• 한국결정학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.162-166
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• 2000

KD₂PO₄ single crystals were grown from D₂O with reagent KH₂PO₄ and the crystal structure was determined by X-ray and neutron diffraction methods. The crystals are tetragonal at room temperature, I42d, with lattice parameters of a=7.4633(7), c=6.9785(5) Å and Z=4. Intensity data were collected on an Enraf-nonius CAD4 diffractometer with a graphite monochromated MoK/sub α/ radiation (λ=0.7107Å) and on the neutron four circle single crystal diffractometer with Ge(331) monochromated neutron beam (λ=0.997Å). The structure was refined by full-matrix least-square to final R and wR values of 0.030 and 0.072, respectively, for 204 observed reflections with I>2σ(I) by X-ray diffraction and to final R=0.041 and wR=0.096 for 144 observed relfecdtions by neutron diffraction. The O…O distance of 2.516(4)Å obtained by X-ray diffraction is the same as that of 2.515(4)Å by neutron diffraction. On the other hand, the O-D/H distance of 0.84(4)Å by X-ray diffraction is considerably shorter than 1.029(7) Åby neutron diffraction. Hydrogen and deuterium can be readily distinguished by neutrons. In this crystal 66% of H-positions were substituted by D and the rest 34% occupied by H. The phase transition temperature of DKDP obtained with deuteration levels is f193K. This value agrees fairly well with the result of DSC measurement. The nuclear density distribution by neutron diffraction provides an observation of the disordered state of D/H in KD₂PO₄ at room temperature.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.350-352
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• 2009

The effect of porosity on the high-cycle fatigue properties of Al-Si-Mg casting aluminum alloys was investigated in this study. Microstructure examination, tensile and high-cycle fatigue test were conducted on both Al-Si-Mg casted (F) and heat-treated (T6) conditions. Porosity characteristics on the fracture surfaces of fatigue-tested samples were examined using SEM and image analysis. The microstructure observation results showed that eutectic Si particles were homogeneously dispersed in the matrix of the Al-Si-Mg casting alloys, but there were porosities formed as cast defects. The high-cycle fatigue results indicated that the fatigue strength of the 356-T6 alloy was higher than that of the 356-F alloys because of the significant reduction in volume fraction of pores by heat treatment. The SEM fractography results showed that porosity affected detrimental effect on the fatigue life: 80% of all tested samples fractured as a result of porosity which acted as the main crack initiation site. It was found that fatigue life decreased as the size of the surface pore increased. A comparison was made between surface pore and inner pore fur its effect on the fatigue behavior. The results showed that the fatigue strength with the inner pores was higher than that of the surface pore.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.466-473
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• 2013

This study investigates the effect of supercritical fluid extract (CMPB803-C) of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, shikonin and acetylshikonin isolated from Lithospermum erythrorhizon on IL-$1{\beta}$-induced chondrocytes and monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis in rat. Shikonin ($50{\mu}m$) and acetylshikonin ($3{\mu}M$) treatment reduced significantly the mRNA expression and enzyme activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -3 and -13 in IL-$1{\beta}$-induced SW1353 chondrosarcoma cells. The chondro-protective effects of CMPB803-C and acetylshikonin were than analyzed in a rat OA model using a single intra-articular injection of MIA (1mg) in the right knee joint. CMPB803-C (200mg/kg) or acetylshikonin (5mg/kg) was orally administered daily for two weeks starting after 1 week of MIA injection. In the histological observation, CMPB803-C and acetylshikonin clearly improved OA lesions being comparable to or better that control group. Our results demonstrated that CMPB803-C and acetylshikonin as active compound of Lithospermum erythrorhizon have a strong chondro-protective effect in OA rats, which likely attributes to its anti-inflammatory activity and inhibition of MMPs production.

