• BMB Reports
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• v.54 no.12
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• pp.601-607
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• 2021

Odorant receptors (ORs) account for about 60% of all human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). OR expression outside of the nose has functions distinct from odor perception, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of disorders including brain diseases and cancers. Glioma is the most common adult malignant brain tumor and requires novel therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes. Here, we outlined the expression of brain ORs and investigated OR expression levels in glioma. Although most ORs were not ubiquitously expressed in gliomas, a subset of ORs displayed glioma subtype-specific expression. Moreover, through systematic survival analysis on OR genes, OR51E1 (mouse Olfr558) was identified as a potential biomarker of unfavorable overall survival, and OR2C1 (mouse Olfr15) was identified as a potential biomarker of favorable overall survival in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type glioma. In addition to transcriptomic analysis, mutational profiles revealed that somatic mutations in OR genes were detected in > 60% of glioma samples. OR5D18 (mouse Olfr1155) was the most frequently mutated OR gene, and OR5AR1 (mouse Olfr1019) showed IDH wild-type-specific mutation. Based on this systematic analysis and review of the genomic and transcriptomic profiles of ORs in glioma, we suggest that ORs are potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for glioma.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.719-725
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• 1994

Kinetic studies were carried out for substitution reaction of $cis-[Co(NH_3)_4Cl(OH_2)]^{2+}(\mu$ = 0.75) with GlyOR (R = $C_2H_5$, $CH_3$, H) in pH 5 buffer solution at $20^{\circ}C$ by UV/Vis-spectrophotometry. We obtained cis-[Co$(NH_3)_4$Cl(glyOR)]$^{2+}$ as product. The reaction turns out to be first order for Co(III) and GlyOR, respectively. The rate constants are obtained as 9.21, 11.66 and 15.33 l${\cdot}\;mol^{-1}{\cdot}sec^{-1}$ for GlyOEt, GlyOMt and GlyOH, respectively. The activation parameters $E_a,\;{\Delta}H^{\neq}\;and\;{\Delta}S^{\neq}$ for GlyOEt were obtained as 65.77, 63.35 kJ/mol and -53.51(e.u.), respectively and were obtained as 70.91, 68.50 kJ/mol and -38.42(e.u.) for GlyOMt. In case of GlyOH, respectable values of 79.72, 77.30 kJ/mol and -26.59(e.u.) were obtained. On the basis of kinetic data and the observed activation parameters, we propose that the proper mechanism involves $S_N$2 step.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.51-55
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• 2019

The structure and properties of silk polymers (fibroin and sericin) can be satisfactorily controlled by choosing a suitable silkworm variety and, hence, this parameter (i.e., silkworm variety) has attracted increasing attention. A previous study reported that the crystallinity of white colored silkworm cocoons depends on the silkworm variety. In the present study, sixteen yellow colored silkworm variety cocoons were produced and their molecular conformation and crystallinity were investigated. The conformation of the silkworm cocoons varied with the silkworm variety. Most cocoons exhibited ${\beta}$-sheet conformation, although random coil and ${\beta}$-sheet conformations co-existed in some cocoons (e.g., 21 and D90). The crystallinity of the silkworm cocoons varied with the silkworm variety and the measurement position of the cocoon (i.e., outer surface or inner surface). However, the difference in the crystallinity indices of the outer and inner surfaces comprising the cocoons varied with the silkworm variety, but was <2% for all cocoons, except for MAL.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.25-28
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• 2016

We investigate the effect of interface states on the endurance of a charge trap flash (CTF) NOR array using charge pumping methods. The endurance test was completed from one cell selected randomly from 128 bit cells, where the memory window value after 10² program/erase (P/E) cycles decreased slightly from 2.2 V to 1.7 V. However, the memory window closure abruptly accelerated after 10³ P/E cycles or more (i.e. 0.97 V or 0.7 V) due to a degraded programming speed. On the other hand, the interface trap density (Nit) gradually increased from 3.13×10¹¹ cm⁻² for the initial state to 4×10¹² cm⁻² for 10² P/E cycles. Over 10³ P/E cycles, the Nit increased dramatically from 5.51×10¹² cm⁻² for 10³ P/E cycles to 5.79×10¹² cm⁻² for 10⁴ P/E cycles due to tunnel oxide damages. These results show good correlation between the interface traps and endurance degradation of CTF devices in actual flash cell arrays.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.1 s.176
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

