• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.262-271
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• 2023

The objective of this study is to compare and assess the effectiveness of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and the selective agar plate method for the detection of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods. In RTE foods, the detection performance of the three methods (RT-PCR [SureTect^TM kit and PowerChek^TM kit], LAMP [3M MDS], selective agar) were similar at 0-10, 10-50, 50-100, and 100- CFU/mL of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes. We found that with RT-PCR, the Ct value of salad was significantly higher (p<0.05) than other RTE foods, indicating that fiber plays a critical role as an obstacle to the rapid detection of Salmonella spp. However, the Ct value displayed a mixed pattern according to the inoculation level of L. monocytogenes. The use of rapid detection kits and machines mostly depends on the user's choice, with accuracy, ease of use, and economy being the primary considerations. As an RT-PCR kit, SureTect^TM and PowerChek^TM showed high accuracy in detecting Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes in RTE foods, showing that they can replace the existing RT-PCR kits available. Additionally, LAMP also showed excellent detection performance, suggesting that it has the potential to be used as a food safety management tool.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.125-132
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to discover a drone utilization model tailored to local characteristics, propose directions for building a drone demonstration city based on demand surveys for drone activation, and suggest ways to utilize and support a drone application system. First, according to the survey results, there was a high understanding of and necessity for drone demonstration projects, particularly in addressing urban issues, which were deemed to have a significant impact. Second, based on the analysis of priorities and short- and long-term approaches, disaster-related tasks were evaluated as a priority, requiring an approach through medium- to long-term strategies. Third, it was noted that budgetary considerations emerged as the most critical issue during project implementation. Practitioners and experts expressed willingness to actively introduce drone-based technologies into their work when budget and technology were ready. Budgetary constraints were identified as the most significant obstacle to proper implementation, emphasizing the need for resolution. Fourth, the necessity of demand surveys during project development was identified in certain areas. Demand surveys were deemed essential for drone-based demonstration city construction, and a survey indicated that public leadership in this regard was also necessary. Fifth, concerning approaches in specific areas, the field of safety and disaster management was highlighted as the most crucial for application.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.605-619
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• 2024

The increase of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content in recycled asphalt concrete (RAC) is accompanied by the degradation of low-temperature cracking resistance, which has become an obstacle to the development of RAC. This paper aims to reveal the meso-scale mechanisms of the low-temperature fracture behavior of RAC and provide a theoretical basis for the economical recycling of RAP. For this purpose, micromechanical heterogeneous peridynamic model of RAC was established and validated by comparing three-point bending (TPB) test results against corresponding numerical simulation results of RAC with 50% RAP content. Furthermore, the models with different aggregate shapes (i.e., average aggregates circularity (${\bar{C_r}}=1.00$, 0.75, and 0.50) and RAP content (i.e., 0%, 15%, 30%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were constructed to investigate the effect of aggregate shape and RAP content on the low-temperature cracking resistance. The results show that peridynamic models can accurately simulate the low-temperature fracture behavior of RAC, with only 2.9% and 13.9% differences from the TPB test in flexural strength and failure strain, respectively. On the meso-scale, the damage in the RAC is mainly controlled by horizontal tensile stress and the stress concentration appears in the interface transition zone (ITZ). Aggregate shape has a significant effect on the low-temperature fracture resistance, i.e., higher aggregate circularity leads to better low-temperature performance. The large number of microcracks generated during the damage evolution process for the peridynamic model with circular aggregates contributes to slowing down the fracture, whereas the severe stress concentration at the corners leads to the fracture of the aggregates with low circularity under lower stress levels. The effect of RAP content below 30% or above 50% is not significant, but a substantial reduction (16.9% in flexural strength and 16.4% in failure strain) is observed between the RAP content of 30% and 50%. This reduction is mainly attributed to the fact that the damage in the ITZ region transfers significantly to the aggregates, especially the RAP aggregates, when the RAP content ranges from 30% to 50%.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.185-197
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• 2007

