• 한국가금학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.73-83
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary $\omega$-fatty acids on fatty acids composition and storage characteristics in meat samples of spent hens. Spent hens were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments : 1) Control (commercial feed), 2) T1 (commercial feed supplemented with 10% olive oil, 3) T2 (commercial feed with 10% canola oil), and 4) T3 (commercial feed with 10% sardine oil). They were fed one of the experimental diets for three weeks and slaughtered. The meat samples were stored at 4 ${\pm}$ 1 ˚C The storage characteristics and fatty acid contents were analyzed for meat samples stored over a period of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days. The pH of all treatments significantly increased during the storage periods(P<0.05). The per-oxide values (POV) of all treatments were significantly increased up to 5 days ; after that the POV decreased significantly (P<0.05). The POV of treated groups were significantly higher than those of the Control in the thigh meat(P<0.05). The TBARS showed the highest POV among all treatments. Although the breast meat tended to he lower in POV than the thigh meat, no significant difference was detected between the two meats. The TBARS(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) of all treatments were significantly increased as the storage period extended(P<0.05). After 3 days, the TB ARS of oil-treated groups were aignificantly higher than that of the Control (P<0.05). The T3 showed the highest TBARS among all treatments (P<0.05). The TBARS of the breast meat was lower than that of the thigh, but no statistical difference was found be- tween them. The unsaturated fatty acid content of the breast and thigh meats in all treatments were slightly decreased as the storage period extended. The oleic acid was higher in Ti, and the linoleic acid and linolenic acid were higher in T2 than the other treatments. The eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were higher in T3 than the other treatments. The unsaturated fatty acid contents of the breast meat were slightly lower than those of the thigh meat. The n-6 fatty acid contents of the breast and thigh meats were slightly increased as the storage periods ex-tended. The n-3 fatty acid content of T3 was the highest among all treatments. The n-6 fatty acid content of breast meat was lower than that of thigh meat. The n-6 fatty acid content of the breast meat was slightly lower than that of the thigh meat.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2015

The Korean daily intake of vegetable oils has increased about 2.5-fold from 17 g/day to 46 g/day for the last several decades. Perilla (Perilla frutescens var. frutescens) has been cultivated in Korea for a long time as a dietary oil seed which has the highest content of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid, accounting for nearly 60%. It is known that the main role of ALA is as a precursor to the longer-chain ${\omega}-3$, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the metabolic products of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (ALA, ${\omega}-3$). Dietary ${\omega}-3$ fatty acids reduce inflammation and the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and arthritis, but they also may act as functional components for cognitive and behavioral function. Thus, ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid is one of the essential nutrients in modern dietary patterns in which much linoleic acid is consumed. Nevertheless, perilla oil, rich in ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid, can be easily oxidized, giving rise to controversies with respect to shelf life, the deterioration of the product's commercial value, and further related toxicity. Recent research using genetic modifications has tried to develop new plant oil seeds that balance the ratio of ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ fatty acids. Such trials could be a strategy for improving an easily oxidizable property of perilla oil due to high ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid. Alternatively, appropriate application of antioxidant to the oil can be considerable.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.897-907
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of individual fatty acid intake and to compare total serum lipid levels and total serum fatty acid composition of elementary school children in Seoul by fish and meat intakes. The subjects were divided into High-Fish / Low-Meat(HFLM, n=49) and Low-Fish/High-Meat(LFHM, n=47) group. The total energy from fat of HFLM and LFHM group was 22.0 and 30.0% respectively. The average intake of cholesterol was 237-287mg in HFLM group and 358-387mg in LFHM group. The average P/M/S ratio for all subjects was 1.1-1.4/1.1 - 1.2/1.0, which was very similar to desired ratio. The $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio of dietary fatty acids of HFLM and LFHM group were 8.0-10.9 and 18.9-29.3 respectively, which in case of LFHM group, was fat beyond the suggested range, 4/1 - 10.1. Serum lipid levels of all subjects fell within the normal range and there was no significant difference in serum lipid levels between HFLM and LFHM groups, except for HDL-cholesterol in upper grades(4th-6th grades). In lower grades(1st-3rd grades), serum PUFA composition of HFLM (40.8%) group was significantly higher than that of LFHM (38.3%) group (p<0.05) and SFA composition of HFLM(33.8%) was significantly lower than that of LFHM group, (p<0.001) between them. The $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio of serum fatty acid tended to be higher in LFHM than in HFLM group but there was no significant difference between two groups. This study suggests that the dietary fat pattern of growing children could affect the change in total serum fatty acid composition though it did not influence serum lipid levels significantly. Energy and EPA intakes were negatively correlated with HDL-cholesterol levels(p<0.05). Serum fatty acid compositions were more closely correlated with serum triglyceride(TG) levels than serum cholesterol levels. Especially, total SFA (p<0.001) and individual SFA, such as C14:0(p<0.001) and C16:0(p<0.001)compositions were positively correlated with serum TG levels, but stearic acid(p<0.01) was negatively correlated with it.

