• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.338-347
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• 1989

This study aims at revealing the effect of ${\omega}-3$ and ${\omega}-6$ polyunsaturated fatty acids on serum and lipid metabolism of liver in rats. Various diets were fed to 5 groups of rats differently composed of red pepper oil with about 64 % of ${\omega}-6$ linoleic acid and perilla oil with 60% or so of ${\omega}-3$ linolenic acid : group 1, 10% perilla oil ; group 2, 7.5% perilla oil and 2.5% red pepper oil; group 3, 5% perilla oil and 5% red pepper oil ; group 4, 2.5% perilla oil and 7.5% red pepper oil; group 5, 10% red pepper oil. The following shows the results. 1. As for cholesterol concentration in serum, group 1 was significantly lower than groups 4 and 5. 2. HDL-cholesterol concentration tended to grow gradually with the increase of ${\omega}-6$ linoleic acid and to decrease with the increase of ${\omega}-3$ linolenic acid. 3. Group 5 was the highest in HDL concentration of cholesterol. 4. About concentration of triglyceride and phospholipid in serum, group 2 was significantly lower than group 4. 5. In cholesterol level of liver, group 5 was the highest and groups 2, 3 and 4 were relatively lower. 6. Triglyceride concentration of liver was higher than others in groups 1 and 5.

• ALGAE
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.109-127
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• 2024

High production and efficient harvesting of microalgae containing high omega-3 levels are critical concerns for industrial use. Aeration can elevate production of some microalgae by providing CO₂ and O₂. However, it may lower the production of others by generating shear stress, causing severe cell damage. The mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium smaydae is a new, promising microalga for omega-3 fatty acid production owing to its high docosahexaenoic acid content, and determining optimal conditions and methods for high omega-3 fatty acid production and efficient harvest using G. smaydae is crucial for its commercial utilization. Therefore, to determine whether continuous aeration is required, we measured densities of G. smaydae and the dinoflagellate prey Heterocapsa rotundata in a 100-L semi-continuous cultivation system under no aeration and continuous aeration conditions daily for 9 days. Furthermore, to determine the optimal conditions for harvesting through centrifugation, different rotational speeds of the continuous centrifuge and different flow rates of the pump injecting G. smaydae + H. rotundata cells into the centrifuge were tested. Under continuous aeration, G. smaydae production gradually decreased; however, without aeration, the production remained stable. Harvesting efficiency and the dry weights of omega-3 fatty acids of G. smaydae + H. rotundata cells at a rotational speed of 16,000 rpm were significantly higher than those at 2,000-8,000 rpm. However, these parameters did not significantly differ at injection pump flow rates of 1.0-4.0 L min^-1. The results of the present study provide a basis for optimized production and harvest conditions for G. smaydae and other microalgae.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.22-29
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• 2017

A unicellular green alga was axenically isolated from the Port of Jeongja, Ulsan, Korea. Morphological, molecular, and biochemical analyses revealed that the isolate belonged to Heterochlorella luteoviridis. This is the first report of this species in Korea. The microalgal strain was named as H. luteoviridis MM0014 and its growth, lipid composition, and biomass properties were investigated. The strain thrived over a wide range of temperatures ($5-30^{\circ}C$) and withstood up to 0.5 M NaCl. The results of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis showed that the isolate was rich in nutritionally important polyunsaturated fatty acids. Its major fatty acids were linoleic acid (35.6%) and ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (16.2%). Thus, this indigenous marine microalga is a potential alternative source of ${\omega}3$ and ${\omega}6$ polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are currently obtained from fish and plant oils. Ultimate analysis indicated that the gross calorific value was $19.7MJ\;kg^{-1}$. In addition, the biomass may serve as an excellent animal feed because of its high protein content (51.5%). Therefore, H. luteoviridis MM0014 shows promise for applications in the production of microalgae-based biochemicals and biomass feedstock.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.785-792
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• 2003

This study is conducted to determine the effects of dietary source of $\omega$3 fatty acids on preneoplastic foci and the glutathione dependent enzymes in rat hepatocarcinogenesis initiated by diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed one of three diets containing 10% (w/w) fats fixed p/s = -1.0 and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio = -0.4 or 4.0 ; fish oil-com oil blended (FC), com oil-beef tallow-fish oil blended (CF), com oil-beef tallow-perilla oil blended (CP), from gestation period. At 10 weeks, animals of experimental groups were injected intraperitoneally with DEN (200 mg/kg body weight) and two-thirds partial hepatectomy was carried out 3 weeks later and were sacrificed 8 weeks after DEN initiation. The area and number of glutathione S-transferase placenta (GST-P) positive foci were significantly decreased in rats fed diets containing fish oil (FC and CF) than those fed perilla oil diet (CP). Fish oil feeding significantly increased the activities of glutathione dependent enzymes. Rats fed diets containing fish oil (FC and CF) significantly increased the glutathione (GSH) content and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Glutathione dependent enzymes had significantly negative correlation with GST-P positive foci. Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) was increased in rats feeding fish oil. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were not different among groups. Therefore, the preventive effect against hepatocarcinogenesis might be explained by induction of the glutathione dependent enzymes and G6Pase. (Korean J Nutrition 36(8): 785∼792, 2003)

