• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.54-61
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• 2001

Condensing heat transfer coefficients of R-22 and R-134a were measured in smooth, horizontal copper tubes with inner diameters of 1.77mm, 3.36mm, and 5.35mm, respectively. The experiments were conducted in the closed loop, which was driven by a magnetic gear pump. Data are presented for the following range of variables : mass velocity from 200 to 500kg/$m^2$.s and quality from 0 to 1.0. The heat transfer coefficients in the small diameter tubes (ID < 7mm) were observed to be strongly affected by various diameters and the heat transfer characteristics in the small diameter tubes differed from those in the large diameter tubes. Heat transfer coefficients in the small diameter tubes are higher than those in the large diameter tubes at the same experimental condition. It was found that some well-known previous correlations(Shahs correlation and Cavallini-Zecchins correlation) were not suitable for small diameter tubes.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.233-240
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• 1994

This study was conducted to compare the endocrine milieu, and pregnancy rates in In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer(IVF-ET) program employing combined with gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist(GnRH-a) and pergonal(LH 75lU+FSH 75lU) when either human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG) or progesterone were used for luteal phase support. A total number of 40 IVF-ET treatment cycles were prospectively studied. Ovarian hyperstimulation method was modified ultrashort protocol using GnRH-a. All patients started Decapeptyl at menstrual cycle day # 2, and HMG was started at # 3 days. When leading follicle was ${\geqq}$18mm or at least two follicles were ${\geqq}$14mm in diameter, HCG 10000lU intramuscularly was injected. After 36 hours HCG administration, oocytes were retrieved as usual guided by transvaginal ultrasound. Embryo were transfered 36-48 hours later. The patient's cycles were prospectively randomized to receive HCG(20cycles) or Progesterone (20cycles) for luteal support. The progesterone group received 25mg 1M starting from the day of ET. The HCG group received 1500IU 1M. on days 0, +2, +5 after ET. Estadiol($E_2$) and Progesterone($P_4$) were measured on the day of oocyte aspiration, ET day, and every 6 days thereafter. Results were follows as; 1. Estradiol, progesterone and LH levels on the day of HCG trigger, retrieved oocytes and number of transfered embryo were not significantly different in both groups. 2. On the day of aspiration and embryo transfered day, $E_2$, $P_4$ level were significantly higher in progesterone group than HCG group(p<0.01). 3. $E_2$, $P_4$ level on 6 days after ET were significantly higher in progesterone group than HCG group(p<0.01). But, $P_4/E_2$ ratio was not different in both groups. 4. $E_2$, $P_4$ level 12 days after ET were decreased abruptly in both groups and higher hormonal level appeared in HCG group(P<0.01). 5. The total pregnancy rate in the HCG group was 40% (8/20) and in the progesterone group 15%(3/20). 6. Comparing the pregnant and nonpregnant cases progesterone group was not different the hormonal status. In HCG group, pregnant cases appeared in higher $P_4$, $P_4/E_2$ ratio than nonpregnanct cases(P<0.01).