Objective : This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Hwangryunhaedok-Tang and Geongangbuja-Tang on the change of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) level induced by LPS I.C.V. injection in mice. Method : We devided group into 6 mice and 6 mice were assingned to each group. In the normal group only saline was administered intragastrically, and in the control group LPS was injected intracerebroventricularly 1 hr after intragastric administration of saline. In the experiment groups Hwangryunhaedok-Tang(0.5g/kg, 1.0g/kg, 3.0g/kg) was administered intragastrically to mice 1 hr prior to LPS(100mg/mouse) I.C.V. injection.. Also Geongangbuja-Tang (0.5g/kg, 1.0g/kg, 3.0g/kg) was administered intragastrically to mice 1 hr prior to LPS(100mg/mouse) I.C.V. injection. To measure the plasma IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ level of mice, their blood samples were collected from retro-orbital plexus, immediately centrifuged at $4^{\circ}C$, and plasma was removed and stored frozen at $-83^{\circ}C$ for later determination of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$. The level of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the plasma. Result : Regarding IL-6 level, The 0.5g/kg and the 1g/kg groups of Geongangbuja-Tang decreased IL-6 level. Especially the 3g/kg control group decreased IL-6 level significantly than the normal group(p<0.01). Regarding $TNF-{\alpha}$ level, the 3g/kg group of Geongangbuja-Tang decreased it significantly(p<0.05). Conclusion : These data revealed that Hwangryunhaedok-Tang might not have the anti imflammatory effect and Geongangbuja-Tang(3g/kg)might have the anti imflammatory effect by reducing the plasma IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ level in mice LPS Injection.EIM (Eighteen Incompatible Medicaments) is an important component in Oriental pharmacology and is directly related to clinical prescriptions. Medical practitioners argued that the definite cause and meaning of EIM was ambiguous and therefore debated the issue of clinical application of the EIM. This study conducted an in-depth literary research on the origin, meaning and contents of EIM with the purpose to contribute in its efforts to be used clinically. Even after thousands of years have past since establishment of Oriental medicine, EIM is still tabooed and was an obstacle that hindered ideologies. Modern herbal medicine texts claim that the use of EIM can reduce treatment effects and promote poisoning and side effects. However, since long ago, there has been medical practitioners who reject this as false. Recently, poisoning caused by EIM has been claimed to be from the toxicity of the drug itself, rather than the result of interaction between the drugs, and therefore they suggest that EIM is not a forbidden domain. In addition, EIM showed a difference in number depending on the era. However, this can be understood not as a definite number, but instead as a warning to be careful during combination of drugs for use as clinical medicine. Historically, there were very few cases in which EIM was used for clinical tests and thus, the clinical value is not, while others applied EIM directly to their bodies, which showed signs for the usefulness and potential of EIM for us. A more concrete and in-depth study must be made on EIM.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.7179-7188
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• 2015

