• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1263-1273
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of crude protein (CP) levels on the physiological response, reproductive performance, blood profiles, milk composition and odor emission in gestating sows. Methods: Seventy-two multiparous sows (Yorkshire×Landrace) of average body weight (BW), backfat thickness, and parity were assigned to one of six treatments with 10 or 11 sows per treatment in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets with different CP levels were as follows: i) CP11, corn-soybean-based diet containing 11% CP; ii) CP12, corn-soybean-based diet containing 12% CP; iii) CP13, corn-soybean-based diet containing 13% CP; iv) CP14, corn-soybean-based diet containing 14% CP; v) CP15, corn-soybean-based diet containing 15% CP; and vi) CP16: corn-soybean-based diet containing 16% CP. Results: There was no significant difference in the performance of sow or piglet growth when sows were fed different dietary protein levels. Milk fat (linear, p = 0.05) and total solids (linear, p = 0.04) decreased as dietary CP levels increased. Increasing dietary CP levels in the gestation diet caused a significant increase in creatinine at days 35 and 110 of gestation (linear, p = 0.01; linear, p = 0.01). The total protein in sows also increased as dietary CP levels increased during the gestation period and 24 hours postpartum (linear, p = 0.01; linear, p = 0.01). During the whole experimental period, an increase in urea in sows was observed when sows were fed increasing levels of dietary CP (linear, p = 0.01), and increasing blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were observed as well. In the blood parameters of piglets, there were linear improvements in creatinine (linear, p = 0.01), total protein (linear, p = 0.01), urea (linear, p = 0.01), and BUN (linear, p = 0.01) with increasing levels of dietary CP as measured 24 hours postpartum. At two measurement points (days 35 and 110) of gestation, the odor gas concentration, including amine, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide, increased linearly when sows fed diets with increasing levels of dietary CP (linear, p = 0.01). Moreover, as dietary CP levels increased to 16%, the odor gas concentration was increased with a quadratic response (quadratic, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Reducing dietary CP levels from 16% to 11% in a gestating diet did not exert detrimental effects on sow body condition or piglet performance. Moreover, a low protein diet (11% CP) may improve dietary protein utilization and metabolism to reduce odor gas emissions in manure and urine in gestating sows.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.337-351
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• 2006

In this study, to describe the basic characteristics of strong odorous sources, the emissions of odorous compounds from a large-scale sewage treatment plant in K city were investigated. According to this study, the emission patterns of major odorous compounds were distinguished clearly by several factors such as treatment processing types, chemical compositions of odors released, and temporal changes (e.g., seasonal variations). For the purpose of this study, emission rates of odorous compounds were quantified using a dynamic flux chamber (DFC) method from three major treatment (T) processes including T1 (Grit sedimentation basin), T2 (Aeration tank), and T3 (Final sedimentation). When the relative strengths of each emission source were compared, the strongest one was seen from T1 with the maximum of $NH_{3}\;(34.5\;{\mu}g/m^{2}/min)$ followed by $H_{2}S\;(20.4\;{\mu}g/m^{2}/min)($. While the strongest emissions of most odorous compounds were seen commonly from T1, those seen from T2 and T3 were significantly reduced relative to the ones found in T1. Considering the general patterns of odorous emission, it is concluded that control of odors from T1 unit is most important because of its considerably high emission strengths.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.965-973
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• 2021

The intention of this research is to analyze the effects of lactulose (LAC) supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, microbial shedding, and fecal noxious gas emissions on weaning pigs in a 42-day trial. Based on the initial body weight and sex, a total of 255 piglets (21 day old) were randomly allocated into one of three dietary treatments with 15 replications and five pigs (two female and three male) per pen. The dietary treatments were as follows: a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet (CON) supplemented with 0, 1, and 2 g·kg^-1 of LAC. During phase 1, significant (p < 0.05) increases in the average daily feed intake and average daily gain (ADG) were observed, whereas during phase 2 and overall experimental period, significant improvements (p < 0.05) in the body weight, ADG, and gain to feed ratio were observed in pigs fed a graded level of LAC compared to those fed the CON diet. Additionally, dietary LAC supplementation significantly improved (p < 0.05) the nutrient digestibility dry matter, nitrogen, and gross energy in both phase 1 and phase 2. Moreover, the inclusion of LAC supplementation significantly increased (p < 0.05) the fecal Lactobacillus counts and reduced (p > 0.05) the E. coli counts in pigs. Furthermore, LAC supplementation reduced (p > 0.05) fecal ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gas emissions during phase 2. The results here indicate that the addition of lactulose at 1 g·kg^-1 and/or 2 g·kg^-1 would be optimal to improve the performance outcomes of weaning piglets.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.323-344
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• 2001

This study analyzes the relative efficiencies of three types of non-landfill treatment of food wastes; recycling to fertilizers or animal feeds, reducing the size of food wastes, and fermentation of food wastes. Unlike previous studies our study incorporates not only usual inputs and outputs but also emissions of pollutants such as odor and noise generated by the treatment facilities into the analysis. A nonparametric method suggested by Fare et al. (1989) has been used to estimate the relative efficiencies of facilities incorporating emission of pollutants. The results show that recycling is more efficient than the other two treatment methods. It is also shown that the usual models that do not incorporate the environmental aspects of the treatment facilities derive a biased conclusion on the relative efficiencies.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2005년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.1408-1411
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• 2005

The purposes of daily cover are to control odor and volatile organic compound emissions, to control litters, to mitigate rainfall infiltration. Under usual operation of landfill, the soil layer of 15cm thick is used for daily cover, but about $20{\sim}$25% of landfill capacity is consumed by daily cover volume. Considering our limited land and difficulty in getting landfill site, developing an alternative daily cover material which usually occupies much less volume than soil will be very significant. Also, if we can use waste material for alternative daily cover, we can get additional benefit of recycling waste.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.271-272
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• 2002