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.14-24
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• 1997

The seasonal variation in lipids, and fatty acid composition of neutral lipid(NL) and phospholipid(PL) contained in the muscles of hibernant fish(loach) were investigated. In the investigation, four groups of wild loaches ere used, those caught May, 1993(before spawning period), August, 1993(after spawning period), November, 1993(just before hibernation) and March, 1994(just after hibernation). The NL was the most abundant in muscle lipid, followed by PL and glycolipid(GL), and also the composition and variation patterns were almost similar between female and male throughout all the periods. NL content began to increase gradually after March and came to the maximum in August(under 90%) ; hereafter got to decrease gradually again and came to the minimum in March of the next year(under 60%). While the variation-pattern of GL and PL was in inverse proportion with that of NL and their content came to the maximum in March of the next year. The NL and PL fractions were mainly consisted of triglyceride and phosphatidyl choline respectively, and both of the contents showed the highest value in August, the lowest in March of the next year. The major fatty acids in NL fraction were 16:0, 16:1, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3($\omega$3). In particular, the ratio of 16:1 was much higher than that in PL, while those of highly unsaturated fatty acids(HUFAs) such as 20:4($\omega$6), 20:5($\omega$3) and 22:6($\omega$3) were much lower. The ratio of 16:0 in NL was almost constant through the year, however those of 16:1, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3($\omega$3) showed a tendency to increase after March and were about 2~4% higher in May, compared with that in March, while those of HUFAs were about 2~4% lower. In particular, the ratio of 16:1 in NL continuously decreased after May and markedly decreased in March of the next year, but those of 18:1, 18:2 were almost constant until November. In August, saturates and monoenes were higher levels due to the slight increase of 18:0, 14:1 and 17:1 than in the other periods, while those of HUFAs decreased and the unsaturation(TUFA/TSFA) of NL showed the lowest value in August. On the contrary, saturates and monoenes gradually decreased after November and the most of them including 18:0, 16:1, 18:1 and 18:2 rapidly decreased in March of the next year, while 20:1, 20:4(~6), and 20:5(~3), and 22:6(~3) were in inverse proportion. PL consisted mainly of 16:0, 16:1, 18:1, 18:2, 20:4(~6), and 20:5(~3). Saturates and monoenes-composition showed almost no difference in March and May, while polyene acids ratio showed similar changes with that of NL. In August, the ratio of saturates(16:0, 18:0) were high but that of HUFAs were low, and after November 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3($\omega$3) began to decrease, while most of HUFAs increased in their composition-ratio until the marking increase of their unsaturation and the big changes of 18:2, 18:3($\omega$3), 20:4($\omega$6), 22:6($\omega$3) in March of the next year.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2001

In this study, we examined the effects of dietary fatty acids and vitamin E supplementation on antioxidant systems in the rat brain regions. The Sprague Dawley rats were fed the experimental diets 3-4 wks prior to the conception. Experimental diet consisted of 10% fat(wt/wt) which were safflower oil(SO, poor in $\omega$3 fatty acids), mixed oil(MO, P/M/S ratio=1.03:1.45:1,$\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio=6.3) and mixed oil supplemented with vitamin E(ME:MO+500mg vitamin E/kg diet). At 3 and 9 weeks of age of the newborn rats, frontal cortex(FC), corpus striatum(CS), hippocampus(H) cerebellum(CB) were dissected out from the whole brain. Activities of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-P(sub)x, superoxide dismutase(SOD) concentrations of malondialdehyde(MDA) were mesaured. Dietary fatty acids were not effective in antioxidative system for rat brain. However, when vitamin E was supplemented to the diet(ME), the activities of GSH-P(suh)x tended to increase in comparison to MO group. Therefore, the activites of GSH-P(suh)x of FC and H at the age of 3 weeks showed significant differences(p<0.05). The activities of Total-SOD tended to decrease in ME group compared to MO group. There were significant differences(p<0.05) in FC and CS at the age of 3 weeks. The activities of Mn-SOD tended to increase and Cu, Zn-SOD tended to decrease when vitamin E was supplemented. The activity levels of antioxidative enzymes at the age of 3 weeks and 9 weeks were similar. This suggested that the activity level of antioxidative enzymes reached to the adult level at the age of 3 weeks which is the end point of lactation period. The concentrations of MDA were not altered by experimental diets. When the activities of antioxidant enzymes were compared, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were the lowest in H and FC. In conclusion, the antioxidative system were not altered by dietary fatty acid at the age of 3 weeks and 9 weeks, but the supplementation of vitamin E altered the antioxidative systems. Therefore, these findings should be considered comprehensively in scope of the balance of various antioxidative systems and their interactions(Korean J Nutrition 34(1):14-22, 2001)