Cancer is a major health obstacle around the world, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) as major causes of morbidity and mortality. Nowadays, there isgrowing interest in the therapeutic use of natural products for HCC and CRC, owing to the anticancer activity of their bioactive constituents. Boswellia serrata oleo gum resin has long been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to alleviate a variety of health problems such as inflammatory and arthritic diseases. The current study aimed to identify and explore the in vitro anticancer effect of B. Serrata bioactive constituents on HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines. Phytochemical analysis of volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Oleo-gum-resin of B. Serrata was then successively extracted with petroleum ether (extract 1) and methanol (extract 2). Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis of the lipoidal matter was also performed. In addition, a methanol extract of B. Serrata oleo gum resin was phytochemically studied using column chromatography (CC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) to obtain four fractions (I, II, III and IV). Sephadex columns were used to isolate ${\beta}$-boswellic acid and identification of the pure compound was done using UV, mass spectra, $^1H$ NMR and $^{13}C$ NMR analysis. Total extracts, fractions and volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo-gum resin were subsequently applied to HCC cells (HepG2 cell line) and CRC cells (HCT 116 cell line) to assess their cytotoxic effects. GLC analysis of the lipoidal matter resulted in identification of tricosane (75.32%) as a major compound with the presence of cholesterol, stigmasterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol. Twenty two fatty acids were identified of which saturated fatty acids represented 25.6% and unsaturated fatty acids 74.4% of the total saponifiable fraction. GC/MS analysis of three chromatographic fractions (I,II and III) of B. Serrata oleo gum resin revealed the presence of pent-2-ene-1,4-dione, 2-methyl- levulinic acid methyl ester, 3,5- dimethyl- 1-hexane, methyl-1-methylpentadecanoate, 1,1- dimethoxy cyclohexane, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene and 17a-hydroxy-17a-cyano, preg-4-en-3-one. GC/MS analysis of volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin revealed the presence of sabinene (19.11%), terpinen-4-ol (14.64%) and terpinyl acetate (13.01%) as major constituents. The anti-cancer effect of two extracts (1 and 2) and four fractions (I, II, III and IV) as well as volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin on HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines was investigated using SRB assay. Regarding HepG2 cell line, extracts 1 and 2 elicited the most pronounced cytotoxic activity with $IC_{50}$ values equal 1.58 and $5.82{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h, respectively which were comparable to doxorubicin with an $IC_{50}$ equal $4.68{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h. With respect to HCT 116 cells, extracts 1 and 2 exhibited the most obvious cytotoxic effect; with $IC_{50}$ values equal 0.12 and $6.59{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h, respectively which were comparable to 5-fluorouracil with an $IC_{50}$ equal $3.43{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h. In conclusion, total extracts, fractions and volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin proved their usefulness as cytotoxic mediators against HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines with different potentiality (extracts > fractions > volatile oil). In the two studied cell lines the cytotoxic acivity of each of extract 1 and 2 was comparable to doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil, respectively. Extensive in vivo research is warranted to explore the precise molecular mechanisms of these bioactive natural products in cytotoxicity against HCC and CRC cells.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.3-36
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• 1992

"Corporate control by owners" characterizes the current structure of ownership, control and management of big business groups in Korea. It has become an ever more serious obstacle for the Korean economy to end its distinctive "personal capitalism" and to transform the current system into people's capitalism. The current issue, the deconcentration of ownership, through the course of heated debates should be treated from an integrated perspective. That is, the debate should center on the concentration of economic power and it effects on national economy, instead of sticking to the issue of ownership-control issue per se. This paper, by referring to the historical experiences and development paths which advanced countries have already traveled, analyzes the respective aspects of the concentration issue in a rather descriptive and taxonomist manner - market concentration, business diversification, ownership concentration, integrated management of conglomerates, i.e., managing in groups' unit, and the roles of financial institutions. The government policies against the concentration of economic power have so far focused on the size of big business groups and their diversification activities. The two major policy measures are restrictions on cross-ownership and excess capital investment by big business groups, and controls on their credit deals. This paper strongly suggests that the government should change its current priorities in targeting its policies against concentration. The government should reduce the regulations on size and diversification, and focus its policies on substantial dispersion of corporate ownership. The efficacy of government intervention in the management and control of business enterprises seems quite dubious and even anachronistic given the extent of maturity of Korean firms. Therefore, it should be noted that the current regulation-oriented stance taken by the government against the management style of big business groups should be suppressed, as it has assumed some a priori and typical pattern in advance in directing big business groups, such as independent and specialized management in respective firms' unit. This paper, also, raises the need for introducing new regulations on inter-sectoral diversifications between finance, industry and the press.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.494-505
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• 2006

