• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.73-76
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• 2012

More and more children are becoming obese and overweight due to several factors that include a high energy density in the diet (a high fat intake) and low energy expenditure. Consequently childhood obesity is becoming a significant health problem. Fat tissue releases many cytokines such as resistin, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, leptin, interleukin-6. These adipocytokines induce obesity-related insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is a key component of obesity-related metabolic problems such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, acanthosis nigricans and polycystic ovarian syndrome. This review article focused on insulin resistance and its related metabolic diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.90-99
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• 1994

This study was carried out to examine how dietary protein and calcium levels in rats fed fat-enriched diet affect the total lipid and cholesterol contents of blood and tissues. Male Sprauge-Dawley rats weighing approximately 200g were fed six purified diets which contained 18%(w/w) beef tallow, 1% (w/w) cholesterol, two source of protein, casein or isolated soy protein (ISP) and three levels of dietary calcium, 0.1%, 0.4% and 1.0%, first, for four weeks, and second, for eight weeks. The contents of the total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride in blood, liver, heart and feces were determined. After four weeks feeding serum lipid and cholesterol concentrations significantly decreased in rats fed 1.0% (w/w) level calcium, regardless of dietrary protein sources. After eight weeks, these concentrations were significantly lower in the rats fed soy protein than in casein-fed rats. As dietary calcium level increased serum and tissue lipid and cholesterol contents were decreased and fecal lipid excretion increased. It is concluded that hypolipidemic and/or hypocholesterolemic effects of soy protein and calcium were partly due to decrease in lipid absorption.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.10
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• pp.511-518
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• 2021

The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. While obesity is known to increase a variety of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, it also acts as a risk factor for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). During childhood and adolescence, severe obesity is associated with an increased prevalence and incidence of the early stages of kidney disease. Importantly, children born to obese mothers are also at increased risk of developing obesity and CKD later in life. The potential mechanisms underlying the association between obesity and CKD include hemodynamic factors, metabolic effects, and lipid nephrotoxicity. Weight reduction via increased physical activity, caloric restriction, treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and judicious bariatric surgery can be used to control obesity and obesity-related kidney disease. Preventive strategies to halt the obesity epidemic in the healthcare community are needed to reduce the widespread deleterious consequences of obesity including CKD development and progression.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with childhood obesity. Methods: In this descriptive study, the number of participants was 78 4-6th grade students in a primary school, and the subjects were overweight or obese. Data were collected for 10 days from June 1 to 10 in 2009. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-test, $X^2$-test, and multiple logistic regression. Results: Mother's occupation is a statistically significant factor in a bivariate analysis. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the statistically significant factors were mother's occupation (OR=0.17, 95% CI=0.04-0.70) and dietary attitudes (OR=0.08, 95% CI=0.01-0.66). Conclusion: For an effective obesity management program in childhood, it is necessary to consider a mother occupation and dietary attitudes.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.158-165
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• 2024

Over the past few decades, there has been a notable increase in the incidence of pediatric obesity, which is a significant public health concern. Children who are obese have a greater risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, and adult obesity. Lifestyle modification therapy is typically the initial approach to treat pediatric obesity. For patients who do not achieve success with lifestyle modification therapy alone, pharmacotherapy is the next logical treatment option. When selecting an anti-obesity medication (AOM), it is essential to first ascertain the medical background of the patient, including current medications and obesity-associated comorbidities. Evaluation of obesity phenotypes in patients may also be beneficial. AOMs for pediatric obesity include metformin, orlistat, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, phentermine, and the phentermine/topiramate combination. Sufficient lifestyle modification therapy should be administered before considering pharmacotherapy and continued after the initiation of AOM. To ensure healthy development, monitoring growth and puberty development during anti-obesity treatments is essential.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was designed to regulate the percentile of body fat percentage by Bioelectrical Impedence Analysis (BIA) in order to detect overweight and obesity in preschool children. Methods 1301 three to six year old children's height, weight, and body fat percentage using BIA was measured. Results: The percent of the boys with 85th percentiles of the body fat percentage were 22.3%(3years), 23.4%(3.5years), 23.9%(4years), 24.8%(4.5years), 22.8%(5years), 24.6%(5.5years) and 23.8%(6years). The percent of the girls with 95th percentiles of the body fat percentage were 24.9%(3years), 27.5%(3.5years), 27.3%(4years), 28.6%(4.5years), 28.1%(5years), 33.3%(5.5years) and 32.7%(6years). For the girls, the percent of girls with 85th percentiles of body fat percentage were 23.3%(3years), 24.4%(3.5years), 23.6%(4years), 23.7%(4.5years), 24.7%(5years), 26.0%(5.5years) and 28.1%(6years). And the 95th percentiles of the body fat percentage were 28.6%(3years), 27.3%(3.5years), 25.4%(4years), 28.0%(4.5years), 31.7%(5years), 33.5%(5.5years) and 36.4%(6years). Conclusions: The 85th percentiles of body fat percentage to classify as overweight and the 95th percentiles of body fat percentage to classify as obesity were accord with the Body Mass Index (BMI) criteria by the Korean pediatrics society in 2007.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1 s.61
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• pp.103-114
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• 2005

