• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.115-126
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• 2010

이 증례보고는 심한 수면무호흡증으로 진단된 환자로, 다른 구강 내 OSA치료 장치와 nCPAP치료에 적응을 못하는 66세 남자 환자였다. 하악골에 2개의 교정용 마이크로 임프란트를 식립한 후, 식립 2주 후부터 구강외 고정원인 개조된 안면마스크에서 마이크로 임프란트에 힘을 가하여 하악골을 전진시켰다. 마이크로 임프란트를 이용한 하악골전진술(MiMA)은 심한 수면 무호흡환자의 AHI (apnea-hypopnea index), 코골이 및 심한 수면 무호흡증상을 개선할 수 있었다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.61-64
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• 2009

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been definitively shown to be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Recent reports have indicated that obstructive sleep apnea is associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism, also have type 2 diabetes. The potential mechanisms leading to the development of type 2 diabetes in OSA patients are likely to be various. Reduced physical activity resulting from daytime somnolence, sympathetic nervous system activation, intermittent hypoxia, sleep fragmentation and sleep loss, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, alteration in adipokine profiles, and activation of inflammatory pathways have been proposed. Based on the current evidence, clinicians should assess the risk of OSA in patients with type 2 diabetes and, conversely, consider that possibility of glucose intolerance in patients with OSA. Further large-scale and long-term follow-up studies in patient populations with selected by reliable but inexpensive diagnostic measures, controlled for potential confounder factor, are needed.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제39권
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• pp.27.1-27.5
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• 2017

The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is estimated to be 1-5% of the adult population world-wide, and in Korea, it is reported at 4.5% of men and 3.2% of women (Age 40 to 69 years old). Active treatment of OSA is associated with decrease in insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, psychosocial problems, and mortality. Surgical treatment of OSA has evolved in the era of neuromodulation with the advent of hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS). We share this review of HGNS with our maxillofacial surgical colleagues to expand the scope of surgical care for OSA.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2018

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a relatively common, but greatly underdiagnosed sleep-related breathing disorder, characterized by recurrent collapse of the upper airway during sleep. OSA has been associated with a variety of cardiometabolic disease, such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmia, cerebrovascular disease and metabolic dysfunction. Neurocognitive impairment, including excessive daytime sleepiness, increased risk of motor vehicle accidents, is also related to OSA. Sleep fragmentation and related arousals during sleep lead to intermittent hypoxia, sympathetic activation, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation which provide biological plausibility to this pathologic mechanism. Extensive studies demonstrated that OSA is a modifiable risk factor for the above mentioned diseases and oral appliances (OAs), although continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) is a first-line therapy of OSA, are not inferior to CPAP at least in mild OSA, and may be an alternative to CPAP in CPAP-intolerant subjects with OSA. The goal of this article is to provide a current knowledge of pathologic link between OSA and cardiovascular disease, focusing on intermittent hypoxia, sympathetic activation, oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation. Then, previous epidemiologic studies will be reviewed to understand the causal relationship between OSA and cardiovascular disease. Finally, the effects of OAs will be updated via recent metaanalyses compared to CPAP.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.179-192
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• 2023

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep-breathing disorder associated with significant comorbidities and perioperative complications. This narrative review is aimed at comprehensively overviewing preoperative risk evaluation and perioperative management strategies for patients with OSA. OSA is characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep leading to hypoxemia and arousal. Anatomical features, such as upper airway narrowing and obesity, contribute to the development of OSA. OSA can be diagnosed based on polysomnography findings, and positive airway pressure therapy is the mainstay of treatment. However, alternative therapies, such as oral appliances or upper airway surgery, can be considered for patients with intolerance. Patients with OSA face perioperative challenges due to difficult airway management, comorbidities, and effects of sedatives and analgesics. Anatomical changes, reduced upper airway muscle tone, and obesity increase the risks of airway obstruction, and difficulties in intubation and mask ventilation. OSA-related comorbidities, such as cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, further increase perioperative risks. Sedatives and opioids can exacerbate respiratory depression and compromise airway patency. Therefore, careful consideration of alternative pain management options is necessary. Although the association between OSA and postoperative mortality remains controversial, concerns exist regarding adverse outcomes in patients with OSA. Understanding the pathophysiology of OSA, implementing appropriate preoperative evaluations, and tailoring perioperative management strategies are vital to ensure patient safety and optimize surgical outcomes.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2015

