• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.764-771
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• 2012

Direct and maternal genetic heritabilities and their correlations with body weight at 5 stages in the life span of purebred Berkshire pigs, from birth to harvest, were estimated to scrutinize body weight development with the records for 5,088 purebred Berkshire pigs in a Korean farm, using the REML based on an animal model. Body weights were measured at birth (Birth), at weaning (Weaning: mean 22.9 d), at the beginning of a performance test (On: mean 72.7 d), at the end of a performance test (Off: mean 152.4 d), and at harvest (Finish: mean 174.3 d). Ordinary polynomials and Legendre with order 1, 2, and 3 were adopted to adjust body weight with age in the multivariate animal models. Legendre with order 3 fitted best concerning prediction error deviation (PED) and yielded the lowest AIC for multivariate analysis of longitudinal body weights. Direct genetic correlations between body weight at Birth and body weight at Weaning, On, Off, and Finish were 0.48, 0.36, 0.10, and 0.10, respectively. The estimated maternal genetic correlations of body weight at Finish with body weight at Birth, Weaning, On, and Off were 0.39, 0.49, 0.65, and 0.90, respectively. Direct genetic heritabilities progressively increased from birth to harvest and were 0.09, 0.11, 0.20, 0.31, and 0.43 for body weight at Birth, Weaning, On, Off, and Finish, respectively. Maternal genetic heritabilities generally decreased and were 0.26, 0.34, 0.15, 0.10, and 0.10 for body weight at Birth, Weaning, On, Off, and Finish, respectively. As pigs age, maternal genetic effects on growth are reduced and pigs begin to rely more on the expression of their own genes. Although maternal genetic effects on body weight may not be large, they are sustained through life.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.26-43
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• 2023

This study sought to typify and characterize the upper body shape of women with large breasts by classifying only Korean adult women aged 20-69 years whose difference dimension between bust and underbust circumference was 12.5 cm or greater. This study attempted to provide necessary information for the development of upper body clothing for women with large busts. Upper body horizontal, upper body height, shoulder size, upper body length, and shoulder slop factor were extracted to constitute upper body shapes of women with large busts. Upper body shapes of women with large busts were classified into four types: low obese upper body tall body type, high normal upper body short body type, drooping shoulders slender upper body tall body type, and broad shoulders slender upper body short body type. Upper body proportions of women with and without large busts were analyzed as follows. Women with large breasts had narrower shoulder width compared to bust width and waist width. Their underbust and waist circumferences were larger than their bust circumferences. For the development of tops for women with large busts, bodice pattern development was required, taking into account shoulder width, chest, and upper body length. Future studies should focus on angles of busts in more detail. Research should be conducted on the development of bodice by upper body type of women with large busts analyzed.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.59-73
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• 2017

This study examined the effects of media exposure and involvement on objectified body consciousness and appearance management behaviors. The subjects were 325 female university students in Daejeon and Chungnam Province. The research method was a survey, and the questionnaire was composed of media exposure and involvement, objectified body consciousness, appearance management behaviors, and subjects' demographic characteristics. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, factor analysis, and regression analysis using SPSS program. The results were as follows. First, female university students used mass media for about 3.76 hours a day and showed a high level of media involvement. Second, three factors (body surveillance, body shame, and appearance control belief) emerged regarding objectified body consciousness with female university students showing a high level of objectified body consciousness. Third, six factors (make-up, plastic surgery, weight control, fashion, hair, and skin care) emerged regarding appearance management behaviors with female university students showing high intention to perform various appearance management behaviors. Fourth, media exposure and involvement had important effects on objectified body consciousness and appearance management behaviors, and media involvement was a more important variable than media exposure. Fifth, objectified body consciousness had important effects on appearance management behaviors. Body shame had more important effects on skin care, weight control, and plastic surgery behaviors, while body surveillance had more important effects on fashion, make-up, and hair management behaviors than other objectified consciousness factors. The implication of this study was that media involvement is a more important variable affecting objectified body consciousness and appearance management behaviors than media exposure, and among objectified body consciousness dimensions, body shame has important effects on more active appearance management behaviors like weight control and plastic surgery behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.83-98
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of body image, body dissatisfaction, and drive for slimness, as mediated by self-esteem and depression, on eating disorder behavior according to gender The subjects of this study were 243 male and 323 female university students from Chungbuk National university in Cheonju. On the basis of previous literature, the theoretical model was specified and estimated for the adequacy of statistical fit for male and female students separately. The proposed theoretical model was supported by the data and fitted adequately. As expected, body image, body dissatisfaction, and desire for thinness had a direct effect on self-esteem for female students. However, whereas body image and body dissatisfaction directly influenced on male students' self-esteem, while desire for gaining weight had no direct effect. Eating disorder behavior in female students was predicted by body dissatisfaction, body image, and self-esteem. For male students, desire for gaining weight and self-esteem strongly predicted eating disorder behavior. The results indicate that the influence of body image, body dissatisfaction, and desire for thinness on eating disorder behavior can be mediated not by depression but by self-esteem.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.147-162
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• 2017

The purposes of this study were to investigate objectified body consciousness and appearance management behaviors, and to analysis the differences on this two variables between Korean and Chinese consumers. The subjects were 700 Korean and Chinese female university students. The research method was a survey and the measuring instruments consisted of objectified body consciousness scale, appearance management behaviors items, and subjects' demographics attributions. The data were analyzed by frequency analysis, cross tabs analysis, $x^2$ test, Cronbach' ${\alpha}$, factor analysis, t-test, and regression analysis, using SPSS statistical program. The results were as follows. First, three factors(body surveillance, body shame, and control belief) were emerged on objectified body consciousness, and Korean students showed the higher level of objectified body consciousness than Chinese students. Second, Korean students had much more experience and a higher intention to perform various appearance management behaviors than Chinese students. Third, body shame and control belief factors had important effects on appearance management behaviors of both country students. However, body surveillance was an important factor on only Korean students' appearance management behaviors. This study showed that objectified body consciousness is an important variable to affect appearance management behaviors, and there are many differences on objectified body consciousness and appearance management behaviors by cultural environments.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.14-25
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to understand bodily extension and identity in contemporary fashion art through the analysis of 'the fashion acting on the body' among the fashion theory excluding body and the conspicuous works on the opening and covering images as a fashion art as a body-space'. This study also investigated identity problems where there are poles apart in opening and closure their bodies and body-space in which its clothing types were distorted by being de-bodilization out of the traditional and ideological expression method in contemporary fashion art from a opening and closure point of view. Image of opening and closure among body-space in fashion art can be classified into opposing structure of opening and closure. Destroying the boundary between bodily opening and closure for a primary function of clothing and dismantling the role and boundary between body and clothing, opening body-space in appearance as a reemergence of body image or the border between inner and outer are being ambiguous because of transparent material. Being representative work of this study opening body-space was expressed as an opening space image using transparency. On the contrary, closure body-space was isolated from external environment and confined in the certain space, which could limit or restraint body- action. Excluding boundary of body and clothing on the whole or in part, boundary of work becomes body-space. However, these were appeared to be a work inducing unlimited curiosity and meaning from the audience. The interpretation of artistic and body-space in fashion art are indicating the role and function of the fashion art exceeding the suggestible dimensions in the every day life of fashion. The body-space of fashion art showing similar aspect of body art today could be understood that it is substituted into an metaphorical, critical space by seeing it as a symbol system connected with social space. Therefore, contemporary fashion art should be interpreted as an equivocal space looking at the body-space with open mind.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.17-37
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• 2024