Objective; Childhood obesity has become one of the most common health problems facing children in the world. Although a number of regimens have been developed and distributed for the treatment of adult obesity, few studies have focused on therapeutic programs for obese children. The objective of this study was to develop and measure the effects of Taeumin childhood obesity by a sasang constitution­based education program. Methods ; A total of 14$(\%RBW\geq20)$ among 18 taeumin with childhood obesity from June to August 2003 participated in the constitution-based education program. It was designed to examine the effects of a constitution-based education program through anthropometric measurements, body composition indicates, biochemical indicates and serum level of taeumin childhood obesity. Results; The results of this study were as follows: 1. The anthropometric measurement of subscapular skinfold thickness was reduced after 4 weeks of the constitution-based education program. 2. The body composition indicates reduction in degree of obesity, percent body fat, and fat distribution. The other side increased in height, total body water, soft lean mass, and lean body mass. 3. For biochemical indicates, HDL-cholesterol was increased significantly after 4 weeks of the constitution-based education program. The other side decreased in AST and ALT. 4. There was a significant reduction in BMI and $\%RBW$ after the constitution-based education program. Conclusion : A constitution-based education program for weight control results in reduced degree of obesity among taeumin children.

• Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.156-161
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• 2014

Childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and adolescents in the last decade. Obese youth are more likely to have risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. There is no single or simple solution to the childhood obesity epidemic, but to learn that obesity is closely related to lifestyle factors including poor fitness and physical inactivity as well as prolonged sitting time in conjunction with westernized dietary habits. In addition to a healthy and balanced diet, promotion of physical activity combined with carefully supervised resistance exercise training, and reduced screen time is a primary recommendation for the prevention and treatment of obesity in children and adolescents. This review provides evidence based data to support this multiple-step physical activity strategy as the most effective and preventive means against childhood obesity.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.128-135
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• 2010

Obesity was characterized in Korean elementary students using different obesity assessment tests on 103 overweight elementary students from three schools of Jeonbuk Province. The body mass index (BMI) and obesity index (OI) were compared, and the data using DEXA and CT were compared with the data using BIA and a tape measure. The results of this study are as follows: first, 27 students who were classified as obese by OI were classified as overweight by BMI, and 3 students who were classified as standard weight by BMI were classified as overweight by OI. Secondly, by DEXA and BIA measurements, there was 1.51% difference in body fat percentage (boys 1.66%, girls 1.17%) and the difference in body fat mass between boys and girls was 0.77 kg (boys 0.85 kg, girls 0.59 kg), but those differences in body fat percentage and mass were not statistically significant. Thirdly, the average total abdominal fat (TAF) measured by CT scans of obese children was more significantly related with subcutaneous fat (r = 0.983, P < 0.01) than visceral fat (r = 0.640, P < 0.01). Also, TAF were highest significant with waist circumference by a tape measure (r = 0.744, P < 0.01). In summary, as there are some differences of assessment results between two obesity test methods (BMI, OI), we need more definite standards to determine the degree of obesity. The BIA seems to be the most simple and effective way to measure body fat mass, whereas waist/hip ratio (WHR) using a tape measurer is considered to be the most effective method for assessing abdominal fat in elementary students.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.724-733
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• 1993

In order to investigate the relationships of obesity in childhood to plasma lipid, blood pressure and blood glucose concentration, we selected 21 subjects for the moderate obese group(MO), 9 for mild obese group(MI), and 19 for the control group(C) among children aged 10~12. While the level of plasma triglyceride and VLDL-cholesterol of the MO group was much higher than that of group C, a significantly lower percentage of HDL-cholesterol was found in the MO compared to the percentage found in group C. Also the level of the total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of the MI group as well as the MO was much higher than that of C. The elevated total-cholesterol level of the Mi group was due to increased LDL-cholesterol and that of the MO was due to increases in both VLDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. As the result of these differences, the atherogenic index of the MO was significantly higher than that of C. The incidence of hypercholesterolemia( 200mg/dl) of the MI and MO was 60.0% and 77.8% respectively, All of the physical parameters and indexes except height were positively correlated with plasma lipid levels, systolic blood pressure, and blood glucose concentration. The analyses of the correlated with plasma lipid levels, systolic blood pressure, and blood glucose concentration. The analyses of the correlation indicated that central fat to peripheral fat ratio and waist to thigh girth ratio seemed to be closely associated to plasma lipid levels and atherogenic index. The MO had significantly higher systolic blood pressure than C and significantly higher blood glucose concentration was found in both MI and MO than in C. These results confirmed that obesity in childhood may be relevant to chronic metabolic diseases such as abnormal lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus.