• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.57-58
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• 2015

In this study, we present geometrical and kinematical analysis of Moreton wave observed in 2012 June 3rd and July 6th, recorded in H-${\alpha}$ images of Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) archive. These large-scale waves exhibit different features compared to each other. The observed wave of June 3rd has angular span of about $70^{\circ}$ with a diffuse wave front associated to NOAA active region 11496. It was found that the propagating speed of the wave at 17:53 UT is about $931{\pm}80km/s$. The broadness nature of this Moreton wave can be interpreted as the vertical extension of the wave over the chromosphere. On the other hand, the wave of July 6th associated with X1.1 class are that occurred at 23:01 UT in AR NOAA11515. From the kinematical analysis, the wave propagated with the initial velocity of about $994{\pm}70km/s$ which is in agreement with the speed of coronal shock derived from type II radio burst, v ~ 1100 km/s. These two identified waves add the inventory of the large-scale waves observed in 24th Solar Cycle.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Medicine & Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate questions and instructions for internal feedback effects on functional recovery and task performance while chronic stroke patients practised task-specific training. Method: Twenty-four chronic stroke patients were randomly divided into two groups; when patients performed same tasks, one was treated using questions and the other using instructions for internal feedback Both lasted 30 minutes, 5 times a week for 8 weeks. Outcome measures included Erasmus MC Modifications to the Nottingham Sensory Assessment (EmNSA), Measurement Properties of the Motor Evaluation Scale for Upper Extremity in Stroke patients (MESUPES), Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory (CAHAI), Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI). Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in EmNSA and K-MBI(p>.05). But, in MESUPES and CAHAI, there was significant difference between the two groups(p<.05). Conclusion: In this study, questions for internal feedback during task-specific training are more effective in improving upper extremity motor function and task performance than instructions for internal feedback.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.258-277
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• 2001

Agricultural Co-operation chain stores were highly the utility of distribution rationalization for commercial distribution by informatisation and by multi-polarizied of large physical distribution center of Inventory intensive type consisted of intensive physical distribution. and transportation of commodities from physical distribution center have act by outsourcing. Therefore, the methods of distribution of commodities of life and agricultural products are distinguished from route distribution and regular time collective distribution. the method of distribution is formated the distribution field b\ulcorner characteristic of commodity. On the other hand, spatial characteristics by sales activities of commodities was clarified by types of stole commodity according to level of paddy agriculture development and level of service industrial employment. But manufactured foodstuffs and miscellaneous goods. that is commodities of life clarified the fact selling that is not influenced by regional type.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.387-399
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences of early childhood teachers' job satisfaction and burnout by variables and to analyze the relationship between the two subject matters. Then this study will serve to improve overall quality of early childhood education through fair comprehension about them. We surveyed 333 teachers in total, 171 public/private kindergarten teachers and 162 preschool teachers. A questionnaire by ECJSS of Jord-Bloom(1989) and Fleischer(1985) was used to measure the degree of job satisfaction, along with the version MBI(Maslach Burnout Inventory) by Maslach and Jackson(1981), adjusted by An, youngkil(I992) and Seo, jiyoung(2002), to check the degree of burnout. It was found that job satisfaction was higher among the surveyees of old age or with more education/less working hours. Small salaries, however, was one of the causes of low job satisfaction. Emotional burnout was shown in the surveyees of old age or with good education/career records. On the other hand, exhaustion from a lack of accomplishment was shown in single, young and low paid teachers. Thus, burnout and job satisfaction had a highly negative coefficient of correlation, meaning that job satisfaction gets high when burnout gets low.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.23-48
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• 2007