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2014

There has been a rapid increase of the concern on the space radiation effect on pilots, crew and passengers at the commercial aircraft altitude (~ 10 km) recently. It is because domestic airline companies, Korean Air and Asiana Airlines have just begun operating the polar routes over the North Pole since 2006 and 2009 respectively. CARI-6 and CARI-6M are commonly used space radiation estimation programs which are provided officially by the U.S. federal aviation administration (FAA). In this paper, the route doses and the annual radiation doses for Korean pilots and cabin crew were estimated by using CARI-6M based on 2012 flight records. Also the modeling concept was developed for our own space radiation estimation program which is composed of GEANT4 and NRLMSIS00 models. The GEANT4 model is used to trace the incident particle transports in the atmosphere and the NRLMSIS00 model is used to get the background atmospheric densities of various neutral atoms at the aircraft altitude. Also presented are the results of simple integration tests of those models and the plan to include the space weather variations through the solar proton event (SPE) prediction model such as UMASEP and the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) prediction model such as Badhwar-O'Neill 2010.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.389-400
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate into the ecological environments and the soil microflora of purple-bracted plantain lily (Hosta longipes Matsumura) for wild vgetables. Native soil textures of purple-bracted plantain lily were in the order of sandy loam (SL) > loam (L) > clay loam (CL). pH in soil was relatively acid by 4.8, electric conductivity was 0.08mS/cm, and organic matter content was 0.08g/kg. CEC was measured by $100.8cmol^{(+)}kg^{-1}$ and available phosphate was 103.4mg/kg. Contents of exchangeable cations in terms of potassium, calcium, and magnesium were measured by $0.33cmol^{(+)}kg^{-1},\;2.26cmol^{(+)}kg^{-1},\;and\;0.87cmol^{(+)}kg^{-1}$, etc. Diurnal changes in the air temperature of the natives were 15 to $20^{\circ}C$, that temperature differential was relatively little compared with that in open field by 15 to $30^{\circ}C$. Relative humidity in the natives were much more humid by 60 to 80% compared with that in open feld by 35 to 85%. Light intensity in the natives and the open field at ten o'clock were $2,300{\mu}mol/m^2/sec.\;and\;1,750{\mu}mol/m^2/sec.$ Total number of soil microorganisms were $8.4{\times}10^7\;c.f.u./g$. Mycorrhizal spore densities over $500{\mu}m,\;355{\sim}500{\mu}m,\;251{\sim}354{\mu}m,\;107{\sim}250{\mu}m\;and\;45{\sim}106{\mu}m$ were 0.8, 1.3, 2.1, 38.1, and 110.0 respectively. Mycorrhizal root infections by vesicle and hyphae were 17% and 6%. However, arbuscules in the roots were not shown.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.428-428
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• 2016

Copper indium sulfide (selenide) (CuIn(S,Se)2,CISSe)는 1.0~1.5 eV의 Direct band gap과 105 cm-1이 넘는 큰 광 흡수 계수를 가지고 있어 박막 태양전지의 흡수층으로써 연구되어 왔다. 최근 대량생산 및 저가 공정에 용이하다는 측면에서 용액 공정 기반 CISSe 태양전지 연구가 크게 주목 받고 있다. 용액공정 기반 중 하이드라진을 사용 한 경우 매우 높은 효율을 기록하였으나, 하이드라진 자체의 유독성과 폭발성 때문에 분위기 제어가 필요하고 여전히 저가화 및 대면적 제작에 한계가 있다. 따라서 알코올 솔젤 기반 CISSe 태양전지 제작 연구가 많이 진행되었으나, 결정립 성장 및 칼코겐 원자를 공급하기 위해 불가피하게 황화/셀렌화 후속 열처리 공정을 요구한다. 후속 열처리 공정은 폭발성의 황화수소/황화셀레늄 기체 분위기 제어와 고가의 장비를 필요로 한다. 본 연구에서는 매우 안정적이며 저가 용매인 물과 아민계 첨가제를 이용하여 Cu, In 전구체와 S, Se 이 포함된 Cu-In-S 잉크와 Se잉크를 제작하였다. 잉크 내에 S, Se을 첨가 함으로써 추가적인 후속공정 없이 비활성 가스 분위기에서 고품질의 CISSe 박막 제작을 가능케 하였다. 또한 Se 잉크 증착 횟수에 따른 결정 구조, 광학적 성질의 차이에 주목하였다. 따라서 수계 잉크를 대기 중에서 스핀코팅으로 박막을 제작한 후, Hot plate에서 건조하여 균일한 박막을 제조하고, 제작된 박막을 tube furnace에서 환원 분위기 및 비활성 가스 분위기에서 열처리 진행하여 $1.3{\mu}m$ 두께의 고품질의 CISSe 흡수층을 제작하였다. 이러한 흡수층에 대해 XRD, SEM, EDS 분석을 진행하여, 결정성, 미세구조, 및 조성을 확인하였으며, 제작된 흡수층 위에 버퍼층/투명전극층을 차례로 증착하여 CISSe 태양전지를 제작하여 셀 성능 및 양자 효율 특성을 파악하였다. 또한 액상 Raman 분석을 통해 결정립 성장 과정 메커니즘을 제시하였다.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.147-156
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• 2001

