• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.92-100
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• 2012

This study was to examine the pattern of visual interpretation in the process of eye-tracking. I categorized the subjects' observation inclination for analysis so that I could find out which element the user observing the space concentrated and explored. First, for 2 minutes of observation, there occurred 171 times of eye-fixations and 9.8 times of observation frequency on average, which showed that the subject, through this observing fixation, spent 44.5% of the entire time performing the visual activity in order to acquire the "visual understanding" of the lobby-space. Second, I found out that there was a consistent observation type as the time passed. I could categorize the subjects observing the space into 6 concentrating types and 3 discontinuing ones of observation types, which category can be utilized as data for analyzing the subjects' characteristics at space-observation. Third, the type, which was so intensive as to get the visual understanding on the space, was mostly of the case that (1) the subject had a kind of high degree of observation type, exploring the space, again having high degree of the observation type [Type A], (2) the subject repeated the concentration from the early part to the latter [Type C], which can be considered to be the observation type generally shared. Fourth, in the case of observing the space, 45.8% of the subjects showed a high rate of concentration at the time of starting the observation and in less than two minutes. The subjects of type A can be considered to understand the space visually by distinctively repeating the concentration and exploration.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.174-182
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• 2013

This study divided the observation area in an indoor space for area setup to analyse the effect of the difference of design types on the characteristics of observation with the observed time of each area as objects. Though it is thought that the difference of design patterns may be influenced by the factors and material composing the space, no existing approaches have had any quantitatively measuring method. Eye-tracking could be efficiently utilized for observation analysis from the viewpoint of dating observation behavior. The followings are the results of analysing the observation characteristics depending on design pattern. First, 5 observing areas were set up according to concentration of observation time in order for the concentration by area to be examined and the factors of design having effect on the difference of observation patterns by design type could be analysed. Second, as a whole, the observation of modern types showed high observation characteristics. When the difference of observation characteristics by pattern was examined by difference at observation frequency, the observation frequency defined to be more than 50% was seen to be almost same from Area I to III and to get higher from Area IV, and that defined to be 30% was high at Areas III and IV. In Area V, it was very high at natural. Third, that of Area II is no more than 8.2% but had the most observation time. As for observation characteristics, the horizontal observation of the central part was the highest and had more observation frequency at modern type that at natural one. These observation characteristics by area enabled to analyse the observation tendency depending on design characters at relevant area. Fourth, the design factors composing natural type were found to bring more attention when the area showed higher concentration at natural type than at modern one. And the analysis of design factors could make it to be confirmed that the quality of material and background factors in addition to design factors in the area had more effect on sight concentration.

• 대기
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

We need water equivalent unit data of snowfall for the purpose of forecast and hydrology related research area. This study developed new method of automatic recording snowfall as weight unit with circle type plate using stain-gauge loadcell. Field test of instrument carried out at Daegwallyeong Obs. Station from 20 to 23 Jan. 2008 during heavy snowfall. There is 74.2cm snow depth and 54.6mm precipitation by Daegwallyeong Obs. Station. But the instrument of this study recorded 71.0mm of precipitation amount. Because of different observation method can cause more 15.4mm than Daegwallyeong Obs. Station. But this study gives the possibility of observation of new snow fall measurement under freezing conditions of snow. From the observation data the density of snowfall calculated from 0.09 to $1015g/cm_3$ from the observation period. And have a good relations between manual observation and automatic observation data from this study instrument with slope of 1.35 to 1.39.

• 감성과학
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2014

본 연구는 지하철 로비공간을 대상으로 한 주시실험을 통해 공간정보의 본능적 시선탐색과정에서 나타나는 주시특성에 나타난 주사경로 알고리즘을 분석하였다. 주시기간 구간별 분석에서 주시시간이 오래 경과할수록 주사유형 횟수가 증가하고 있었는데, 오래 주시할수록 주시단절이 많이 일어난 것으로 해석이 가능하며, 주시에 따른 피로나 활발한 탐색이 자연스러운 공간탐색과정에서 일어나는 과정에서 화상범위를 벗어나는 경우가 많았던 것으로 보인다. 또한 시간구간의 변화에 따른 주사유형의 변화를 추세선으로 살펴본 결과, "집중"은 시간구간의 증가와 함께 가파른 증가, "대각 수직"은 완만한 증가를 보이는 반면, "순환 혼합 수평"은 감소 경향을 보이고 있다. 공간을 주시한 피험자의 주시데이터에는 다양한 시각정보가 포함되어 있는데, "주의집중"에 나타난 주사유형을 분석한 결과, 이상과 같은 의미 있는 결론을 도출할 수 있었다. 이러한 주사유형의 증감특성은 시간의 경과에 따른 주사경향을 파악함에 있어 기초자료가 될 수 있다.