This study examines the rise of the Body Positive Movement on TikTok and its role as a form of online content activism influencing the fashion design and industry. Through a combination of literature review and case study methodology, the study explores the expression techniques and thematic types of Body Positive Movement on TikTok. Reviews of literature, previous studies, online articles, fashion journals, and relevant search terms on TikTok informed a definition of Body Positive Movement and an analysis of its formation and rise. The research findings confirm the impact TikTok content on Body Positive Movement has on the fashion industry in addressing external factors (i.e., 'Appearance', 'Race', 'Aging', 'Physical Disability') and intrinsic factors (i.e., 'Acceptance of Diversity', 'Self-Esteem', 'Rejection of Stereotypes', 'Appropriate Representation', 'Information Provision'). The key external factor , 'Appearance', includes subcategories such as 'Body Shape', 'Body Hair', 'Skin', and 'Facial Features'. TikTok content creators on fashion creatively combine music, emojis, and visual storytelling to exhibit positive self-perception concerning these factors. A significant finding of the study is that short clips predominantly manifesting external factors differentiate into informative or enlightening videos associated with intrinsic factors. The study underscores Body Positive Movement's important influence on the fashion industry from design to presentation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.554-562
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• 2009

As a result of comparison analysis on body types of Korean women in their forties and Korean women residing in Japan, the following results had been found. 1. In terms of factors composing the body type, while women residing in Korea did not show large differences in obesity and horizontal size factors, women living in Japan showed higher contribution of obesity factor compared to horizontal size factor. That is, obesity factor was substantially more important among factors composing the body type for women residing in Japan. 2. Cluster analysis was done to understand the characteristics of body types and comparatively analyze them. Women residing in Korea were classified into tall and normal body, normal height with obese body, and short and chubby body. Women residing in Japan showed different characteristics with tall and obese body, tall and normal body with long lower part, and short and thin body. As a result of this study, identical ethnic group was found to take on different body types resulting from sociocultural differences and difference in eating habits if their place of residence differs for a long time.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1-18
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of sociocultural attitudes toward appearance and narcissism on body stress. Questionnaires are being administered to 206 women in their 20's-50's living in Deagu and Kyunbook province. The Frequency, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, and Duncan-test are used for data analysis. Sociocultural attitudes toward appearance are categorized into media appearance internalization and social recognition of appearance. Narcissism factors are found to be leadership/privilege, ostentation, and superiority. Body stress is categorized into 4 factors: weight stress, skin aging stress, body dissatisfaction, and hair stress. Sociocultural attitudes toward appearance was related to the sub-variables of narcissism, and body stress. Media appearance internalization is the sun-variable of sociocultural attitudes toward appearance and has significant effects on weight stress, skin aging stress, and body dissatisfaction sub-variables for body stress. Ostentation, and superiority being the sub-variables of narcissism, have significant effects on weight stress, skin aging stress, body dissatisfaction, and hair stress, the sub-variables for body stress. Ages of women display distinctions between the sub-variables in sociocultural attitudes toward appearance such media appearance internalization, and in narcissism such leadership/privilege, ostentation, superiority, and body stress such weight stress, skin aging stress, body dissatisfaction, and hair stress. This result can be a necessary base line data for adult women's appearance management by examining the influence of the attitude toward the appearance developed from the relationship with people around body stress.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.707-720
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• 2004

This study focused on the comparison of the consciousness of middle age women's body image between self evaluation and others'. The respondents include 105 middle age women who evaluated themselves and 532 middle age women who evaluated others in there age group in Gwang-Ju. The Questionnaire was comprised of two components; Part One is consciousness of body-shape and Part Two is body cathexis (or a body preference). For data analysis, SPSS 10.0 program was generally used, and T-test, ANOVA, Scheffe-test were being conducted. The results of study were as follow; On consciousness of body shape, the items that exist difference of opinion on the comparison of the consciousness of middle age women's body-shape between self-evaluation and others' evaluation were total body fatness, upper body type, low arm girth, thigh girth in lean group, and crotch of pants length, ankle girth, calf girth, in normal group, and upper body type, lower body type in obese group. On a body-cathexis, the item were neck, buttocks, bust, posture in lean group(p<.05), and neck, upper arm, abdomen in normal group(p<.01), and waist, abdomen, weight distribution in obese group(p<.01).