Category management has been implemented to enhance competitiveness in the food distribution industry since 2000 in Korea. This study helps to understand why suppliers achieve better or worse performance than competitors in a category. The major objective of this article is to explore which category tactics are effective to have influence on category performance when suppliers as a category captain implement category management with variety enhancer categories like shampoo, toothpaste, and detergent. The Nielsen data were analyzed using regression and Chow test. The empirical results that were varied upon the store type and market position found out which specific actions on product assortments, pricing, shelving, and product replenishment can increase category sales. Specifically, in the case of market leader in large supermarket, the significant indicators of category sales with respect to category tactics are the out-of-stock rate, the variance across brand shares, the forward inventory, and the days supply of a product. However, in the case of follower in large supermarket, the significant indicators of category sales are the variance across brand shares, the forward inventory, and the days supply of a product. On the other hand, in the case of small supermarket, the significant factors on category sales for both market leader and follower are the retail distribution rate, the variance across brand shares, the forward inventory, and the days supply of a product category. In sum, regardless of the store type and market position, dominant brands in a category, the forward inventory, and short days supply of a product improved performance in all categories. Critical difference is that the out-of-stock rate acted as a key ingredient for the market leader between large and small supermarket and the retail distribution rate for the follower between large and small supermarket. This article presents some theoretical and managerial implications of the empirical results and finalizes the paper by addressing limitations and future research directions.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.237-241
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• 2010

Many policies have been implemented to mitigate the greenhouse gases in atmosphere overall of sectors. With considering the distinct characteristics of the food security, agricultural sector is no exception to this situation. To this regard, total amount of carbon which is emitted through all of the agricultural production process is calculated, and being based on this result, the demand for the introduction of agricultural production system with low carbon has been rising. Case studies on the application of life cycle assessment (LCA) technique to agricultural sector are found in many countries. For example, life cycle inventory (LCI) data bases of crop, farm infrastructure, fertilizer, farm machinery, and etc., have been constructed and provided by Ecoinvent (Swiss centre for life cycle inventories) of Swiss. In Japan, Top-down typed LCA methodology for agriculture is developed based on the inter-industry analysis, and is evaluated according to the productive method of crop. On the other hand, environmental impact assessment of agricultural system using LCA in Korea is just in the beginning stages. So it is required to assess environmental impact on agricultural fertilizer and pesticide, and to develop their flow modeling, and methodology of LCA of agricultural sector. Environmental impact assessment on agricultural materials, machinery, and infrastructure will also be carried out.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.119-129
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• 2013

This study was conducted to predict the changes in forest biomass in different ecoprovinces and forest types under climate change scenario based on cumulative data (i.e., digital forest site and climate maps, National Forest Inventory data) and various prediction models. The results from this study showed that predicted changes over time in biomass varied according to ecoprovince and forest type in Korea. A reduction in biomass was predicted for all forest types associated with the mountain, southeastern hilly, and southwestern hilly ecoprovinces. On the other hand, the biomass was predicted to increase for the coniferous forest and mixed-forest types in the central hilly ecoprovince. Furthermore, increases in biomass are predicted for all forest types, except coniferous forests, in the coastal ecoprovince. The results from this study provide a basis for developing technology to predict forest impacts due to climate change by predicting changes in forest biomass based on the estimation of site index.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.480-487
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• 2006

Objectives : In this study we investigated BDI(Beck Depression Inventory) improvement of poststroke depression Patients who took the acupuncture with aromatherapy, in order to examine its capacity as a new treatment and to establish a primary data for further studies of developments of diverse Practical acupunctures. Methods : Physicians applied the acupuncture with aromatherapy every day for two weeks. We had evaluated baseline characteristics and BDI of all Patients, and revaluated BDI and examined the side effects two weeks later. The qualified Patients were classified into two groups, depression group (more than 10 points and 10 in BDI) and non-depression group (less than 10 points in BDI) according to the baseline BDI. Results : The study was completed with 27stroke patients. The acupuncture with aroma therapy was applied in 18 post-stroke depression patients and 9 non-depression patients for 2 weeks. And the result showed that the BDI scores in the depression group decreased to $16.5{\pm}11.1$ after the treatment (compared to $24.4{\pm}11.5$ before the treatment). so proved the significant effect on post-stroke depression of the acupuncture. On the other hand. the scores in the non-depression group increased to $9.2{\pm}9.5$ (compared to $3.3{\pm}3.0$). Conclusions : The acupuncture with aromatherapy applied on post-stroke depression patients showed the effect of BDI improvement. Further researches are needed to evaluate the distinct functional mechanism of acupuncture with aromatherapy, and to estimate its effectiveness by well-designed randomized controlled trial.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2003