• 과학교육연구지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 탐구 과제에 대한 사전지식이 초등 과학 영재의 관찰방법과 의문에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 '거미와 거미줄' 이라는 과제를 해결하는 과정에서의 학생들의 관찰방법과 의문이 사전지식에 의해 어떻게 영향을 받는지 연구하였다. 사전지식이 상대적으로 높은 집단의 학생들은 사전지식이 낮은 집단에 비해서 관찰의 방법과 양이 높게 나타났다. 그러나 사전지식이 양이 높은 집단이나 낮은 집단 모두 관찰 방법에서는 오감을 이용한 단순 관찰을 주로 하였다. 이는 사전지식의 양이 관찰의 양에는 영향을 미치나 관찰 방법에는 영향을 주지 못하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 사전지식이 높은 집단에서는 보다 높은 수준의 관찰이 나타났다. 이는 관찰의 수준이 높아지기 위해서는 사전에 충분한 교육이 필요함을 의미한다. 따라서 교사들이 관찰을 이용한 수업을 수행할 경우에 사전에 관련된 지식에 대하여 충분한 수업이 이루어져야 보다 효율적인 관찰이 일어난다고 볼 수 있다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.57-67
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• 2015

이 연구의 목적은 초등 과학 영재 학생들을 대상으로 과학박물관 탐방학습을 실시하여 관찰의 유형을 분류하고 이를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 과학 영재 학생 10명을 선정하여 탐방학습이 진행되는 동안 일어나는 관찰을 언어로 표현하도록 하여 모든 관찰 내용과 대화를 녹음하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 인지적 측면에서는 응답의 빈도가 높았고 자신의 의견을 배제하고 전시물과 관련하여 질문하고 응답하는 빈도가 높았으며, 정의적 측면에서는 권유의 빈도수가 가장 많았다. 관찰의 유형을 분류하고 이를 분석한 결과에서는 단수의 관찰 대상 전체를 시간 독립적으로 관찰하는 빈도가 높고, 시각을 사용하여 조작을 하지 않고 정성적인 방법으로 관찰하는 빈도가 높았다. 따라서 질문을 통한 언어적 상호작용은 관찰의 빈도와 다양성에 긍정적인 영향을 주며, 과학박물관 탐방학습에서 과학 영재 학생들의 다양한 관찰을 유도하기 위해서는 프로젝트 학습과 같은 특정 전시관이나 전시물을 학생이 직접 선택하여 집중 탐구할 수 있는 시간이나 학습지를 마련하면 더 효과적인 관찰 학습이 이루어질 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• 대기
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.229-238
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• 2010

The 1,000~500 hPa thickness and the $0^{\circ}C$ isotherm at 850 hPa have been used as the traditional predictors for wintertime precipitation-type forecasts. New approaches are taking on added significance as preexistence method of determination for wintertime precipitation-type exhibits more or less prevalent false alarms. Moreover thicknesses and thermodynamic profiles from ordinary upper-air observation were not adequate to monitor the atmospheric structure. In this regard, Microwave radiometric profiler microwave radiometer is useful in wintertime precipitation-type forecasts because radiometric measurements provide soundings at high temporal resolution. In this study, the determination and the predictability of wintertime precipitation-type were examined by using the calculated thicknesses, temperature of 850 hPa (T850) from a microwave radiometer, and surface observation at National Center for Intensive Observation of severe weather (NCIO) located at Haenam, Korea. The critical values for traditional predictors (thickness of 1000~500 hPa and T850) were evaluated and adjusted to Haenam region because snow rarely occurred with a 1000-500 hPa thickness > 5,300 m and T850 > $-10^{\circ}C$. Three thicknesses (e.g., 1,000~850, 1000~700, and 850~700 hPa thickness), T850, surface air temperature, and wet-bulb temperature were also evaluated as the additional predictors. A simple nomogram and a flow chart were finally designed to determine the wintertime precipitation-type using the microwave radiometer. The skill scores for the predictability of precipitation-type determination are considerably improved and the predictors showed the temporal variations in 12 hours before precipitation. We can monitor the hit and run snowfall in winter successful by realtime watch of the predictors, especially in commutes of big cities.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2012

