• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.177-187
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• 2021

This study was conducted for the purpose of exploring the experiences of workers with disabilities on job change according to the COVID-19 situation. To this end, the data from the 2020 survey on economic activity for the disabled and data from the National Statistical Office were used, and the analysis was conducted using a literature study method. The results were as follows. First, COVID-19 had caused a change in the working pattern of wage workers with disabilities. Second, the degree of employment security for the disabled had deteriorated after COVID-19. Third, non-wage workers were experiencing difficulties in business operation due to COVID-19. Fourth, it had affected the resignation due to COVID-19. Fifth, there were difficulties in finding a job due to COVID-19. Through this, it was found that the economic activities of the disabled were being greatly restricted due to COVID-19. Accordingly, a proposal for a solution was made. This study is meaningful in that it explored the instability of the domestic disabled people's labor market due to COVID-19 based on data.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.315-325
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• 2019

The study attempted to examine the structural model of the effects of health status and retirement aging anxiety on middle-aged workers. The subjects were collected from 263 40-59 year old middle-aged workers who work at three institutions in C and G cities. Results First, the variables affecting aging anxiety were aging preparation and health status, and these variables accounted for 52% of aging anxiety. Second, health status had a significant effect on retirement preparedness, and there was a significant indirect effect on aging anxiety through retirement preparedness. There was a partial control effect due to the difference in the path coefficient between health status and aging anxiety in the multi-group moderating effect of 40~49 and 50~59 years. Therefore, in order to reduce aging anxiety, it is important to find ways to prepare for various retirement, and a systematic management system is necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.507-515
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• 2006

This study was to analyse the eating out behaviors of customers who visit a Koran restaurant especially focused on CNR(cold noodle: naengmyun restaurant) and to find out the marketing promotion points. Through the snowball sampling, 423 customers data were surveyed in summer and winter as respects of seasonal variation. The collecting data were analysed descriptive data and statistical different using the Statistical Package for the Social Science(SPSS version 10.0). The results were as follows; The participants of the study were composed of 209 man(49.4%) and 204 woman(50.6%). Most customers were 30's(36.2%), office worker(27.5%) and spend 5,000${\sim}$10,000 won(46.3%) for eating out. The consumer more preferred a specialty restaurant, the reason was to expect better taste(37.1%). In visiting CNR, the customer frequently ordered complement menu(90.1%) with cold noodle, complement menu should be developed periodically. The important factor to visiting CNR was the accessing convenience for the shop and desirable taking time was within 15 minutes. The buckwheat noodle in broth(mulnaengmyun) was the most favorite selecting menu. And the noodle texture was key evaluation factor in all types of cold noodle and the other factor was different according to the types of cold noodle. The visiting frequencies of CNR were not significantly different according to seasonal variation and sociodemographic variable. Above the half of customers visited at CNR with his/her family. This study find out the suggestion that consumer eating concepts about CNR was family eating therefore the cold noodle. specialty restaurant should be create more delight atmosphere and developed menu for families' eating out place.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.51-67
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• 2004

This study analyzed the effects of nutrition technicians' hygiene education on cooking workers' performance of hygiene management in order to ensure the security of school meals. The situation of cooking workers' disposition in subject schools was elementary school(51.1%) and middle school(48.9%) and the type of meals was rural area type(54.2%), urban type(36.5%). and island and isolated area type(9.3%). The methods of meals management were single cooking(88.2%) and joint cooking and management(11.8%). The type of distributing meals was distributing in a dining room(93.5%), in a classroom(3.7%), and in both dining room and classroom(2.8%). Nutrition technicians' employment form included regular(53.5%) and daily(88.2%). Their education was junior college graduate(50.2%), university graduate(44.8%). and graduate school students(5.0%). Cooking workers' employment form included daily(88.2%) and regular (11.1%). suggesting that most were regular. Most cooking workers(77.4%) had at least high school certificate. Regarding the situation of cooking workers' disposition in subject schools, the number of student per one cooking worker was found as 91-120(37.2%), 61-90(22.6%). 60 and under(21.l %). 121-15006.7%). and 151 and over(2.5%). Cooking workers' level of performance of hygiene management was post-working stage(66.37/75 marks), pre-working stage(64.22/75 marks). and working stage(20.34/25 marks), The counting of meals articles in a pre-working stage(20.34/25 marks). temperature and required time in a working stage(18.78/25 marks), and machinery equipment and hygiene in a pre-working stage(21.40/25 marks) showed lowest of performance, which suggest poor service of hygiene. Cooking workers' performance of hygiene management by working stage showed the significant difference with school class(p<.001), type of schools with meals(p<.05). state of cooking workers' employment(p<.001), and cooking worker's disposition(p<.05). A working stage showed the significant difference with type of schools with meals(p<.05). A post-working stage showed the significant difference according to type of schools with meals(p<.05), and the methods of meals management(p<.05), and cooking workers' disposition(p<.05). In the execution of hygiene education, individual hygiene was highest(94.8%), followed by the management of machinery equipment and tools(89.7%), food poisoning and microorganism(94.7%), and the method of food treatment(76.4%). A yearly plan of hygiene education included established(83.9%) and not established(l6.1%). Regular education included not executed(25.1%), 2-3 times a month(l6.1%), and more than 4 a month(4.0%) and occasional education was not executed(57.0%), 1-3 times a month(26.3%), and more than 4 a month(l5.7%). In the methods for hygiene education, oral education(95.7%) was used most, followed by demonstration(10.5%), poster/photo(10.5%), video/slide(3.7%), and computer(3.7%). Frequency of improvement and complement of hygiene education included once a month(56.3%), once a year(20.7%), by quarter(l1.5%), and every six months(1l.5%). Newspaper was used most in materials of hygiene education, followed by internet, TV, nutrition technician's reeducation, information exchange between members, educational office's training, and reference book, and educational office's material. and symposium. Cooking workers' assessment of the effect of hygiene education was conducted through observation(56.8%), check table(l5.2%), question(l4.0%), and examination(14.0%). The reason of cooking workers' low level of performance included habitual custom(53.9%), lack of understanding(20.4%), overwork(l4.6%), and lack of knowledge(l1.l%) and the reason of difficulty in hygiene education included lack of time(55.3%), lack of understanding(27.6%), lack of knowledge and information(8.7%), and lack of budget(48.0%).