• 한국건강관리협회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2005

We compared three nations' diets on Year 2000 Korean, American and Mediterranean in the aspect of contribution of each to the development of cardiovascular diseases. We searched all the available evidences published. Korea has a very low incidence of cardiovascular diseses compared to the other countries even though they are increasing recently. In addition to many risk factors to these defenerative diseases such as diabetes millitus, hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, sedentary lifestyle, etc., dietary factors are also contributing a lot to their development. High calorie, trans fatty acids, cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, alcohol, salt intakes are examples. Korean diet has superiority of low calorie, low fat, good fat proportion, high omega-3 fatty acids, vegetables, beans, and garlic and onions These are believed to contribute to low incidence of cardiovascular diseases in Korea. Korean diets was also found to have some issues for improvement such as high salt, low calcium, and higher use of barbequed meats. We concluded Korean people stay better off with Korean diet with some modifications.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.31-42
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• 1995

This study was to investigate the effects of dietary linoleic acid(18:2\omega6, LA) and aipha-linolenic acid(18:3\omega3. \alpha-LNA) levels on brain development and fatty acid compositions of various lipid classes in the chicken embryo brain tissues. Thirty two ISA Brown layers, 52 weeks-old, were divided into four groups. Birds of each group were given corn-soybean meal based diets added with 1) safflower oil 8%, 2) safflower oil 6% + perilla oil 2%, 3) safflower oil 2% + perilla oil 6%, or 4) perilla oil 8%. Mter 15 days fed the diets. the layers were artificially inseminated to obtain fertile eggs. During the incubation. embryonic brains were sampled at 15th and 21st days. Fatty acid contents were quantitated by using heptadecanoic acid (17:0) as an internal standard. No significant differences in brain weight and in contents of various lipids such as phospholipid. triglyceride, cholesterol. cholesterol ester and free fatty acid in the tissues were found among the dietary groups (P<0.05). The ratios of AA/LA in the brain lipid classes were lowered as the dietary levels of perilla oil were increased. Higher LA was found in phosphatidylcholine(PC) than arachidonic acid (20:4\omega6. AA), meanwhile the level of LA was less than AA in phosphatidylethanolamine(PE). Docosahexaenoic acid(22:6\omega3, DHA) was the* major fatty acid in the tissue and its content in PE was 2.5~3 times higher than in PC. DHA level in the phospholipid reached at a peak (1.7~1.8 mg/brain) in dietary groups added with 6% or 8% perilla oil. suggesting that no more increase in that fatty acid level in the brain tissue could be obtained by consuming more \alpha-LNA, the major precursor of DHA.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.788-801
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• 2021

This study examined biochemical components, fatty acids, antioxidant dipeptides, and muscle fiber density of breast and thigh muscles from Korean new native chicken strains (A and B) at two slaughter ages, compared with white semi-broiler (W) or broilers. The pH values were different by chicken breed. The new native strains had the lowest fat content in the breast at 12 wk (p<0.05). Regardless of the muscles, A and B at 12 wk had higher levels of arachidonic acid (ARA; C20:4), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6), and nervonic acid (C24:1) than broilers (p<0.05). A similar result was observed for the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids ratio (P/S) content in the breast. Irrespective of the muscles, A and B enriched with omega-3 fatty acids had a lower ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio than broilers (p<0.05) at 12 wk. Of the antioxidant di-peptides, the anserine contents were highest in A and B than in the W or broilers (p<0.05), regardless of the muscles and slaughter ages. Furthermore, the breast meat from A and B contained a higher muscle fiber density for both slaughter ages than the W and broilers (p<0.05). Based on these findings, even if the commercial birds (broilers or W) are raised under the similar environmental conditions as A and B, the new native chicken strains have distinct meat quality attributes, particularly higher ARA and DHA levels, lower ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio, and higher anserine contents.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.183-191
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• 2001

Comparisons between the Korean native pig(KNP: 75kg of slaughter weight and 240 days of age) versus Landrace(110kg of slaughter and 180 days of age) in dressing and lean meat percentages, compositions of fatty acids and amino acids and sensory evaluations on longissimus muscle are as below. Compared with Landrace, KNP had smaller percentages in dressing and lean meat percentages and a smaller backfat thickness. In retail cuts, KNP had greater percentages in shoulder butt, belly and picnic shoulder and smaller percentages in spareribs, ham and loin muscle. The KNP had greater percentages in crude fat, palmitic(C16:0) and linolenic(C18:3) acids and smaller percentages in oleic(C18:1) and linoleic(C18:2) acids, but total cholesterol content and ratios of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and essential fatty acids did not differ between the two breeds. In amino acid composition, KNP had a greater percentage in lysine, but smaller percentages in most other amino acids. The KNP had a greater a*(redness) value in longissimus muscle(LM) color and a greater L*(whiteness) value in attached backfat color. Moreover, sensory evaluations on cooked LM showed that KNP had greater flavor, tenderness and springiness, which resulted in a greater overall acceptability. In summary, KNP, compared with Landrace, had smaller dressing and lean meat percentages, a smaller backfat thickness, greater percentages in popular retail cuts, greater percentages in intramuscular fat and an $\omega$-3 component linolenic acid, with no difference in cholesterol content, which, altogether, is considered to be more beneficial for human health.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.338-347
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• 1989