This study was performed for 7th grade students to analyze by leader style, the verbal interactions between students in a small group in an MBL(Microcomputer-Based Laboratory) experiment class. The study was performed after arranging the students into four kinds of groups, including groups with leaders of inclusive, persuasive, and alienating styles and a group with no clear leader. The analysis of total frequencies of verbal interaction revealed that the group with an inclusive leader showed the highest frequency of verbal interaction, followed by the group with a persuasive leader, an alienating leader and lastly, the group with no clear leader. The group with an inclusive leader showed the highest frequency of interaction from a cognitive aspect related to question(Q), response(R), making suggestion(MS), and receiving opinions(RO), while interactions from an affective aspect related to behavioral participation(BP) and students' attitudes(SA) were observed more often in a group including an alienating leader than in any other group. An analysis of characteristics of verbal interaction according to leader style showed that a group with an inclusive leader had a permissive atmosphere. It also showed that all members of the group actively participated in discussion and they had a sense of belonging and self-pride with their group. In a group with a persuasive leader, the leader took the lead of most experimental and discussion activities and he was rarely challenged by other students in the group. Rather, other group members showed a tendency to depend on their leader. In a group with an alienating leader, the relationship between leader and members of the group was not harmonious and unfiltered expressions of dissatisfaction and ignorance often took place. The leader's lack of concern about members' low achievement became an obstacle in active discussion. In a group with no clear leader, most interactions during discussion were short and simple. Many answers to the question given by their members were not clear and the interactions were sometimes interrupted for a short while.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 2005

The major obstacle in the popularization of Chungkookjang is the short shelf-life of $2{\sim}3$ months and some problems concerning storage including the growth of molds even in the products even within shelf-life. To solve these problems we conducted a research to improve its storage by using the vacuumed packaging and sanitary method through seed culture, innoculation and sterilization. For the optimization of storage time, temperature and sterilization temperature, we measured viable cell numbers of bacteria and fungi, amount of gas outbreak and contents of amino type nitrogen and monitored these experimental results by response surface methodology of SAS program, so that we could observe the quality changes of Chungkookjang during shelf-life. Especially fungi, which are the biggest troublemaker in Chungkookjang shelf-life, couldn't be detected from the generally and vacuum-packed samples; also, viable cell numbers were highly influenced by sterilization temperature and in vacuum-packed samples. In the case of vacuum-packed samples, amount of gas outbreak was highly influenced by sterilization temperature of its storage conditions and it was higher in generally packed samples as compared to vacuum-packed samples even at any storage conditions. The changes of pH in generally and vacuum-packed samples were highly influenced by the storage temperature. As the temperatures of storage and sterilization were higher and the storage time was longer, so the amount of gas outbreak was accordingly lower. These results showed that amino type nitrogen contents in generally and vacuum-packed samples were systematically influenced by the temperature, storage time and sterilization temperature. Also the result showed that the change of amino type nitrogen contents during storage was less in vacuum-packed samples than in general ones. Based on the above results, we can produce Chungkookjang products with extended shelf-life of as far as 6 months without any quality change using sanitary manufacturing method, vacuumed packaging condition, sterilization in $70^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes and storage under $10^{\circ}C$ during shelf-life. According to this research, we have the possibility to greatly increase the goods value of Chungkookjang by developing the manufacture processing and packaging.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2010

Purpose: Currently, PET/CT scan has been known to provide useful information to both preoperative and postoperative examination of cancer patients. Contracted stomach by the long fasting could cause difficulties of interpretation because of its size on reconstructed image data. To solve this problem, after the whole body PET/CT scan, patients were administrated in drinking 300 mL of water to expand stomach and performed additional scan on stomach region. Not only PET/CT scan but also CT performs this water-administration, and patients were take oral solution to make stomach expand for stomach cancer. When this scan performed, patients lay supine position. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of stomach through PET/CT scan with drinking water performed in supine and prone position so that we can distinguish exact location of cancer around pylorus and inferior wall of stomach. Furthermore, image data from supine and prone positions were analyzed the difference of volume of stomach through the change of standardized uptake values. Materials and Methods: From July 2009 to January 2010 in severance hospital, 30 patients who were diagnosed as early gastric cancer or advanced gastric cancer were chosen. All patients had PET/CT scan before the operation and have had follow-up PET/CT. The patients fast for at least 8 hours, and had an injection intravenously with $^{18}F$-FDG, 7.4 MBq (0.2 mCi/kg) per kilogram. They were rested for 60 minutes. Before the examination, all patients were administrated to drink water for 300 mL Patients had PET/CT scan with supine position around the region of stomach, whole body, and around the region of stomach with prone position after drinking another 300 mL of water respectively. Results: As a results of comparison between stomach capacity of 30 patients in supine and prone position, the study draw results that average capacity of stomach body was 460.29 $mm^2$ in supine position, and 641.39 $mm^2$ in prone position for 30 patients. The change of capacity shows 41.3% expanded in prone position. And there was no noticeable difference at maximum standardized uptake values in supine position and prone position. Conclusion: As results, stomach would have more expanded capacity in prone position than supine position. For patients who have physical disabilities to move freely, additional scan in prone position will be obstacle to perform. However, if additional scan in supine position add with the scan in prone position, it will be easier to diagnose stomach cancer. Moreover, we believe that this study will help the research for inventing support tools for patients who have physical disabilities in prone position.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.20
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• pp.65-125
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• 1991