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-24
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of cadmium, nickel and chromium in the air of the work-place, blood of and urine of workers and compare the level of those heavy metals by the duration of work, work-place, process of work, smoking and other factors. In this study, 48 male dental laboratory technicans and 72 office workers as the control group were subjected. The concentration of cadmium, nickel and chromium in their blood sand urine, and that of heavy metals in the air of their work-rooms were examined and analyzed from June I 1987 to September 30, 1987. The results were as follows : 1. The concentration of cadmium in the air was the highest in the porcelain part, $0.0087{\pm}0.0016mg/m^3$, that of nickel was the highest in the crown bridge part, $0.4253{\pm}0.0052mg/m^3$, and that of chrnmium was highest in the partial denture part, $0.1063{\pm}0.0024mg/m^3$. 2. cadmium, nickel and chromium concentrations in the blood and urine of dental laboratory techincians were higher that in the office workers'. Especially the concentration of cadmium in the blood($1.92{\pm}1.23{\mu}g$/100ml) of th dental laboratory techician was about two times as high as that in the office workers'($0.90{\pm}0.73{\mu}g$/100ml), and the concentration of nickel in the urine($48.53{\pm}38.83{\mu}g$/e) of the dental laboratory thchnician was about two times as high as that in the office worker's($20.24{\pm}15.35{\mu}g$/e). 3. there was no difference in the concentration of cadmium, nickel and chromium in the blood and urine with a longer duration of work. 4. The concentration of cadmium and chromium in the blood and urine differed significantly depending upon the place of work. The concentration of cadmium was the highest in the blood of dental laboratory technicians working kin the poreclain part marking at $2.53{\pm}1.08{\mu}g$/100ml. The chromium level was the heighest in the blood of partial denture park workers with a concentration of $3.60{\pm}1.02{\mu}g$/100ml. Concerning the level of cadmium in urine, it was the highest in the porcelain part workers with a concentration of $3.41{\pm}3.15{\mu}g$/e. 5. The concentration of cadmium in the urine of metal trimming and polishing group($2.64{\pm}2.41{\mu}g$/e) was higher than that of non-metal trimming and polishing group($1.39{\pm}1.18{\mu}g$/e). 6. The concentration of chromium in the blood of smoking group($2.46{\pm}1.54{\mu}g$/100ml)was higher than that lf non-smoking group($1.54{\pm}1.25{\mu}g$/100ml). 7. The height positive correlation coefficient was shown between the concentration of nickel and chromium in the blood among the all correlations between 3metals(Cd, Ni, Cr) in the blood and those in urine. The correlation coefficient was relatively high(r=0.605,,p<0.01). In general, the higher the concentration of heavy metals in the air of work places the higher the concention lf them in the blood and urine of workers, mere attention should be paid to the working environment of dental laboratory workers, Furthermore, continuous biological monitoring and further research are required for an efficient health management for dental laboratory workers.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.116-126
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• 2019