${\omega}-3$계와 ${\omega}-6$계 PUFA가 혈청과 간장의 지질대사에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 ${\omega}-6$계 linoleic acid를 약 64% 함유하고 있는 고추종자기름과 ${\omega}-3$계 linolenic acid 함유비율이 약 60%인 들깨기름을 몇가지 비율로 혼합하여 흰쥐에게 급여하여 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 혈청중 총 cholesterol 농도는 들깨기름 10%를 급여받은 1군이 고추씨기름의 함량이 높은 4군과 5군에 비하여 유의적으로 낮았으며, HDL-cholesterol 농도는 ${\omega}-6$계 linoleic acid의 비율이 높아짐에 따라 점차로 증가하는 경향이었고 ${\omega}-3$계 linolenic acid 함유율이 높아짐에 따라 유의성있게 저하하는 경향이었다. 총 cholesterol에 대한 HDL-cholesterol 농도는 10% 고추종자기름을 급여한 5군에서 가장 높았고 5% 들깨유와 5% 고추종자기름을 혼합 급여한 3군의 순이었다. 혈청중의 중성지질과 인지질 농도는 7.5% 들깨기름과 2.5% 고추종자기름의 혼합 식이군인 2군이 2.5% 들깨유와 7.5% 고추종자유 혼합 식이군인 4군에 비하여 유의적으로 낮았다. 간장중의 총 cholesterol 농도는 고추씨 기름 10% 단독 식이군에서 가장 높았으며 들깨유와 고추씨 기름의 혼합 식이군 (2, 3, 4 군)에서 낮았다. 간장중의 중성지방 농도는 10% 들깨유군 및 10% 고추씨기름의 단독 식이군에서 높은 반면 혼합 투여군에서 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 인지질 농도는 각 군간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다.

• ALGAE
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.109-127
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• 2024

High production and efficient harvesting of microalgae containing high omega-3 levels are critical concerns for industrial use. Aeration can elevate production of some microalgae by providing CO₂ and O₂. However, it may lower the production of others by generating shear stress, causing severe cell damage. The mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium smaydae is a new, promising microalga for omega-3 fatty acid production owing to its high docosahexaenoic acid content, and determining optimal conditions and methods for high omega-3 fatty acid production and efficient harvest using G. smaydae is crucial for its commercial utilization. Therefore, to determine whether continuous aeration is required, we measured densities of G. smaydae and the dinoflagellate prey Heterocapsa rotundata in a 100-L semi-continuous cultivation system under no aeration and continuous aeration conditions daily for 9 days. Furthermore, to determine the optimal conditions for harvesting through centrifugation, different rotational speeds of the continuous centrifuge and different flow rates of the pump injecting G. smaydae + H. rotundata cells into the centrifuge were tested. Under continuous aeration, G. smaydae production gradually decreased; however, without aeration, the production remained stable. Harvesting efficiency and the dry weights of omega-3 fatty acids of G. smaydae + H. rotundata cells at a rotational speed of 16,000 rpm were significantly higher than those at 2,000-8,000 rpm. However, these parameters did not significantly differ at injection pump flow rates of 1.0-4.0 L min^-1. The results of the present study provide a basis for optimized production and harvest conditions for G. smaydae and other microalgae.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2017

A unicellular green alga was axenically isolated from the Port of Jeongja, Ulsan, Korea. Morphological, molecular, and biochemical analyses revealed that the isolate belonged to Heterochlorella luteoviridis. This is the first report of this species in Korea. The microalgal strain was named as H. luteoviridis MM0014 and its growth, lipid composition, and biomass properties were investigated. The strain thrived over a wide range of temperatures ($5-30^{\circ}C$) and withstood up to 0.5 M NaCl. The results of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis showed that the isolate was rich in nutritionally important polyunsaturated fatty acids. Its major fatty acids were linoleic acid (35.6%) and ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (16.2%). Thus, this indigenous marine microalga is a potential alternative source of ${\omega}3$ and ${\omega}6$ polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are currently obtained from fish and plant oils. Ultimate analysis indicated that the gross calorific value was $19.7MJ\;kg^{-1}$. In addition, the biomass may serve as an excellent animal feed because of its high protein content (51.5%). Therefore, H. luteoviridis MM0014 shows promise for applications in the production of microalgae-based biochemicals and biomass feedstock.