, which is known as phenotypic plasticity. In our previous studies, we found that one chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL50 derived from Nipponbare and Kasalath crosses) showed no differences in shoot and root growth as compared with the recurrent genotype, Nipponbare under non-stress condition but showed greater growth responses compared with Nipponbare under mild drought stress condition. We hypothesized that reducing root respiration as metabolic cost, which may be largely a consequence of aerenchyma formation would be one of the key mechanisms for root plasticity expression. This study aimed to evaluate the root respiration and aerenchyma formation under various soil moisture conditions among genotypes with different root plasticity. CSSL50 together with Nipponbare and Kasalath were grown under waterlogged conditions (Control) and mild drought stress conditions (20% of soil moisture content) in a plastic pot ($11cm{\times}14cm$, ${\varphi}{\times}H$) and PVC tube ($3cm{\times}30cm$, ${\varphi}{\times}H$). Root respiration rate was measured with infrared gas analyzer (IRGA, GMP343, Vaisala, Finland) with a closed static chamber system. There was no significant difference between genotypes in control for shoot and root growth as well as root respiration rate. In contrast, all the genotypes increased their root respiration rates in response to mild drought stress. However, CSSL50 showed lower root respiration rate than Nipponbare, which was associated by higher root aerenchyma formation that was estimated based on internal gas space (porosity) under mild drought stress conditions. Furthermore, there were significant negative correlations between root length and root respiration rate. These results imply that reducing the metabolic cost (= root respiration rate) is a key mechanism for root plasticity expression, which CSSL50 showed under mild drought.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.89-111
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the phenomenon of social participation among female baby boomers. The key research questions were asked in what kind of activities do female baby boomers engage as social participation? The in-depth interview was used with 11 female baby boomers who were born between 1955 to 1963. The interview text were analyzed by the qualitative study method. The findings are as follows. First, the most common type of social participation was having hobbies and leisure activities, and the other were participating in religious activities, learning activities, volunteer activities and on-line club activities. Second, social participation gave them meanings such as joy, satisfaction, and experiences of seeing the new world as well as opportunities to make up low sense of self-esteem formed in their young age. Third, they were considering it was time to change their social participation. The cases who were actively engaging in social participation considered old age as 'the process of reducing social participation'. Some other cases considered to 'share hobbies with spouse', and to 'achieve new goals and dreams'. The results showed that female baby boomers started their social participation in their middle ages when they became free from their children's education. The level of the involvement in social participation was reduced in their old age. Surprisingly, some interviewees planned to accomplish their dreams and goals that they haven't achieved yet. These differences among the cases could be attributed to the individual characteristics such as personality, birth order, economic and educational background, and to the social relationship.

• Archives of design research
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• v.14
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• pp.43-51
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• 1996

To analyze the design education of elementary school in the united states, the content of Discover art, one of the popular art textbooks for elementary school student, has been examined. Focusing on the developmental stage and sequential curriculum across all grades, design principles, color and criteria of design are investigated. The subjects studied are as follows: an introduction of new word or concept of design principles and color, repetition of the learning, the number of color taught, looking at products of design and making design at each grade level. The curriculum of design principles is well composed, but line, shape and form parts are redundant throughout all grades. The learning order of the color at one grade is well organized but the repetition is too much. The portion of design part is too small. It is adequate that the history of design is introduced at grade 5 where children start to learn history. However, it should be more strengthened for the continuous development of design ability. Looking at product design is introduced before grade 4, and making product design is taught just once at grade 4, although sequential learning is necessary in late elementary grades.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.41-53
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• 2009

For 5 years and 6 months, ranging from January 2003 to June 2008, SPSS 12.0 Statistical Program was used to analyze the overall analysis, analysis of center line encroachment, analysis of signal violations, analysis of drinking while intoxicated, analysis of driving without license, analysis of two-wheel vehicle, analysis of pedestrian, analysis of safety equipment, analysis of traffic publicity or education and automobile registration accounts, and casualty of traffic accidents that are determined as having statistical implication based on the statistics available from the policy to take a look at traffic accident in the Daejeon area, and there were some meaningful results. With the proof that there is a certain level of ratio for the correlations between traffic control and traffic accident that the effect of traffic control has shown with certain time interval. The relationship of traffic control and the casualty of traffic accident has very low coefficient of correlations that it is not statistically noticeable that traffic control of the police has almost no effect in preventing traffic accident. This is a display of the fact that the conversion of direction for traffic safety measure undertaken to this point is rather urgent that there is a dire need of establishing the effective alternatives.