• 대기
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.245-251
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• 2014

Statistical trajectory analysis has been widely used to identify potential source regions for chemically and radiatively important chemical species in the atmosphere. The most widely used method is a statistical source-receptor model developed by Stohl (1996), of which the underlying principle is that elevated concentrations at an observation site are proportionally related to both the average concentrations on a specific grid cell where the observed air mass has been passing over and the residence time staying over that grid cell. Thus, the method can compute a residence-time-weighted mean concentration for each grid cell by superimposing the back trajectory domain on the grid matrix. The concentration on a grid cell could be used as a proxy for potential source strength of corresponding species. This technical note describes the statistical trajectory approach and introduces its application to estimate potential source regions of $CO_2$ enhancements observed at Korean Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory in Anmyeon-do. Back trajectories are calculated using HYSPLIT 4 model based on wind fields provided by NCEP GDAS. The identified $CO_2$ potential source regions responsible for the pollution events observed at Anmyeon-do in 2010 were mainly Beijing area and the Northern China where Haerbin, Shenyang and Changchun mega cities are located. This is consistent with bottom-up emission information. In spite of inherent uncertainties of this method in estimating sharp spatial gradients within the vicinity of the emission hot spots, this study suggests that the statistical trajectory analysis can be a useful tool for identifying anthropogenic potential source regions for major GHGs.

• Composites Research
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.170-174
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• 2013

상온 상압 플라즈마 표면처리된 목분을 폴리프로필렌(polypropylene)과 혼합하였을 때 두 재료의 계면에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 목분과 폴리프로필렌을 압출기를 통해 기계적으로 혼합한 후 사출기를 이용하여 목분함유량 50 wt% 목분/폴리프로필렌(Wood Plastic Composite, WPC) 복합재를 제조하였다. 플라즈마 표면처리 공정에 가장 적합한 Monomer(모노머)를 찾기 위해 Oxygen, Benzene, CH-4, Acrylic-acid, Hexafluoroethane, Trifluorotolune, Hexamethyl-disiloxane(HMDSO) 등 7가지의 모노머에 대해 Contact angle(접촉각)을 측정하여 표면에너지를 계산하였다. 그 결과 HMDSO가 가장 높은 표면에너지를 나타내어 플라즈마 공정의 모노머로 적용하였다. 소수성인 폴리프로필렌과 친수성인 목분을 플라즈마 표면처리를 통하여 목분의 표면을 개질하였고 두 재료의 계면 결합력을 향상시킬 수 있었다. 기계적 물성평가 결과는 인장강도의 경우 최대 7.59%, 굴곡강도의 경우 최대 12.43%가 증가하였다. SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)을 이용하여 파단면을 관찰하였고 플라즈마 표면처리의 효과를 확인하였다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.281-289
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• 2016

The effect of nitrogen on the electrochemical corrosion and nanomechanical behaviors of martensitic stainless steel was examined using potentiodynamic polarization and nanoindentation test methods. The results indicate that partial replacement of carbon with nitrogen effectively improved the passivation and pitting corrosion resistance of conventional high-carbon and high- chromium martensitic steels. Post-test observation of the samples after a potentiodynamic test revealed a severe pitting attacks in conventional martensitic steel compared with nitrogen- containing martensitic stainless steel. This was shown to be due to (i) microstructural refinement results in retaining a high-chromium content in the matrix, and (ii) the presence of reversed austenite formed during the tempering process. Since nitrogen addition also resulted in the formation of a $Cr_2N$ phase as a process of secondary hardening, the hardness of the nitrogen- containing steel is slightly higher than the conventional martensitic stainless steel under tempered conditions, even though the carbon content is lowered. The added nitrogen also improved the wear resistance of the steel as the critical load (Lc2) is less, along with a lower scratch friction coefficient (SFC) when compared to conventional martensitic stainless steel such as AISI 440C.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.139-146
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• 1987