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate 1) the prevalence of depressive symptoms, 2) the severity of depressive symptoms, 3) the correlation of depressive symptoms with clinical variables, and 4) factors that contribute to depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods: One hundred eighteen patients with Parkinson's disease referred from the Parkinson's Disease Clinic of Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Korea, completed a self-administered questionnaire package, which included basic demographic data, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Parkinson's disease quality of life questionnaire, the Symptom Checklist-90-Revision(SCL-90-R), and the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. In addition, a structured interview and a complete neurological examination, including the Hoehn and Yahr stage, the motor part of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale(some selected scales of UPDRS part III), the Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living scale(ADL), and the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination were performed. Results: 1) Based on BDI score, subjects were divided into four groups:severely(40.7%), moderately(13.6%) and mildly(12.7%) depressive and non-depressive(33.1%). 2) The severity of depressive symptom in Parkinson's disease was positively correlated with Hoehn and Yahr(H & Y) stage(r=0.34, p<0.0001), the severity of motor symptom(r=0.35, p<0.0001), and trait anxiety inventory(r=0.33, p<0.001). On the other hand, the severity of depressive symptom was negatively correlated with educational level(r=-0.34, p<0.001), ADL(r=-0.37, p<0.0001) and Parkinson's disease quality of life (PDQL)(r=-0.69, p<0.0001). Among several clinical variables, the PDQL was the most influential factor predicting whether the depressive symptom was present or not. Conclusion: This study suggests that depressive symptom is very prevalent among patients with Parkinson's disease. Data from this study indicate that medical staffs who take care of patients with Parkinson's disease should pay attention to finding and treating depressive symptom among their patients. With appropriate psychiatric intervention, patient's depressive symptom can be minimized or alleviated and thus, the quality of life in these patients is likely enhanced.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.18-29
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• 2005

Purpose: Aroma therapy is one modality of alternative medicine. It was well known to have an analgesic, antidepressive and anxiolytic effects. This study is designed to investigate the effect of aroma self hand massage on vital signs, pain, depression, anxiety and stress in breast cancer patients. Methods: 32 female patient over 20 years old were divided into two groups by a non-blinded randomized controlled method. Patient in the aroma group (n=15) massaged their hands twice a day using aroma oil by themselves in their home for 2 weeks. However, those in control group (n=17) had not received my intervention during the study periods. Pain intensity, state anxiety, depression and stress of subjects were evaluated three times (0, 1, 3 weeks) using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS, $0{\sim}10cm$), State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory Scales (BDIS), Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument (BEPSI revised edition). Also the change of patients' accompanying symptoms after aroma massage were analyzed using a structured questionnaire. Results: Pain Intensity decreased in the aroma group compared with control group (VAS changes $-0.83{\pm}1.01\;vs\;0.38{\pm}0.86$, P=0.005). The numbers of accompanying symptoms (P=0.044), depression score (P=0.001) and anxiety score (P=0.008) were significantly decreased in the aroma group, while in control group they increased after 2 weeks. However, the stress score showed no significant changes in both groups ($0.05{\pm}0.85\;vs\;0.04{\pm}0.20$, P=0.1519). The depression, anxiety and stress score showed negative correlation with compliance of aroma massage, but statistically no significant. The systolic blood pressure was a little increased in aroma group ($4.53{\pm}14.43\;vs\;0.0{\pm}7.22$, P=0.026), but was not significant clinically. Patients in the aroma group complained of several symptoms such as headache (20%), paresthesia (6.75%) and nausea (6.7%). However, there were no drop-out patients for those side effects. Conclusion: Aroma self massage during two weeks in breast cancer patients alleviates the pain intensity, depression and anxiety significantly.