국내에서 악취와 관련된 연구는 대부분 표본채취 분석 등 실태 파악 수준에 머물러 있으며, 악취원의 주변지역 기여도 분석 등에 관한 연구는 거의 없다. 특히, 악취물질의 배출계수 개발 부분과 배출원 inventory와 관련된 내용은 거의 없거나 매우 초기단계이다. 생활악취시설 중 쓰레기 매립장, 소각장, 하수종말처리장, 위생처리장, 음식물쓰레기처리공장(퇴비화, 사료화 등) 등의 환경기초시설은 주로 주민의 생활주변에 산재되어 있는 시설로서, 이들로부터 발생되는 악취물질은 관리상태(기기의 실태 및 관리), 기상조건(온도, 습도, 바람장 등), 발생원의 특성(매립장의 형식, 규모, 사용기간 등)에 따라 크게 달라진다. (중략)

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.87-97
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• 2011

In this study, we organized the test results obtained from the performance tests for the CA certificated air cleaners which had been commercially available in Korea since 2003, and analyzed the correlation among the test parameters such as flow rate, particle collection efficiency, clean air delivery rate (CADR), ozone emission, odor removal efficiency and noise level etc. The noise level of 267 air cleaners were increased as concentrated at the 45, 50, 55 dB, which are the required noise level for CA certification according to flow rate, and ozone emissions from the CA air cleaners were significantly lower than the requirement limit, 50 ppb for 24 hour operation. The average particle collection efficiency and odor removal efficiency were 89.3 and 80.8%, approximately 20% higher than the requirement of CA certification, regardless of flow rates. The particle removal performance of an air cleaner was clearly discriminated by its CADR, and the CADR was obtained with a simple calculation: 0.79 x flow rate. The low differentiation of gas removal performance of air cleaners by the current CA gas test method was improved by 3.2, 751.3, 13.4 times for ammonia, acetic acid, respectively, by adopting the CADR concept and the real time measurement method, FTIR, for gas removal performance test.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.492-503
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• 2014

In this study, emission characteristics of volatile odorant species released from urine samples were investigated in relation to two key variables: [1] storage conditions before sampling and [2] incubation conditions during sampling. To this end, 20 offensive odorants were quantified by four different analytical systems and then sorted according to seven functional groups. It is indicated that benzene (B), styrene (S), isobutyl alcohol (i-BuAl), butyl acetate (BuAc), butyraldehyde (BA), isovaleraldehyde (IA), and valeraldehyde (VA) did not contribute to urine odor because their concentration levels were measured below detection limits in all samples. On the other hand, emission concentrations of toluene (T), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl mercaptan ($CH_3SH$), carbon disulfide ($CS_2$), and ammonia ($NH_3$) were generally higher than other compounds. In terms of odor intensity (OI), $CH_3SH$ and $NH_3$ showed the largest OI values in the range of 2~4. According to t-test (storage approach and urine temperature), the results of T, $CS_2$, and $NH_3$ were statistically distinguished from each other in terms of differences in sampling temperature. Likewise, the emissions of certain odorants from urine samples were affected by changes in sample treatment conditions to a degree.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.22.1-22.15
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• 2016

Background: Dietary manipulation is a common practice to mitigate gaseous emission from livestock production facilities, and the variation of fat level in the diet has shown great influence on ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFA) and enteric methane generation. The changes in dietary fat levels influence rumen chemistry that could modify manure nutrient composition along with odor and gaseous emissions from manure management facilities. Methods: A field experiment was carried out on beef cattle feedlots to investigate the effect of four levels of dietary fat concentrations (3 to 5.5 %) on the manure composition and gaseous emissions (methane-$CH_4$, nitrous oxide-$N_2O$, carbon dioxide-$CO_2$ and hydrogen sulfide-$H_2S$) from the feedlot pen surface. The experiment was carried out over a 5-month period from June to October during North Dakota's summer-fall climatic condition. Air and manure sampling was conducted five times at a 20-30 day intervals. Results: Overall, this research indicated that fat levels in diet have no or little effect on the nutrient composition of manure and gaseous emission from the pens with cattle fed with different diet. Though significant variation of gaseous emission and manure composition were observed between different sampling periods, no effect of high fat diet was observed on manure composition and gaseous emission. Conclusions: It can be concluded that addition of fat to animal diet may not have any impact on gaseous emission and manure compositions.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.559-573
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• 2020

The purpose of this study analyzed the overview of corrugated cardboasrd manufacturing industry and then provide direction for improvement. The BREF (BAT reference document) is an important reference for licensees and officer, including the best available techniques for the industry and achievable environmental performance, technical characteristics, and economic information. In the corrugated cardboard manufacturing process, wastewater pollutants are generated throughout the production process, and water is used in the dissociation and aging process. Atmospheric emissions are mostly generated by steam production from boilers and incinerators for the dry process. SO₂, NOx, CO₂, CO, HCl, dust, VOC, and odor were common. In the EU-BREF (European union BAT reference documents) BAT for wastewater have taken up a relatively large proportion. Items of water pollutants in wastewater were common in COD, BOD, N, P, SS, and however EU-BREF had different pollutants such as AOX and salt compared to K-BREF. In order to improve the quality of the K-BREF, it is necessary to devise basic data research method and data acqusitiom method. Consideration should be given to additional environmental management techniques that reflect the emissions characteristics of the corrugated cardboard manufacturing process. In addition, further research is needed to develop methodologies for selecting BATs considering environmental and economic feasibility.