Objectives: Currently, oral health of the disabled is taken care of by the social workers, not by dental hygienists, who are the oral health professional in this area. Therefore, we aim to enhance the equity of oral health for the disabled by providing the correct oral health care method to social workers residing in the welfare facility for the disabled. Methods: Four dental hygienists and four social workers were given the class I intellectual disabilities living in 'o' welfare facilities for disabled people in Songpa-gu, Seoul from April 13, 2019 to April 20, 2019. Patient Hygiene Performance(PHP) Index were measured and compared. In advance, the social workers were taught brushing (Rolling method), and the method of brushing and measuring tools were integrated. Results: Twice a total of dental hygienists and social workers practiced toothbrushing(Rolling method) for the class I intellectual disabilities who is a person to be brushed. When comparing the Patient Hygiene Performance(PHP) Index after the second round, the result shows that both the first and second dental hygienists' Patient Hygiene Performance(PHP) Index is lower. Conclusions: Comparing oral health knowledge level and Patient Hygiene Performance(PHP) index of dental hygienist and social workers, the result shows that dental hygienist has higher oral health care ability. Therefore, the dental hygienist should be placed in welfare facility for the disabled as an expert in oral health management to create an environment in which the disabled and social workers can be trained. In addition, the curriculum of the college that nurtures the dental hygienists should have a course to understand the characteristics of the disabled person in order to enhance the professionalism of dental hygienists.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.127-153
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• 2009

There is a growing concern about potential harmful effect of second-hand or environmental tobacco smoking. As a result, smoking bans in workplace become more prevalent worldwide. In Korea, workplace smoking ban policy become more restrictive in 2003 when National health enhancing law was amended. The new law requires all office buildings larger than 3,000 square meters (multi-purpose buildings larger than 2,000 square meters) should be smoke free. Therefore, a lot of indoor office became non smoking area. Previous studies in other counties often found contradicting answers for the effects of workplace smoking ban on smoking behavior. In addition, there was no study in Korea yet that examines the causal impacts of smoking ban on smoking behavior. The situation in Korea might be different from other countries. Using 2001 and 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition surveys which are representative for population in Korea we try to examine the impacts of law change on current smoker and cigarettes smoked per day. The amended law impacted the whole country at the same time and there was a declining trend in smoking rate even before the legislation update. So, the challenge here is to tease out the true impact only. We compare indoor working occupations which are constrained by the law change with outdoor working occupations which are less impacted. Since the data has been collected before (2001) and after (2005) the law change for treated (indoor working occupations) and control (outdoor working occupations) groups we will use difference in difference method. We restrict our sample to working age (between 20 and 65) since these are the relevant population by the workplace smoking ban policy. We also restrict the sample to indoor occupations (executive or administrative and administrative support) and outdoor occupations (sales and low skilled worker) after dropping unemployed and someone working for military since it is not clear whether these occupations are treated group or control group. This classification was supported when we examined the answers for workplace smoking ban policy existing only in 2005 survey. Sixty eight percent of indoor occupations reported having an office smoking ban policy compared to forty percent of outdoor occupation answering workplace smoking ban policy. The estimated impacts on current smoker are 4.1 percentage point decline and cigarettes per day show statistically significant decline of 2.5 cigarettes per day. Taking into account consumption of average sixteen cigarettes per day among smokers it is sixteen percent decline in smoking rate which is substantial. We tested robustness using the same sample across two surveys and also using tobit model. Our results are robust against both concerns. It is possible that our measure of treated and control group have measurement error which will lead to attenuation bias. However, we are finding statistically significant impacts which might be a lower bound of the true estimates. The magnitude of our finding is not much different from previous finding of significant impacts. For cigarettes per day previous estimates varied from 1.37 to 3.9 and for current smoker it showed between 1%p and 7.8%p.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2003

To investigate the relationship between dietary attitude and healthy status of office workers in Seoul was to be researched for 389 subjects (male: 224 and female: 165). As a result showed 69.4% of them moderately healthy state and 55.0% had a great interest in health. About 41.6% of the respondents was nonsmoker and 74.8% of them drunk alcohol once or twice a week. Only 28.0% of them responded to have breakfast three to four times a week. About 71.0% responded to skip breakfast'. The main reasons for it were 'the lack of time'(46.5%) and 'habitually'(22.6%). The usually preferred taste of food was showed to be 'hot' for 40.3%, the highest percentage. An attempt of supplemental food was 66.0%. The reason for it was shown to be 'for relaxation'(51.7%), followed by 'for prevention and treatment of diseases (23.1%). On dietary habit showed the groups of married and professional people won the hish scores on it. And the groups of those doing exercise once or twice a week, those having a sufficient sleep and those kept in a good food habit showed the high scores on it. The older age group showed the good dietary attitude regardless of occupation.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.81-97
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• 1993

