• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.14-21
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• 2009

This study discusses the definition, determination and use of Imminent & Substantial Endangerment (ISE) included in the United States environmental laws. ISE is a contamination situation and statutory authority that state and federal governments issue an administrative order to responsible parties for clean-up. ISE is appeared in all kinds of official government documents such as administrative oders on consent, judicial consent degrees, and unilateral administrative order. In order to invoke ISE authority, the governments should have evidence of each of the following elements; 1) a possible ISE 2) because of actual or threatened release 3) of a hazardous substance 4) from a facility. The determination of ISE relies on detail scientific evidence and documentation in order to demonstrate the existence of conditions that may present an ISE. However, any official protocol or procedure has not been found for determining an ISE, although an ISE order documentation format is suggested by U.S. EPA.

• Korean Educational Research Journal
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.25-53
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• 2020

Purpose: School safety has recently become an important issue. In order to make a school environment safer, surveillance cameras have been installed in the facilities. The number of installations has been increasing rapidly since they have been considered widely recognizable and highly effective. However, conflicts between faculty and staff in installing and operating the system have also been increasing. In terms of school safety, these individuals'' cooperation is more than necessary. It is judged that looking into how they perceive the system could provide us with some suggestions on how to manage the related issues. The purpose of this study is to understand the perspective of faculty over closed-circuit television (CCTV) and make suggestions by analyzing their actions. Approach: In order to achieve the research objectives, I surveyed administrative actions such as the processing of official documents and CCTV policies for teachers and administrative staff of public schools in the Sejong Office of Education. In addition, I analyzed the behavior of those managing personal information and school safety-related documents along with the degree of complying with the policies. Finding: First, the correspondence rate of documents was high when there were designated document processors. Second, the acceptance level of documents in preschool was relatively low when there were designated processors. Third, the degree of accepting the policies and complying with them was higher in newly established schools than in existing schools. I found differences in the perception of how to handle the CCTV operations and the related work among the two groups of participants. In addition, I made suggestions on how to resolve the conflicts between them. Value: In this study, the education authorities quantified and measured the recognition and acceptance of faculty and staff regarding CCTV at each school level. Results showed that the active role of education authorities can make positive changes in how faculty and staff perceive the CCTV system and the problems surrounding it through school administrative action. In this regard, these results are meaningful in reducing the conflicts among the two groups and improving the organizational culture.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.57-90
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• 2012

This essay is for a study on the survey of buddhist cultural literary document about the Southeast Asia by Nanqishu(南齊書), Liangshu(梁書), Chiu T'angshu(舊唐書), Hsin T'ang shu(新唐書) which are included in the Chinese Official History and Jí-shénzhōu-sānbăo-găntōng-lù(集神州三寶感通錄), Weioshu Shilao Ji (魏書 釋老志). These documents allows us to imagine next some historical states. First, these documents are recording this area, especially Funan, as a plentiful diggings of gold, silver, tin, copper, etc. These are important materials for gilt bronze sculptures. Further, this local produced gold called 'Yangmai(楊邁)' is recognized as same as Zĭmòjīn(紫磨金) in china, and these documents explains the process of producing the bronze images and golden ornaments in Southeast Asia. Specially, this plentiful materials leads them to make a 10 wei(圍) tall golden-silver image which worshiped as hindu god or sometimes buddhist images. Second, Vietnam and Funan in Northern and Southern Dynasty periods were in antagonistic relationship not only in the political but also in religious between Vietnamese Hinduism and Funan's Buddhism. Under this situation, the monk Nagaxian(那伽仙) who had came from India was accredited to Southern Qi court as a delegate to build a good relationship by the common religion Buddhism. It means the Buddhism of Southeast Asia also took a role of diplomacy. Third, these documents proved the active Southeast Asian cultural exchange in early 3th century. At this time, Funan delegate Suwu(蘇物) visited the court of Kushan Dynasty in India and he is seemed to travel the city of Pātaliputra. It oppressed us to extend our outlook which have been restricted in the relationship between Southern india and Southeast Asia to more broaden area. In addition, the buddhist art of Southern India and Bodhgaya temple was imported to Southeast Asia directly to send to Southern China. For example, the wooden buddha image, Bodhgaya stupa image, and Sri Lanka style's buddha images are looked be introduced to Southern China at this time throughout the Southeast Asia. At last, we got to know that the court music of Kucha in the northern silk route was imported to the Southeast Asia in early middle age. Even it may be introduced by China, but this document is very important to make the surmise is not unreasonable that the buddhist culture of northern silk route imported to the Southeast Asia accompanied with Kucha music. The buddha images in Gandharan style which are excavated from some site of Southeast Asia may demonstrate this literary sources is authentic.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.162-175
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• 2014

This study focuses on Korea's traditional-style soryebok, in terms of its foundation, progression, and structural features. The research methods employed here include literature analyses of relevant laws and an official daily gazette, and practical analyses of artifacts and photographic documents. Especially, the artifacts of heukdannyeong(black uniform for officials with a round neck) in the form of chaksu(tight sleeves) were examined, which was regulated as soryebok in Eulmiuijegaehyeok. The term "soryebok" firstly appeared in "使和記略"(Sahwagiryak) written by Park Yeong-hyo, a foreign envoy to Japan, in 1882. Emperor's invitation written in the book asked him to wear daeryebok at the ritual and soryebok to the banquet. Soryebok was not adopted in Gapshinuijegaehyeok in 1884. However, several illustrated documents of the modern banquets at that time reveal that sabok, which was included in the 1884 reform, was used as soryebok. According to the Gapouijegaehyeok in December 1894, courtiers were required to wear heukdannyeong as daeryebok, and add juui(topcoat) and dapho(sleeveless coat) as tongsangyebok when they visited the royal palace. In Joseon's first daeryebok system, the term "tongsangyebok" that had been used in Japan was employed before soryebok was used. According to Eulmiuijegaehyeok in August 1895, the term "soryebok" originated from a costume ritual for courtiers of the Joseon Dynasty. Soryebok featured heokbannyeong chaksupo, samo (winged hat for officials), sokdae(belt), and hwaja (shoes for officials). There are around 24 artifact pieces of heukdannyeong in the form of chaksu(tight sleeves) in the following locations: garments of Prince Heungwangun and Wansungun, the court artifacts, Korea University Museum, Yun Ung-ryeol's family housed at Yonsei University, and Kyungwoon Museum. Artifacts have mu(godet) pulled back and a topcoat-like triangular mu. In conclusion, heukdannyeong, traditional-style soryebok has significance in the history of modern dress because streamlined traditional clothes and newly introduced Western dress system were able to be combined.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.73-81
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• 2009

The document archives like official documents, books, maps and historic paper artifacts are primarily based on the organic cellulosic materials. As the passage of time, these organic cellulosic materials are slowly deteriorated by various aging factors, like light, polluted air and biological fungi. Many researchers have been carried out the examination method of deteriorating origins, the mechanism of aging hysteresis, and the preserving method of archival materials. One of the most simple and easiest ways for conservation of organic archival documents is the proper storage under environmental control. Corrugated board for archival quality container has been developed and already used in advanced country, like Japan, USA, German, UK and Europe. In case of Korea, corrugated board for archival quality container has been used a decade ago, but totally imported. This study was tried to develop the corrugated board for archival quality container. Liner and corrugated medium were specially produced and finally manufactured to E flute corrugated board. The physical and strength properties of permanent base paper and corrugated board were evaluated, and compared with imported corrugated board. 4 kinds of corrugating adhesives were considered various in order to investigate optimum adhesive for flute development between liner and corrugating medium, and evaluate adhesion strength under conditions of storage and curing temperatures.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.70
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• pp.1-20
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• 2016

This study is to find the accurate interpretations for the UCP600 by integrating, ISBP745, Official Opinions of ICC Banking Commission and some Case Laws suggesting the reasonable implication for the upcoming UCP. Major results analyzed by this study are as follows. First, The preclusion rule, UCP600 Article 16(c), is closely connected with the doctrine of documentary cure, so the banks requirement of Single Notice must state all the discrepancies of the documents presented. Exceptionally if the cured documents by the presenter are happened to be inconsistent the initial notice the bank can require the presenter to re-tender within the expiry date or the last day for presentation. Secondly, The Issuing Bank can utilize the right of seeking a waiver of documentary discrepancies from the applicant with the time limit of 5 banking days. If the bank wants to require an applicant to report discrepancies promptly, he may include a provision in the reimbursement engagement limiting the time limit within which the applicant must give notice of facial discrepancies. Thirdly, if a credit contains a non-documentary condition, banks will deem such condition as not states and will disregard it. According to the principle of private autonony if a credit contains a non-documentary condition to be consistent with by the parties concerned in a credit the non-documentary condition can be treated, as an effective condition itself. Fourthly, according to the Korean Supreme Court's decision, negotiation includes the method of crediting the credit amount and then transfers such funds into a special account and controls the account. Finally, UCP600 Article 33 states a bank has no obligation to accept a presentation outside of its banking hours. However, there is no rule in UCP600 in regard to a presentation after the close of business. Hopefully the upcoming UCP has to stipulates a sort of definite article to determine such ambiguous.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.501-506
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• 2011

The study and techniques of system engineering have been applied to various fields including space-air, national defense division in advanced countries. Korea is currently in the early stages of introducing system engineering scheme in railway system and national defense division restrictedly. As theory and application of system engineering covers a wide scope, documents management and requirement analysis technology applied to establishment of standard and core unit development of the research target. The techniques which are historical management and trace among standards for establishment of standard are introduced using SE tools and participating agencies shared the information by constructing of database from all documents which are generated from the project. Through the functional analysis of the requirements for the intelligent station monitoring system in basic design stage, established requirements are verified and will be made official announcement as standard of the intelligent station monitoring system.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2019

With the advance of digital IT technology, the performance of the printing and scanning devices is improved and their price becomes cheaper. As a result, the public can easily access these devices for crimes such as forgery of official and private documents. Therefore, if we can identify which printing device is used to print the documents, it would help to narrow the investigation and identify suspects. In this paper, we propose a deep learning model for printer identification. A convolutional neural network model based on local features which is widely used for identification in recent is presented. Then, another model including a step to calculate global features and hence improving the convergence speed and accuracy is presented. Using 8 printer models, the performance of the presented models was compared with previous feature-based identification methods. Experimental results show that the presented model using local feature and global feature achieved 97.23% and 99.98% accuracy respectively, which is much better than other previous methods in accuracy.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.117-132
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• 2019

The study examines the significance and limits of modern park planning by analyzing major planning documents of Gyeongseong in the Japanese colonial era. Among seven selected documents from 1925 to 1940, which show the contents related with park planning, documents of 1930 and 1940 presented the official park plan of Gyeongseong. By the 1920s, the park plan was not a major concern in urban planning of Gyeongseong; however, as the planning law as enacted in 1934, the park plan legally became a part of the official master planning process in the 1930s. In 1940, the most comprehensive park plan for Gyeongseong was published. In the beginning of modern urban planning, a park was mainly perceived as a sanitation utility. From the 1920s to the 1930s, the park planning system was significantly improved including systemic classification of parks, guideline development considering spatial planning, and introduction of a concept of infra-structural green space. Despite of the improvement in the park planning, the actual quantity of the overall green spaces barely changed and there was a huge discrepancy between the planning ideal and the reality. The Gyeongseong stadium was the only facility newly built in the 1920s, and only two parks were constructed in the 1930s. The plan to build 38 new parks in the 1930, and 140 in the 1940 was barely realized. However, there were efforts to improve parks and green spaces of Gyeongseong: Such as appropriating natural forest as parks, designating royal palaces as parks, and focusing on constructing smaller scale children's parks. Even though the ideal plan could not be fully implemented due to the war time situation and tight budget, the park system of Gyeongseong provided the framework of park planning of Seoul after the independence.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.173-187
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• 2002

The purpose of this study through ethnographic inquiry is to describe how an elementary teacher teaches mathematics with understanding. The ways that teachers'beliefs affect instructional activities, what means understanding from the view of cognitive psychology, and ethnographic research tradition were reviewed to anchor theoretical background of this study. A third-grade teacher and his 45 students were selected in order to capture vivid and thick descriptions of the teaching and learning activities of mathematics. Three major sources of data, that is, participant-observation with video taping, formal and informal interviews with the teacher and his students, and a variety of official documents were collected. These data were analyzed through two phases: data analysis in the field and after the fieldwork. According to data analysis, ‘teaching mathematics with understanding’ was identified as the teachers central belief of teaching mathematics. In order to implement his belief in teaching practices, the teacher made use of three strategies: ⑴ valuing individual student's own way of understanding, ⑵ bring students' everyday experiences into mathematics classroom, and ⑶ lesson objectivies stated by students. It is suggested for future research that concrete and specific norms of mathematics classroom for the improvement of mathematics understanding are needed to be identified and that experienced and skillful teachers' practical knowledge should be incorporated with theories of teaching mathematics and necessarily paid more attention by mathematics educators.