This paper attempts to locate and define a quartzite deposit in Geochang, Kyongsangnam Province in order to establish its commercial viability. The quartzite deposit (Poongwon Mine) occurs as lens or boudinage at the contact between mica schist of the Deogyusan formation and granite gneiss. During Precambrian, regional metamorphism and granitization may have caused the formation ot quartzite layers through recrystallization and rearrangement of silica components derived from older sedimentary rocks, probably chert and/or sandstone. The deposit is composed of fine-grained milky, or light yellowish quartz showing weak laminations with fairly dense and rough appearance in outcrop. It reaches about $60\;m(height)\times140\;m(length)\times35m(width)$ with attitude of $N57^{\circ}E-N8^{\circ}4E\;and\;51^{\circ}-60^{\circ}NW$. The average grade of the quartzite samples is $SiO_2=94.4\;wt\%,\;A1_2O_3=3.3\;wt\%,\; Fe_2O_3=0.8\;wt\%,\;K_2O=0.7\;wt\%$, which can be used for foundry, constructional materials, or concrete making. The proved reserve was estimated as 200,811 tonnage.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.379-385
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• 2018

Purpose: Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element for bone mineralization and osteoblast function. We examined the effects of Zn deficiency on osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells. Methods: Osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured at concentration of 1 to $15{\mu}M$ $ZnCl_2$ (Zn- or Zn+) for 5, 15 and 25 days up to the calcification period. Extracellular matrix mineralization was detected by staining Ca and P deposits using Alizarin Red and von Kossa stain respectively, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was detected by ALP staining and colorimetric method. Results: Extracellular matrix mineralization was decreased in Zn deficiency over 5, 15, and 25 days. Similarly, staining of ALP activity as the sign of an osteoblast differentiation, was also decreased by Zn deficiency over the same period. Interestingly, the gene expression of bone-related markers (ALP, PTHR; parathyroid hormone receptor, OPN; osteopontin, OC; osteocalcin and COLI; collagen type I), and bone-specific transcription factor Runx2 were downregulated by Zn deficiency for 5 or 15 days, however, this was restored at 25 days. Conclusion: Our data suggests that Zn deficiency inhibits osteoblast differentiation by retarding bone marker gene expression and also inhibits bone mineralization by decreasing Ca/P deposition as well as ALP activity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.26-29
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• 2002

We describe a modified method for effectively pretreating soil highly contaminated with ANT or BaA (both initial Conc. are 500 mg/kg soil), i.e., we apply Fenton oxidation in which ethanol is added to increase ANT and BaA removal. At least 0.5 $m\ell$ or 0.75 $m\ell$ of ethanol were added to 1 g of artificially ANT or BaA-contaminated soils (i.e., alluvial and sandy soil), respectively. This was followed by Feton oxidation in which various amounts of $H_2O$$_2$ and Fe$^{2+}$ were added. The results showed more than 98 % of ANT or BaA removal efficiency However less than 10 % of ANT and BaA removal efficiency was obtained in addition of distilled water or sodium dodecy1 sulfate. Additionally, we employ GC-MS to identify the main oxidation product generated by the optimized Fenton reaction [i.e., ANT or BaA degraded in to 69-73% 9,10-anthracenedione (ANTDI) or 43-51% 7,12-benz(a)anthracenedione (BaADI), respectively]. The biodegradability of ANTDI or BaADI are subsequently confirmed to be much more rapid than that of ANT or BaA, respectively, results suggesting that Fenton oxidation with ethanol-microbial treatment can be effectively applied to remove ANT or BaA from soil.l.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.261-267
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• 2002