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.150-157
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the overall effects of a tailored Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) nutritional intervention program which included omega-3 fatty acids supplementation, on dietary self-efficacy, dietary knowledge, and dietary behaviors in Korean elderly women with abdominal obesity. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of the program on metabolic syndrome parameters including the antioxidant capacities in these subjects. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A randomized, controlled trial was conducted for 8 weeks. The experimental group (n = 21) received a weekly tailored nutritional program for 8 weeks and the control group (n = 18) received only one educational session. The clinical survey was conducted before and after the intervention period. RESULTS: After the intervention, dietary self-efficacy (P = 0.023), frequency of fruit intake (P = 0.019), and dietary fiber intake (P = 0.044) were higher in the experimental group than in the control group. The oxidative stress (P < 0.001) was lower in the experimental group than in the control group. Moreover, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P = 0.023) had significantly decreased in the experimental group but not in the control group after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention program including omega-3 fatty acid supplementation had a positive effect on dietary self-efficacy, dietary behaviors, and oxidative stress among aged women with abdominal obesity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1116-1122
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the effect of sunflower seeds, either as whole or as oil, on rumen fermentation, milk production, milk composition and fatty acids profile in dairy goats. Fifteen lactating Damascus goats were divided randomly into three groups (n = 5) fed a basal diet of concentrate feed mixture and fresh Trifolium alexandrinum at 50:50 on dry matter basis (Control) in addition to 50 g/head/d sunflower seeds whole (SS) or 20 mL/head/d sunflower seeds oil (SO) in a complete randomized design. Milk was sampled every two weeks during 90 days of experimental period for chemical analysis and rumen was sampled at 30, 60, and 90 days of the experiment for ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids (tVFA), and ammonia-N determination. Addition of SO decreased (p = 0.017) ruminal pH, whereas SO and SS increased tVFA (p<0.001) and acetate (p = 0.034) concentrations. Serum glucose increased (p = 0.013) in SO and SS goats vs Control. The SO and SS treated goats had improved milk yield (p = 0.007) and milk fat content (p = 0.002). Moreover, SO increased milk lactose content (p = 0.048) and feed efficiency (p = 0.046) compared to Control. Both of SS and SO increased (p<0.05) milk unsaturated fatty acids content specially conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) vs Control. Addition of SS and SO increased (p = 0. 021) C18:3N3 fatty acid compared to Control diet. Data suggested that addition of either SS or SO to lactating goats ration had beneficial effects on milk yield and milk composition with enhancing milk content of healthy fatty acids (CLA and omega 3), without detrimental effects on animal performance.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 1989

The effects of n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) on protein and phospholipid con-tents, and cholesterol level were studied in rats fed with diets of different fat composition. Body weights of fish oil groups were decreased to $11.1\%\~14.4\%$ compared with lard group (control), and also $16.4\%\~23.3\%$ compared with corn oil group, respectively. Protein contents of $\omega3$ PUFA and sardine oil groups in liver were increased to $6.78\%\~8.51\%$ compared with control group, but were no significant difference in brain and serum. $\omega3$ PUFA and sardine oil slightly repressed the phospholipid in microsome of liver. Moreover they effectively reduced the serum cholesterol levels compared with control group.

• Proceedings of the EASDL Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.13-30
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• 2004

There are two groups of significant functional constituents in sesame seeds on the whole; one is the vegetable oils and another is the anti-oxidative compounds. However, although high amounts of major fatty acids are synthesized in sesame seeds, their composition is unfavorable because the contents of alpha- and gamma-linolenic acid, the essential fatty acids, are very low or do not produced in sesame seeds. So, to increase these fatty acids in sesame seeds, one strategy is to overexpress their genes, ${\omega}$-3 fatty acid desaturase for alpha-linolenic acid and delta-6 fatty acid desaturase for gamma-linolenid acid, in them. Another molecular target is to enhance alpha-tocopherol, vitamin E, because its content is very low in sesame seeds. The enzyme, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase, catalyzes the conversion of gamma-tocophero to alpha-tocopherol. Overexpression of this enzyme in sesame seeds could be also a good molecular breeding target. Reduction of phytic acid is also another molecular target in sesame seeds because phosphorus pollution may be caused by its high content in sesame seeds. Accordingly, to do so, one of target enzymes could be myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase which is a key regulatory enzyme in the pathway of phytic aicd biosyntheses. In this lecture, a molecular strategy for development of value-added sesame crop is described in association with some results of our experiments involved in the molecular characterizations of the genes mentioned above.