• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.55-74
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• 2012

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the skin disease in Sanghanron"傷寒論" and Geumgweyoryak"金匱要略". Methods : We conducted a study on the original text paragraphs of Sanghanron and Geumgweyoryak containing the skin disease and analysis of Woo, Oh, Sung, Zhang, etc. We drew a parallel between skin disease from Sanghanron and Geumgweyoryak and matching diagnoses from western medicine. Results : The results were as follows. 1. In Sanghanron and Geumgweyoryak pruritus was related to psychogenic pruritus and similar to skin disease caused by decrease of sweating, dry skin in cholinergic urticaria, atopic dermatitis and eczema, etc. in western medicine. 2. In Geumgweyoryak ichthyosis was caused by woman's disease, after menopause, chronic disease and malnutrition and related to winter itch and xerotic eczema in western medicine. 3. In Sanghanron Goose bumps, keratosis follicularis, acute and chronic urticaria and cold urticaria were occurred because of poorly managed fever care and side effect of antibiotic. 4. In Geumgweyoryak red face was similar to face flushing and side effects, which is after drug and laser treatment on face, in western medicine. 5. In Geumgweyoryak urticaria was, in a broad sense, skin disease with pruritus and secondary infection resulted from scratch. Skin diseases with pruritus are similar to urticaria, dermatitis herpetiformis, lichen planus, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, nummular eczema, lichen simplex chronicus, prurigo nodularis, neurodermatitis and internal disease with pruritus in western medicine. 6. In Geumgweyoryak spots in the skin were caused by fever and similar to allergic purpura and SLE symptom in western medicine. 7. In Geumgweyoryak bullous disease with yellowish discharge was similar to eczema, pustule, atopic eczema, etc. in western medicine. 8. In Geumgweyoryak repeated inflammation of oral cavity, genitals, eyes and skin was similar to Behcet's disease in western medicine. 9. In Sanghanron and Geumgweyoryak boil was similar to abscess and acute lymphadenitis in western medicine caused by oily foods and infections. 10. In Geumgweyoryak swelling and boil were occurred in a poor health. Damage from metalic material could cause a convulsion and was similar to tetanus in western medicine. Conclusion : We analyzed the original text paragraphs of Sanghanron and Geumgweyoryak and explanations about skin disease. As a results, we found out etiology, pathogenesis, treatments of the skin disease in Sanghanron and Geumgweyoryak. Further we compared with western medicine to develop better understanding of the skin disease.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to objectively and subjectively compare the accuracy and reliability of 2-dimensional(2D) photography and 3-dimensional(3D) soft tissue imaging. Materials and Methods: Facial images of 50 volunteers(25 males, 25 females) were captured with a Nikon D800 2D camera (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), 3D stereophotogrammetry (SPG), and laser scanning (LS). All subjects were imaged in a relaxed, closed-mouth position with a normal smile. The 2D images were then exported to Mirror^® Software (Canfield Scientific, Inc, NJ, USA) and the 3D images into Proplan CMF^® software (version 2.1, Materialise HQ, Leuven, Belgium) for further evaluation. For an objective evaluation, 2 observers identified soft tissue landmarks and performed linear measurements on subjects' faces (direct measurements) and both linear and angular measurements on all images(indirect measurements). For a qualitative analysis, 10 dental observers and an expert in facial imaging (subjective gold standard) completed a questionnaire regarding facial characteristics. The reliability of the quantitative data was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients, whereas the Fleiss kappa was calculated for qualitative data. Results: Linear and angular measurements carried out on 2D and 3D images showed excellent inter-observer and intra-observer reliability. The 2D photographs displayed the highest combined total error for linear measurements. SPG performed better than LS, with borderline significance (P=0.052). The qualitative assessment showed no significant differences among the 2D and 3D imaging modalities. Conclusion: SPG was found to a reliable and accurate tool for the morphological evaluation of soft tissue in comparison to 2D imaging and laser scanning.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2015

A new colorimetric test ($Cariview^{(R)}$) using a new type of pH indicator can reflect the acidogenic potential of plaque bacteria. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between $Cariview^{(R)}$ and the caries experience (measured through the dmft index) of children, and to compare $Cariview^{(R)}$ with Dentocult $SM^{(R)}$. Having obtained informed consent, 135 children less than 6 years old participated in the study. We examined their dmft index, and performed two caries activity tests ($Cariview^{(R)}$ and Dentocult $SM^{(R)}$) according to the manufacturers' instructions. In the results, $Cariview^{(R)}$ showed a moderate correlation with the dmft index (r = 0.43, p < 0.01). $Cariview^{(R)}$ showed a sensitivity of 68.8%, a specificity of 69.2%, and an area under curve of 0.686 in the ROC curve analysis. $Cariview^{(R)}$ had a significant correlation with the children's caries experience and had a slightly better explanatory ability than Dentocult $SM^{(R)}$. Furthermore, $Cariview^{(R)}$ was convenient and easy to use on uncooperative children, and also had an educational effect with its visual colors. It is suggested that $Cariview^{(R)}$ could be used clinically to identify the children susceptible to develop caries and to establish a preventive strategy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.295-303
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• 2016