This study is for the analysis to which element of space the users observing the lobby at a public space pay more attention for their visual perception. It is focused on the typology process of observation characters. The subjects, in the observation process, came to be interested in the circumstantial clues for space perception and the detailed characters drawing their interest. I could analyze the observation characters of the subjects observing the space by the comprehension and typology of their observation characters. First, from the viewpoint of successive 9 times of observations, each subject observed for 0.32 second to get the visual perception in the applied space, but spent another 0.39 second for the exploration of another observation object or the space roaming. The observation character of the subjects at the lobby of the public space selected for this experiment was that they spent more time on space exploration than on concentration on a point in the space. Second, I analyzed the typology process through the time range. Since the subjects' frequency varied depending on the way to set up the time range, the necessity was proposed that the time range for the analysis of observation characters should be set up more objectively. Third, in case of analyzing the observation characters by 10-second-unit time range, the concentration in the beginning and the middle was 25%, and that in the beginning and the final 41.7%, which showed that 75% of the subjects concentrated in the beginning of the observation time when the concentration in the beginning is added to it. Fourth, the type 3 categorized as "concentration in the beginning and the middle" is the group 47.1 percent of the subjects belong to, and each subject concentrated 1.1 times in the beginning and 2.1 times in the final, which showed that the concentration in the final was 1.75 times as high as that in the beginning.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.63-86
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• 1994

III급 부정교합자의 치료후 예후를 예측하려는 연구의 일환으로서 경북대병원 치과교정과에 반대교합을 주소로 내원한 초기 영구치열을 가진 환자 5명을 교정적 치료를 시행하여 좋은 결과를 얻은 2증례와 동적 치료종료시에는 좋은 결과를 얻었으나 그 이후 관찰기간동안 치열 및 악골에서 재발을 보인 3증례에서 연속적으로 채득한 측모 두부방사선 사진, 사진, 석고모형, 치료기록을 자료로 분석한 결과 아래와 같이 요약할 수 있다. 1. 관찰 증례중 동적 치료시 하악골이 후하방 이동한 swing back type의 경우 관찰기간 동안 악골의 전후적 관계가 양호하게 유지되었으며 교합도 안정된 상태로 유지되었다. 2. 동적 치료시 Y-axis type의 하악골 위치 변화를 보인 증례중 상하악골의 성장이 조화를 이룬 증례는 교합이 안정되게 나타났고, 그렇지 못한 증례는 교합이 불안정하게 되었다. 3. 동적 치료시 swing back type의 하악골 위치 변화를 보인 증례는 관찰기간동안 swing back type가 유지되었으며, Y-axis type를 보인 증례는 관찰기간동안 Y-axis type가 유지되는 증례와 forward type로 변화한 증례가 있었다. 4. 반대교합 개선시 하안면 고경은 모든 증례에서 증가되었으며 관찰기간동안 교합이 안정되게 나타난 증례에서는 하안면 고경이 계속 증가되었으나, 하안면 고경이 감소한 증례에서는 교합이 불안정하게 되었다.

• 한국해안해양공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해안해양공학회 2003년도 한국해안해양공학발표논문집
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• pp.10-17
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• 2003

Acoustic and pressure type seabed installed wave sensors have advantage in observing long period infra-gravity wave and tsunami, while buoy type wave gauges which measure acceleration of the moored buoy motion are not able to detect long period waves. That's why most of the Japanese coastal wave observation sensors are seabed installed typed ones. Nationwide Japanese coastal wave observation systems with seabed installed sensors are gradually clarifying long-period tsunami profiles and infra-gravity wave characteristics (Nagai.et.al., 1996, 1997,2000,2002a,2002b). (omitted)