• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.183-191
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• 2005

Tic disorder including Tourette's disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that appears in childhood and characterized by the presence of motor and vocal tics. Childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is suggested to be a phenomenologically and etiologically distinct subtype of OCD, bearing a close genetic relationship to tic-disorders. Tourette's disorder and OCD are comorbid in $40-75\%$ of patients initially diagnosed with either disorder. Basal ganglia and cortico-striato-thalamic circuits are implicated in the pathophysiology of both disorders and these disorders have similar clinical features. Over the past decades, the progress in research on Tourette's disorder and OCD has been extraordinary. This review describes some of important insights from these work, involving these areas : 1) clinical implication 2) genetics and epidemiology 3) brain imaging study 4) neuroche-mistry 5) pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS).

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.3-9
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• 2013

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is defined as the tendency to react negatively on an emotional, cognitive, and behavioral level to uncertain situations and events. However, this definition is somewhat categorical and does not explain the phenomenology of IU. Intolerance of uncertainty scale (IUS), the standard measure of IU, was considered to have two factors : 'unacceptability and avoidance of uncertainty' and 'uncertainty leading to the inability to act'. IU may be a cognitive vulnerability factor for clinical worry and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). A number of moderators and mediators including cognitive avoidance, experiential avoidance and rumination influence the relationship between IU, worry, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, anxious and depressive symptoms. IU may be more strongly related to the symptoms of GAD than to symptoms of other anxiety disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and major depressive disorder. IU may serve as an important transdiagnostic feature across anxiety and depressive disorders. Incorporating IU-specific treatment components into therapeutic protocols may result in pervasive benefits, and not only for those with GAD or OCD, but for people with any anxiety disorder or with depression.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2006

Objective : This study was designed to examine the volumetric abnormality of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and its change after 2 years of pharmacotherapy in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. Method : Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies were conducted in 15 OCD patients and 13 normal volunteers. For 2 years, all patients took at least one serotonin reuptake inhibitor and atypical antipsychotics were used as an augmentation therapy in most patients. The follow-up MRI studies were conducted after the pharmacotherapy and OFC volumes were measured by the manual region of interest method. Results : Bilateral OFC volumes of 15 OCD patients were significantly greater than those of the normal volunteers before the treatment. After 2 years of the treatment, significant decrease was observed in bilateral OFC volumes of OCD patients to the extent that left OFC volume of OCD patients was not different from that of the normal volunteers. Conclusion : This finding suggests that OFC is directly related to the pathophysiology of obsessive compulsive disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.64-80
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• 2003

Although obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD) affects children, adolescents, and adults whether its juvenile(dhild and adolescent) and adult forms are different subtype of a disorder remains unknown. But there are increasing findings that suggest that juvenile OCD may be unique subtype of the disorder. One proposed subtype is the childhood OCD associated with high comorbidity of tic disorder and increased familial loading for OCD or tic disorder. The other proposed subtype is the childhood OCD and/or tic disorder occuring in association with streptococcal infection(PANDAS). These two subtypes of OCD are unlikely to respond to SSRI due to possible different pathphysiological mechanism. So this paper reviews the characteristics of OCD and therapeutic approaches for treatment resistant OCD in childhood and adolescence. Considering the likely heterogeneity of OCD, the possibility that juvenild OCD may be a variant of the disorder can have important clinical and scientific implications because it may further our understanding of this disorder, its etiology, and perhaps its treatment.

• Stress
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.356-364
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• 2018

Background: This study was performed to review the research trends in the treatment of obsessivecompulsive disorder with Morita therapy in China. Methods: We searched articles in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) regarding Morita therapy and "obsessive-compulsive disorder" in medicine and the public health field. And 23 studies were selected and classified. Five before-after comparison studies and 18 randomized controlled trials were performed in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder in China. Results: Morita therapy and western medicine were used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Most of the studies reported that groups treated with Morita therapy as well as western medicine showed much positive results than those groups treated with western medicine alone. Conclusions: According to this study, Morita therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder would be an effective and safe intervention. Further clinical studies on the use of Morita therapy in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder should be done in Korea in the near future.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2006

Objectives : There is a paucity of data on the long-term course of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and chronological relationship between OC symptoms and their related symptoms such as anxiety and depression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the longitudinal course of OC symptoms as well as anxiety and depression which are believed to be associated with OC symptoms. Methods : Data for 155 patients with OCD who completed general evaluation for OCD were used. Forty four were excluded to minimize the effect of the different age of onset on the clinical course. One hundred eleven patients finally participated in the analysis. Cross-sectional correlations between each symptom as well as between such symptoms and the duration of illness were analyzed. Further correlation analysis was done within two groups that were divided by 7 years of the duration of illness. Results : There were significant correlations not only between the severity of OC symptoms and anxiety but also between anxiety and depressive symptom, regardless of the duration of illness. These correlations between such symptoms were also found within patients with the duration of illness below 7 years, whereas these were not within the group with the duration of illness above 8 years. Conclusion : Patients with OCD in this study shows the moderate to severe level of OC symptoms irrespective of the duration of illness. Our finding also suggests that the OC symptoms, especially obsessions are closely related to anxiety and depressive symptoms and these relationships might be pronounced in relatively early phase of the OCD after onset.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2022