The study has tried to analize and appraise how did public library system under the Japanese imperialism affect the establishment and managemant of Korean public libraries. To achieve the purpose of the above-mentioned study, the contents of $\ulcorner$Japanese library statute$\lrcorner$ under Japanese imperialism and the current $\ulcorner$Korean library law$\lrcorner$ have been mutually compared, at the same time, the vestiage of Japanese imperialism in view of the establishment, personnel administration and reading systems have been concretely investigated, analyzed and compared. The conclusions obtained from the above are as followings. 1. In those days of the Korean Liberation, the situation of Korean public libraries was such as it under the Japanese rule and so, their names were only changed. However, as a part of its independent activities, the national library have once carried out the various programs such as the training of professional librarians, the establishment of the new classification schedule and the chief Librarian and deputy Librarian from the professional librarians in the office regulations, and they were well worth being the good examples for today's Korean library circle. Though the Goverment of the Republic of Korea had been formally established, the situation of the library circle was very dull owing to the Korean war for a long time. In 1963, $\ulcorner$The Korean library law$\lrcorner$ was promulgated, but the establishment of public libraries did not give satisfactory results because of the institutional fragility. In the 1980's the importance of library was embossed from the viewpoint of life-long education and the number of libraries was increased. However, there were still the remaining vestiges of Japanese library system in the practical library services. 2. After the Korean Liberation, the influnces of public library system under the Japanese imperialism showed in the office regulation of national library and the Korea library Law were also in the legal mechanism. In particular, the regulations of $\ulcorner$The staff-member of public library$\lrcorner$ and $\ulcorner$Admission fee of public library$\lrcorner$ including the chief librarian have referred to the library system under the Japanese imperialism since the liberation day to date. 3. At that time of the Korean Liberation, the U.S.Military Government Office had decided that the public library administration should be attached to the administration of local and internal affairs in accordance with the Japanese administative system. As a result, the public libraries had been forced to be indirectly affected by public library system under the Japanese imperialism for twenty years since the Liberation. 4. Since the Liberation, the personnel adminstration of public library has been so far on the steps of model under the Japanese imperialism. As the result of the field survey, the position standards of local chief librarians, non-professional character, the extra post system and the preponderant appointment of non-professional offices have analyzed by the influence of Public library system under the Japanese imperialism. Therefore, the Government authorities-concerned must readjust the standards of qualification and the divided duties corresponding to the position of public library staff members and to stipulate expressly in the revised library law. In addition, the regulation of the admission fee should be also actively detected for the free adminssion of library users. 5. Since the Liberation Day, the reading methods of public library have been so far similar to reading method under the Japaness imperialism. For example, the admission fee levied, the complicated procedures of using books including entrance and exit of a library, no-admission system, the limited lending books, the deposit system of outdoor lending books and the surety liable jointly and severally are originally caused by bureaucracy of under the Japanese imperialism. Therefore, the public libraries should make an offer space and opportunities which can enjoy freedom to the gull in future. The procedures and standards of library users will be simplified, if possible. As the above-mentioned, the actual conditions of Korean public libraries have been examined and analyzed. As the result of it, there are still the remaining vestiges of public library system under the Japanese imperialism in the establishment and management of the nation-wide public libraries. Such the remnants are an obstacle to the democratic development of public libraries and so, the authorities-concerned should take the proper-measures as soon as possible.