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), most common respiratory disorder of sleep, is characterized by intermittent partial or complete occlusions of the upper airway due to loss of upper airway dilating muscle activity during sleep superimposed on a narrow upper airway. Termination of these events usually requires arousal from sleep and results in sleep fragmentation and hypoxemia, which leads to poor quality of sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness, reduced quality of life and numerous other serious health consequences Untreated OSAS can cause various problems such as hypertension, diabetes, stroke, cardiac disease, daytime sleepiness. Various treatments are available, including non-surgical treatment such as medication or modification of life style, surgical treatment, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and oral appliance (OA). Oral appliance is known to be effective in mild to moderate OSA, also genioglossus muscle advancement (GA) or maxillomandibluar advancement (MMA) is a good option for OSA patients with muscular or skeletal problems. Although the prevalence of OSA is increasing, the proportion of the patient treated by dentist is still very law. Dentists need to understand the mechanism of OSA and develop abilities to treat OSA patients with dental problems. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief overview about OSA and the dentist's role in OSA patients.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.238-248
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• 2015

Sleep related breathing disorders(SRBDs) are a group of diseases accompanied by difficulties in respiration and ventilation during sleep. Central sleep apnea, obstructive sleep apnea(OSA), sleep-related hypoventilation, and hypoxemia disorder are included in this disease entity. OSA is known to be the most common SRBDs and studies show its significant correlation with general health problems including hypertension, arrhythmia, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. The diagnostic process of OSA is composed of physical examinations of the head and neck area and also the oral cavity. Radiologic studies including cephalography, CT, MRI, and fluoroscopy assist in identifying the site of obstruction. However, polysomnography(PSG) is still considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of OSA since it offers both qualitative and quantitative recording of the events during a whole night's sleep. The dentist who is trained in sleep medicine can easily identify patients with the risk of OSA starting from simple questions and screening questionnaires. Diagnosis is the first step to treatment and considering the high rate of under-diagnosis for OSA the dentist may play a substantial role in the diagnosis and treatment of OSA which will eventually lead to the well-being of the patient as a whole person. So the objective of this article is to assist dental professionals in gaining knowledge and insight of the diagnostic measures for OSA including PSG.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2008