The aim of the present study was to investigate the interaction of $estradiol-17{\beta}-bovine$ serum albumin $(E_2-BSA)$ and calcitropic hormones, such as parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D, in regulation of $Ca^{2+}$ uptake in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells. Statistically significant increase in $Ca^{2+}$ uptake was found from 2 hours after $(E_2-BSA)\;(10^{-9}\;M)$ treatment, while $estradiol-17{\beta}\;(10^{-9}\;M)$ did not affect. Treatment of the cells with $(E_2-BSA)\;(10^{-9}\;M)$ together with parathyroid hormone (PTH) $(10^{-8}\;M),$ vitamin D $(10^{-8}\;M),$ or calcitonin $(10^{-8}\;M)$ significantly stimulated $Ca^{2+}$ uptake by 32.50%, 29.30%, or 27.75%, respectively, compared with the control. However, calcitropic hormones did not exhibit any synergistic effect on the E2-BSA-induced stimulation. $E_2-BSA$ significantly increased cAMP generation and PKC activity. The stimulatory effect of cotreatment of $E_2-BSA$ and PTH or vitamin D was blocked by SQ22536 (an adenylate cyclase inhibitor) and staurosporine (a PKC inhibitor), but the effect of cotreatment of $E_2-BSA$ and calcitonin was not blocked. Furthermore, 8-Br-cAMP and TPA (an artificial PKC promoter) increased $Ca^{2+}$ uptake by 25.51% and 16.47%, respectively, compared with the control. In conclusion, $E_2-BSA$ combined with calcitropic hormones regulated $Ca^{2+}$ uptake partially via cAMP and PKC-dependent mechanisms in renal proximal tubule cells.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.316-322
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• 2018

Purpose: The Glycyrrhiza uralensis species (Leguminosae) as a medicinal biocompound, and one of its root components, isoliquritigenin (ISL), which is a flavonoid, has been reported to have anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. However, its function in bone formation has not been studied yet. In this study, we tested the effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (ErLR) and baked Glycyrrhiza uralensis (EdLR) extracts on osteoblast proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and bone-related gene expression in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Methods: MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in various levels of ErLR (0, 5, 10, 15, $20{\mu}g/mL$), EdLR (0, 5, 10, 15, $20{\mu}g/mL$), or ISL (0, 5, 10, 15, $20{\mu}M$) in time sequences (1, 5, and 20 days). Also, isoliquritigenin (ISL) was tested for comparison to those two biocompound extracts. Results: MTT assay results showed that all three compounds (ErLR, EdLR, and ISL) increased osteoblastic-cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner for one day. In addition, both ErLR and EdLR compounds elevated the osteoblast proliferation for 5 or 20 days. Extracellular ALP activity was also increased as ErLR, EdLR, and ISL concentration increased at 20 days, which implies the positive effect of Glycyrrhiza species on osteoblast mineralization. The bone-related marker mRNAs were upregulated in the ErLR-treated osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells for 20 days. Bone-specific transcription factor Runx2 gene expression was also elevated in the ErLR- and EdLR-treated osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells for 20 days. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that Glycyrrhiza uralensis extracts may be useful for preventing osteoporosis by increasing cell proliferation, ALP activity, and bone-marker gene expression in osteoblastic cells.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.4977-4982
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• 2014

Background: Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) might be involved in the development of bladder cancer. However, previous studies of any association between CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI polymorphism and bladder cancer risk have yielded conflicting results. In this study, we performed a more precise estimation of the relationship by a meta-analysis based on the currently available evidence from the literature. Method: To assess the effect of CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI polymorphism on bladder cancer susceptibility, a meta-analysis of 6 available studies with 1,510 cases and 1,560 controls were performed through Feb 2014. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of association for CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI polymorphism under different genetic models. Results: When available studies were pooled into the meta-analysis, we found that the C1C2 and C2C2 genotypes of CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI polymorphism significantly decreased bladder cancer risk under different genetic models (heterozygote: OR=0.766, 95%CI=0.613-0.957, $P_{OR}$=0.019; homozygote: OR=0.51, 95%CI=0.303-0.858, $P_{OR}$=0.011; dominant: OR=0.733, 95%CI=0.593-0.905, $P_{OR}$=0.004; recessive: OR=0.565, 95%CI=0.337-0.947, $P_{OR}$=0.030). Subgroup analysis indicated that C2C2 genotype was significantly associated with decreased bladder cancer risk under the homozygote genetic model in Caucasians. There was no evidence of heterogeneity or publication bias. Conclusions: The current meta-analysis suggested that the CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI polymorphism might be associated with bladder cancer susceptibility, especially in Caucasians. Further studies are needed to validate the above conclusion.