This study was carried out to analyze the factors of the perieved symptoms of fatigue of the industrial workers, to examine the inter-relatisnship of the above factors with their general charactenstics and the environments of working area for the examination of their health status and the effective health management of them. This study was undertaken from December 1 to December 20, 1990. The subjets were 495 workers who had worked at the Industrial complex located in Chonbuk Province. The result of this study were as follows: 1. The worker's percieved symptoms of fatigue were classified to the following seven factors; A) Musculo-Skeletal Symptoms, B) Neuro-Psychial Symptoms, C) Optical Symptoms, D) Heart Symptoms, E) Head Symptoms, F) Respiratory Symptoms, G) Genital Symptoms 2. Analysis of the inter-relationship of their percieved symptoms of fatigue with general characteristics; 1) The difference of distribution to their percieved symptoms of fatigue according to sexuality was significant; Female were higher than Male $(p{\leqq}0.001$, p<0.005) 2) The difference of distribution to their percieved symptoms of fatigue according to age was significant; Age group under 24 years of age were higher than the other's group (p<0.001). 3) The difference of distribution to their percieved symptoms of fatigue according to the level of education was significant; Workers who stand on a low intellectual were higher than workers on a high intellectual level. 4) The difference of distribution to their percieved symptoms of fatigue for a week was the highest when worked at sunday. 5) The difference of distribution to their percieved symptoms of fatigue for seasons was high at spring. 3. Analysis of the inter-relationship of their percieved symptoms of fatigue with the environments of working area. 1) The difference of distribution of their percieved symptoms of fatigue according to the working department was significant; Production workers were higher than office workers. 2) The difference of distribution of their percieved symptoms of fatigue related with working posture was significant; Sitting: Musculo-Skeletal symptoms (p<0.05), Optical symptoms (p<0.005) 3) The more dissatisfied with their's own duty they were, the higher became the distribution of their percieved symptoms of fatigue (p<0.001. p<0.005, p<0.05) 4) The more dissatisfied with their working condition they were, the higher became the degree of their percieved symptoms of fatigue (p<0.001. P<0.05) 5) The difference of distribution of their percieved symptoms of fatigue according to kinds of job was significant: Workers who has handled heavy materials were higher than who had not handled $(p{\leqq}0.001$, p<0.05). Workers who has handled chemical materials: Optical, symptoms $(p{\leqq}0.001)$. Workers who has handled dusty materials: Respiratory symptoms (p<0.01) 6) The environment of working area was significantly affected to the distribution of their percieved symptoms of fatigue: Workers complains of a illumination problem; Optical symptoms (p<0.005), Heart symptoms (p<0.005) Workers complains of a ventilation problem: Heart symptoms (p<0.05), Optical symptoms, Heart symptoms (p<0.01) Musculo-skeletal symptoms ($p{\leqq}0.001$)

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.3 s.51
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• pp.588-608
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• 1995

This study was intended to enhance the level of hospital personnel management through analysing job satisfaction of hospital employees in terms of structural, personal and environmental variables. The sample of this study consist of a total of 790 persons including doctors, residents, interns, pharmacists, nurses, medical engineers, office workers and manual workers who have worked for general hospitals with 200 beds, 300 beds and 800 beds respectively. The Likert's 5 scales were used for the measurement of satisfaction. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. Structural Variables The level of satisfaction on the job itself was generally low, 2.8 in Likert's 5 scales, with the order of role ambiguity(3.87), routinization(2.6), work overload (2.45) and autonomy(2.37). Hospital employees are aware of their responsibility and they regarded their work as heavy one. The compensatory satisfaction degree was 2.5 which was also low: There were in the order stability(3.1), distributive justice(2.57), pay(2.3) and promotion(1.9). Usually hospital employees showed high degree of stability, while, their satisfaction on promotion possibility is quite low due to specially differentiated structures of hospitals. The degree of satisfaction on the internal conditions of organizational culture was relatively higher as 2.92: They were co-worker's support(3.69), supervisory support(3.15), role conflict(2.64) and welfare(2.17) in order. The satisfaction on welfare as an economic condition was the lowest. 2. Personal Variables The level of satisfaction on personal variables was 3.27 which seemed to be quite high: Contribution to the hospital(3.38), attitude on job performance(3.28) and pride as a member of the hospital(3.07). They seem to believe that their work has been helpful to the performance of hospitals. 3. Environmental Variables The degree of satisfaction on these variables was 3.07 on the average which was derived from environmental factors such as family-role conflict and community support related to hospital employees' environment. The order of satisfaction for each variable is community support(3.2) and family-role conflict(2.94). They turned out to be fairly satisfied with their job in community and yet, they wanted more spare time to spend with their family.