Purpose: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of three different levels of xylobiose containing sucrose on glycemic indices based on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and blood glucose response in healthy adults. Methods: Healthy adults (six male and five female participants, n = 11) underwent 14~16 hr of fasting. Subsequently, all participants took 50 g of available carbohydrates from glucose, sucrose containing 7% xylobiose (XB 7), sucrose containing 10% xylobiose (XB 10), or sucrose containing 14% xylobiose (XB 14) every week on the same day for 8 weeks. Finger prick blood was taken before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after starting to eat. Results: We observed reduction of the glycemic response to sucrose containing xylobiose. The glycemic indices of XB 7, XB 10, and XB 14 were 57.0, 53.6, and 49.7, respectively. The GI values of XB 7 were similar to those of foods with medium GI, and the GI values of XB 10 and XB 14 were similar to those of foods with low GI. The postprandial maximum blood glucose rise (Cmax) of XB 14 was the lowest among the test foods. XB 7, XB 10, and XB 14 showed significantly lower areas under the glucose curve (AUC) for 0~30 min, 0~60 min, 0~90 min and 0~120 min compared to glucose. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that sucrose containing xylobiose has an acute suppressive effect on GI and postprandial maximum blood glucose rise. In addition, levels of xylobiose in sugar may allow more precise assessment of carbohydrate tolerance despite lower glycemic responses in a dose-dependent manner.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.714-722
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to determine the effects of leucine on body weight reduction in high fat diet-induced overweight rats. To induce overweight, six-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 80) were divided into 8 groups; one group of 10 rats was fed on a normal fat diet and the remaining 70 rats were fed on a high-fat diet (40% of energy as fat) for 14 weeks. Then, 10 rats fed on the normal fat diet and another 10 rats fed on the high fat diet were sacrificed to identify overweight induction. The remaining 60 rats were divided randomly into 6 groups according to body weight and fed on one of the diets with different dietary fat levels (9.6% or 40% of energy as fat) and leucine levels (0, 0.6 or 1.2 g/kg BW) for the following 5 weeks of experiments. The body weight loss in the Leu-administered groups (0.6 g, 1.2 g/kg BW) was significantly higher than those of Leu non-administered groups. The perirenal fat pad weights in the Leu-administered groups were significantly lower than those of the Leu non-administered groups. Of the hepatic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities were reduced significantly in the Leu-administered groups than in the Leu non-administered groups. With the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), the incremental areas under the curve of the glucose response (IAUC) of the Leu-administered groups were significantly lower than those of the Leu non-administered groups. The fasting glucose concentration and HOMA-IR of the Leu-administered groups were significantly lower than those of the Leu non-administered groups. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that one of the possible mechanisms of leucine in the observed body weight reduction might involve the inhibition of lipogenic enzyme activities such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, rather than the activation of lipolysis enzymes. Additionally, leucine adminstration resulted in improved glucose metabolism.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.132-146
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• 2001

Purpose: This study was to analyze the trends and content of all the research (171 research papers) published in the Journal of Fundamentals of Nursing from 1994, when it began to 2000 using an objective tool developed by the researches, and to identify the direction for the future research in Fundamentals of Nursing. Method: Research published in the Journal of Fundamentals of Nursing from 1994 were reviewed. Result: Most of research (94.2%) was non-degree based and funded research was very limited. The average number of researchers per research study was 2.2 and collaborative research has been gradually increasing. The total number of key words was 331 and the average was 2.6 per research. The major key words were not different from other nursing departments and included home care nursing (10 times), health promotion (8 times), self-care (7 times). self-efficacy (7 times), and homo-dialysis (6 times). Eighty seven percent of the research was quantitative research. and there were very few qualitative studies. Considering theory level, it was found that 40% were factor related research For study design, non-experimental studies were most frequent (66%), and the rate, especially of surveys, has remarkably decreased. Selection of subjects by convenience sampling, was most frequent and there were very few studies that provided the rationale for the calculation of sample size. The major subjects of study were patients (44.8%) with various diagnoses. The subjects usually gave oral consent to take part in that study. Giving information (46.9%) and exercise (26.5%) were common nursing interventions, and physiological indices (16.5%). vital signs (10.3%), physical functioning (8.2%), level of knowledge/skill (7.2%) and level of activity (6.2%) were frequently measured as outcome. Variables questionnaires were the major approach used to collect data, and 57.8% of the research provided the Cronbach alpha to guarantee internal consistency of study instruments. Data were analyzed with computerized statistical packages using, ANOVA (42.0%), T test(39.5%), and chi-square test. For the last seven years, nursing research in Fundamentals of Nursing has gradually improved in both quantify and quality. Conclusion: It was difficult to find any uniqueness or difference compared to other departments of nursing. In fact, because the history of the Journal of Fundamentals of Nursing is rather short, we can expect that there will be further improvement in qualify and content in the future.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2009