렘수면 의존성' 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증(REMOSA)에 대한 연구는 일반적인 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증(OSAS)에 대한 연구에 비해 지난 10여 년 동안 활발한 편이 아니었으며, 그 중요성 역시 간과되어 왔다. REM-OSA가 남자에서보다 여자에서 좀 더 흔히 일어난다고 보고한 연구들은 있었으나, 아직까지 여자 환자군을 대상으로 한 연구는 없었다. 따라서, 이 연구에서는 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증 여자 환자군을 대상으로 하여 렘수면 의존성 무호흡증군(REM-OSA)을 렘수면 의존성이 없는 무호흡증군(SND-OSA)과 비교 연구하여 이 질환의 특성에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2004년 10월부터 2006년 2월까지 서울대학교 병원 수면의학센터에서 야간 수면다원검사를 시행하여 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증으로 진단을 받은(AHI>5 ; AHI：apneahypopnea index) 여자 환자 53명중 비교 연구를 위해 경도(52와 AHI-NR<15(AHI-R : AHI during REM sleep, AHI-NR : AHI during non-REM sleep)을 동시에 만족하도록 기준을 설정하였고, 렘수면에 의존하지 않는 무호흡증환자(SND-OSA)군과 제반 변인들에 관해 비교 분석을 하였다. 그리고 산술적인 진단을 적용한 환자군과 육안판독으로 진단한 환자군도 비교하였다. 결 과 : 총 44명 중 산술적인 진단기준을 통해 REMOSA로 진단된 환자는 28명(63.6%), 육안 판독으로 진단된 환자는 24명(54.5%)이었다. 산술적 진단기준에 따른 REM-OSA군과 SND-OSA군 비교에서 두 군간에 저호흡지수, 무호흡-저호흡지수, 비렘수면 무호흡-저호흡지수, 총 수면시간, 총각성시간, 수면효율, 1단계 수면 분율, 2단계 수면 분율, 렘수면 단계 분율, REM 잠복시간에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이(p<0.05)가 있었다. 진단에 관여하는 변인인 무호흡-저호흡지수 비율(AHI-R/AHI-NR)에 영향을 주는 변인은 렘수면 단계 분율(B=0.537, p=0.002)이었으며, REM-OSA는 중증도가 경할수록(${\chi}^2=13.117$, p<0.001), 렘수면 단계 분율이 클수록(${\chi}^2=13.325$, p=0.001) 더 흔하게 진단되었다. 그리고, 산술적인 진단기준으로 REM-OSA를 진단한 결과와 육안 판독으로 진단한 결과 간에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.157). 결론 : 이 연구에서 살펴본 바로는 REM-OSA 환자군과 SND-OSA 환자군 간에 야간 수면다원검사로 산출한 수면 변인과 수면 구조의 유의한 차이가 있었다. 이 연구는 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증 여자 환자군을 대상으로 REM-OSA를 국내외 최초로 분석한 점에서 의의가 있다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.105-110
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• 2005

The pathogenesis and mechanism of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been under investigation for over 25 years, but its etiology and mechanism remains elusive. Skeletal (maxillary and/or mandibular hypoplasia or retrodisplacement, inferior displacement of hyoid) and soft tissue (increased volume of soft tissue, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, macroglossia, thickened lateral pharyngeal walls) factors, pharyngeal compliance (increased), pharyngeal muscle factors (impaired strength and endurance of pharyngeal dilators and fixators), sensory factors (impaired mechanoreceptor sensitivity, impaired pharyngeal dilator reflexes), respiratory control system factors (unstable respiratory control) and so on facilitate collapse upper airway. Therefore, OSA may be a heterogeneous disorder, rather than a single disease entity and various pathogenic factors contribute to the OSA varies person to person. As a result, patients may respond to different therapeutic approaches based on the predominant abnormality leading to the sleep-disordered breathing.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.180-187
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• 2016

Purpose: The aims of this study were to evaluate the differences of clinical and polysomnographic features between rapid eye movement (REM)-related obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and not-REM-related OSA, and to suggest the pathogenesis according to the REM dependency of OSA. Methods: One hundred ninety consecutive patients diagnosed with OSA were evaluated clinical features and performed full night polysomnography. The patients were divided into REM-related (REM apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] at least two times higher than their non-REM AHI) and not-REM-related (a REM AHI less than two times higher than their non-REM AHI) OSA groups and evaluated the differences in age, body mass index (BMI), neck circumference, Ep-worth Sleepiness Scale score, and parameters of polysomnography. Results: REM-related patients were younger and showed higher sleep efficacy, low percentage of light sleep stage (stage 1 sleep), and low rate of positional OSA. Age was significantly associated with REM dependency of OSA and REM AHI were significant correlated with BMI, neck circumference, percentage of sleep in supine position, and percentage time of snoring. Conclusions: Our results showed that REM-related OSA patients showed less severe polysomnographic parameters than not-REM-related patients. However, significant risk factors were differed depending on the REM dependency and OSA severity, and the clinical features correlated with REM AHI and non-REM AHI were also showed differently. We suggest that the occurrence of OSA according to the REM dependency can be based on different mechanisms.