지상사진측량(地上寫眞測量)에 의한 3차원변형해석(次元變形測量)은 표정점(標定點)에 대한 3차원좌표(次元變座標)를 계산하고 이들 좌표로부터 변위(變位)를 구하므로써 변형해석(變形測量)을 하게 된다. 지상사진측량(地上寫眞測量)에 의한 변형해석(變形測量)은 3차원좌표(次元變座標) 획득과 변위점검출(變位點檢出) 및 변형량추정(變形量推定)으로 크게 나눌 수 있다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 처음단계로 번들조정법에 의한 좌표계산에서 지상기준점수(地上基準點數)와 사진수(寫眞數)의 증가에 따른 외부표정요소(外部標定要素)의 분산(分散)-공분산행렬(共分散行列)변화를 분석하였다. 그리고 지상기준점(地上基準點)의 정확도(正確度)를 향상시키기 위한 제약조건을 주기위해 번들조정법에 자유강조정(自由鋼調整)개념을 도입하였다. 이상의 결과분석으로부터 경제성과 시간절약의 측면을 고려할때 지상기준점수(地上基準點數)는 6점(點), 사진수(寫眞數)는 3개가 적합함을 알 수 있다. 또한 번들조정에 자유강조정(自由鋼調整)개념을 적용한 경우 공간거리의 제약조건을 외곽에 분포시키는 것이 바람직함을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.1301-1308
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• 1996

In order to save the energy and protect the environment, it were studied about ecomaterials with the developed countries as central figure. In the Metal Matrix Composites(MMCs), this trends appeared the development of the MMCs which had excellent mechanical properties in spite of the low volume fraction of reinforcement. Therefore, in this study, fatigue crack growth test, tensile and hardness test were conducted in order to investigate the mechanical and fatigue properties of 5 %, and 10 % $SiC_{p}$/Al composites. As the results, in the tensile and hardness test, tensile strength and hardness increased but fatigue crack growth rate decreased with $SiC_{p}$/Al volume fraction. And in the view of fatigue failured surface through the SEM, fatigue crack initiated around the SiC particle and in low $\Delta{K}$ regions, fatigue creck detoured the SiC particle but crack propagated through the SiC particle in the high $\DeltaK$ regions.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.189-195
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• 2020

Two air vents situated on a heat transport pipe in district heating system were exposed to the same environment for 10 years. However, one air vent was more corroded than the other. It also had a hole on the top of the front-end pipe. Comparative analysis was performed for these air vents to identify the cause of corrosion and establish countermeasures. Through experimental observation of the damaged part and analyses of powders sampled from air vents, it was found that corrosion was initiated at the top of the front-end pipe. It then spread to the bottom. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results showed that potassium and chlorine were measured from the corroded product in the damaged air vent derived from rainwater and insulation, respectively. The temperature of the damaged air vent was maintained at 75 ~ 120 ℃ by heating water. Rainwater-soaked insulation around the front-end pipe had been hydrolyzed. Therefore, the damaged air vent was exposed to an environment in which corrosion under insulation could be facilitated. In addition, ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma measurements indicated that the matrix of the damaged front-end pipe contained a higher manganese content which might have promoted corrosion under insulation.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.380-380
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• 2010

Currently, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been proven of their readiness for commercialization in terms of lifetime and efficiency. In accordance with emerging new technologies, enhancement of light efficiency and extension of application fields are required. Particularly inverted structures, in which electron injection occurs at bottom and hole injection on top, show crucial advantages due to their easy integration with Si-based driving circuits for active matrix OLED as well as large open area for brighter illumination. In order to get better performance and process reliability, usually a proper buffer layer for carrier injection is needed. In inverted top emission OLED, the buffer layer should protect underlying organic materials against destructive particles during the electrode deposition, in addition to increasing their efficiency by reducing carrier injection barrier. For hole injection layers, there are several requirements for the buffer layer, such as high transparency, high work function, and reasonable electrical conductivity. As a buffer material, a few kinds of transition metal oxides for inverted OLED applications have been successfully utilized aiming at efficient hole injection properties. Among them, we chose 2 nm of $WO_3$ between NPB [N,N'-bis(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine] and Au (or Al) films. The interfacial energy-level alignment and chemical reaction as a function of film coverage have been measured by using in-situ ultraviolet and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It turned out that the $WO_3$ interlayer substantially reduces the hole injection barrier irrespective of the kind of electrode metals. It also avoids direct chemical interaction between NPB and metal atoms. This observation clearly validates the use of $WO_3$ interlayer as hole injection for inverted OLED applications.