Objective : Purpose of this study is to study how Sensory Integration (SI) Intervention Program affect body-scheme and praxis ability of children with Developmental Disability (DD). Method : The SI intervention was programmed based on the theory of SI by Jean Ayres. Thirty children with DD underwent the SI program for six weeks. The effect of the SI intervention was evaluated in terms of body-scheme and praxis ability. Assessments used in this study are One-Point Imitation Test (OPIT) and 6 Body Puzzle Test (6BPT) for body-scheme; Praxis Test Sheet (PTS) for linguistic order, oral motor control, sequential praxis and Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT) for postural praxis. Data of this study was analyzed by the paired t-test to compare before- and after the SI intervention. Results : Results of this study are (1) in the OPIT, there is significant difference on body-scheme ability (p<0.01); (2) in the PTS, there is significant difference on all three items (p<0.01); and (3) in the SIPT, there is significant difference on sensory integration and praxis function. Conclusions : From the results, it is concluded that sensory integration intervention is effective on body-scheme and praxis functions for children with developmental disability.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.91-108
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• 2010

Background & Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of P. radix on the inflammatory related gene expression in IL-$1{\beta}$-stimulated primary human gingival fibroblast using Whole Transcript Sense Target (WT-ST). Method: Human gingival fibroblast was incubated with P. radix [100 or $200\;{\mu}g/ml$], and IL-$1{\beta}$ [$1ng/m{\ell}$] added an hour later. After 24h, total RNA was extracted using RNeasy Mini Kit and the whole gene expression patterns were performed using WT-ST Labeling $Assay^{(R)}$. Result: In the DEG results, 782 genes were up-regulated in the IL-$1{\beta}$-treated group as compared to control and among those, 43 genes were associated with inflammation. 981 genes were down-regulated after treatment with IL-$1{\beta}$ and of those 7 genes were associated with inflammation. 1439 genes were up-regulated after treatment with P. radix plus IL-$1{\beta}$-treated when compared to IL-$1{\beta}$-treated alone group and 1225 genes were down-regulated in the same condition. Among the down-regulated genes, 5 were associated with inflammation- and inhibitor genes such as GDF15 and LIF. In the analysis of the P. radix plus IL-$1{\beta}$-treated group, the most significant pathways were the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, toll-like receptor signaling, JAK-STAT signaling and tyrosine metabolism. The gene expression patterns in the P. radix $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ plus IL-$1{\beta}$-treated group appear to be more involved in the metabolism-related pathways than in the $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ plus IL-$1{\beta}$-treated group. Conclusion & Discussion: By microarray analysis of gene expression data, we are able to identify gene expression patterns associated with not only anti-inflammation effect but also transcription function of P. radix.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.434-441
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• 2006

Objective: While one of the most prevailing motivations for seeking orthodontic treatment is to achieve good facial esthetics, understanding the level of a person's perception to the changes that have occurred on the face after orthodontic treatment is critical to the process of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Methods: 40 students attending art school participated in determining the level of their perception of changed lip position and facial asymmetry. Computer-graphic frontal face and facial profile photographs with balanced proportions were used to evaluate the level of a participant's perception of the changes in facia! asymmetry and in lip position. Results: Change of lip position over 2 mm and over a 3 mm change of facial asymmetry was perceived significantly. Conclusion: The results indicated that at least a 2 mm change of lip position was needed to be perceived after orthodontic treatment. The level of perception of the change in facial asymmetry was lower than that of the change in lip position. Information about facial changes given prior to the evaluation enhanced the level of perception.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.427-436
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• 2005

Objective: MMP-8 is a neutrophil enzyme and its level increases in some inflammatory diseases, including periodontal disease. We knew that the lipopolysaccharide of E.coli(E-LPS) induced MMP-8 release from human neutrophils. E-LPS is known to induce the production and release of inflammatory cytokines through CD14, Toll-like receptor(TLR). In the present study, we investigated whether MMP-8 release by E-LPS is induced via CD14-TLR pathway and the cellular mechanism of MMP-8 release in human neutrophils. Material and methods: Human neutrophils were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors and pre-incubated in medium containing antibodies against CD14, anti-TLR2 and anti-TLR4 or several inhibitors of microtubules and microfilaments and then incubated with E-LPS. The cells were treated TPCK and E-LPS simultaneously. The MMP-8amount in the culture medium was determined using ELISA. Results: E-LPS increased MMP-8release from neutrophils and its induction was inhibited by anti-CD14 and anti-TLR4 but not by anti-TLR2 antibodies. The inhibitors of microtubule and microfilament polymerization significantly decreased E-LPS-induced MMP-8release. TPCK inhibited E-LPS-induced MMP-8 release. Conclusion: These results suggest that MMP-8 release is induced by E-LPS via the CD14-TLR4 signal pathway in human neutrophils and may be depedent on microtubule and microfilament systems and $NF-{\kappa}B$ pathway.