Objective : Impaired working memory has been known to play an important role in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with growing evidence. Delayed matching-to-sample task (DMST) is a working memory task which have an advantage in analyzing several different working memory processes in one task. However, most of the studies have failed to reveal the working memory impairment with the DMST. The aim of this study was to identify whether working memory deficit in OCD can be evaluated with the DMST. Methods : The participants included 20 OCD patients and 20 healthy volunteers. Working memory was evaluated with the DMST with two different working memory loads. Accuracy of response and mean response time were measured. Results : OCD patients showed a significantly longer reaction time and lower accuracy in DMST compared to healthy controls in the task with high working memory loads. Moreover, the difference in accuracy showed interaction with the working memory load. Conclusion : The present results indicate that working memory deficit in patients with OCD can be evaluated with the DMST. The findings also suggest that previous negative behavioral results using the DMST were from low working memory load of the task.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.253-258
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• 1999

The fluoxetine is one of the most frequently prescribed drugs for the treatment of depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD). This has been known as one of the most safest medication. But since the advent of this drug, there have been several reports of side effects-the mania and suicidal ideation-encountered during coadministration of fluoxetine with or without other psychotropic drugs. We experienced a case of 20 years old male OCD patient who developed into abrupt manic state and also was preoccupied with intense suicidal ideation following fluoxetine use. He was a only child in his family and his father had a history of alcoholism about 15years ago. Our patient's obsessive-compulsive symptoms have been occured since puberty. His OCD symptoms and anxiety were aggravated since joining the army. Beside these facts, we could not find any other psychiatric history such as depressive disoder and bipolar disorder. We used the fluoxetine starting dosage of 20mg and increased to 40mg at second week. About 3 weeks after the treatment, he developed sudden manic symptom and more aggravated suicidal ideation without any OCD symptoms. He felt vitalized and energetic without having enough sleep and food. These symptoms were ceased over two weeks by stopping medication. Up to this point, the reason why fluoxetine induces mania and suicidal preoccupation is unclear. But somehow the fluoxetine has effects on serotonin receptor and serotonin-dopamine regulations, thus we could make an assumption that fluoxetine can induce mania, extrapyramidal symptoms(EPS) and suicidal ideation in some part of the serotonin unbalanced patients. We think this would be the first report to remark on fluoxetine's suicidal and manic side effects in Korea. So here we present the case with the summary of reviewed articles.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.231-237
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study to provide preliminary data to effective halitosis control. Methods : A survey was carried out the self-perception of causative factors of halitosis in 98 female college students in Chungnam province. In addition, the levels of oral gas and breath gas were measured by use of the B&B checker, and an analysis was made of the correlation between halitosis and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Results : 1. Subjective halitosis awareness degree different degree of dryness, 'None', 'some', 'little' people who feel as the 'little fly' (68%), 78.3%, 70% was higher (p<0.05), halitosis interest 'very worried', 'worry', 'normal' person with a' not at all 'to 58.3% higher (p<0.01). 2. In regard to OCD severity, 49.0%, 34.7% and 16.3% were found to be mild, moderate and severe respectively. Halitosis tended to be severe in proportion to OCD severity, which was statistically significant (p<0.05). 3. Oral gas had a positively correlation with breath gas (r=0.329, p<0.01), but had a negative one with OCD severity (r=0.204, p<0.05). Conclusions : Symptoms of oral dryness and halitosis interest were associated with self-perception of halitosis. The levels of oral gas and breath gas were in inverse proportion to OCD severity. Hereat, it needs to analyze psychogenic factors properly as regards the diagnosis or treatment of halitosis.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.583-592
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• 2021

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder in which a person repeated a particular thought or feels. The domain of beliefs and guilt predicted OCD symptoms. Although there were some neuroimaging studies investigating OCD symptoms, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) study investigating intra-network functional connectivity associated with guilt for OCD is not reported yet. Therefore, in the current study, we assessed the differences between intra-network functional connectivity of healthy control group and OCD group using independent component analysis (ICA) method. In addition, we also aimed to investigate the correlation between changed functional connectivity and guilt score in OCD. Total 86 participants, which consisted of 42 healthy control volunteers and 44 OCD patients, acquired rs-fMRI data using the 3T MRI. After preprocessing the fMRI data, a functional connectivity was used for group independent component analysis. The results showed that OCD patients had higher score in emotion state in beliefs and lower functional connectivity in fronto-parietal network (FPN) than control group. A decrease of functional connectivity in FPN was negatively correlated with feelings of guilt in OCD. Our results suggest excessive increase in guilt negatively affect to process emotional state and behavior or cognitive processing by influencing intrinsic brain activity.