Membership qualifications and recognition of the subspecialty training programs by the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons(KAPS) have been determined by criteria based on the number of neonatal and total pediatric surgical cases registered, since 1989 (Index cases). The numbers are based on a survey of the 14 founding members of the society by Jung et al. in 1987. The current survey is to review the present status of the index cases from 1997 to 1999 among 36 members of the KAPS. Two surveys were undertaken for this study. In the first survey, cases were collected by the registration form, composed of neonatal(N), important pediatric surgical cases (I), tumor and other similar operations(T) and other common pediatric surgical cases(O). Thirty members responded. and the result was discussed at the Topic Discussion section of the 15th Annual Congress of KAPS, 2000. The second survey analyzed additive data, proposed during discussion at the Congress. Twenty-three members responded. This report is the analysis of the both surveys. The average numbers of the cases/year/surgeon of N, I, T, O and total were 19.5, 51.8, 9.5, 77.1 and 356.5. respectively. The number of index cases(N+I+T)/year/surgeon was 80.8. The ratio of (N+I+T)/total cases was 0.3. Seventeen of 30 members have more than 20 cases of N per year. Twelve members have more than 150 cases, and 13 do more than 100 cases of I per year. Fourteen members have more than 10 cases of T per year. Nineteen and 10 members experienced more than 150 and 100 of index cases(N+I+T) per year. A new list of the index cases and coding system are proposed for the future regular update.

• Lingua Humanitatis
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• 제7집
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• pp.271-289
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• 2005

Dans cet article, nous discutons de certains $probl{\grave{e}}mes$ syntaxiques en ayant recours $\grave{a}$ la $th{\acute{e}}orie$ linguistique de Milner. Nous remettons en question $l'ind{\acute{e}}pendance$ et $l'identit{\acute{e}}$ de la structure syntaxique, la relation entre le plan syntaxique et le plan lexical, le $caract{\grave{e}}re$ de la $g{\acute{e}}om{\acute{e}}trie$ de la syntaxe, etc.. La discussion est non seulement linguistique mais aussi interdisciplinaire et ${\acute{e}}pist{\acute{e}}mologique$, dans la mesure $o{\grave{u}}$ nous examinons la nature de $l'entit{\acute{e}}$ syntaxique et la $m{\acute{e}}thode$ "scientifique" de la syntaxe qui donne $acc{\grave{e}}s$ $\grave{a}$ $l'entit{\acute{e}}$ syntaxique. Selon Milner, il faut distinguer la place du terme lexical avec la position syntaxique qui est $l'entit{\acute{e}}$ syntaxique. La $premi{\grave{e}}re$ n'est pas syntaxique $\grave{a}$ strictement parler, mais elle, observable contrairement $\grave{a}$ la seconde, sert $\grave{a}$ conjecturer la dimension syntaxique, $c'est-\grave{a}-dire$ le $syst{\grave{e}}me$ positionnel. Le dispositif $th{\acute{e}}orique$ dans la $th{\acute{e}}orie$ linguistique de Milner n'est rien d'autre que l'ensemble des propositions qui permet, en absence d'observatoire, de conjecturer le $syst{\grave{e}}me$ positionnel sur la base du $syst{\grave{e}}me$ des places. Dire $l'ind{\acute{e}}pendance$ de la structure syntaxique revient $\grave{a}$ dire qu'il y a une coupure entre le $syst{\grave{e}}me$ positionnel et le $syst{\grave{e}}me$ des places. Autrement dit, sans cette coupure, on ne peut parler de $l'ind{\acute{e}}pendance$ de la structure syntaxique. Ainsi $distingu{\acute{e}}s$, les deux $syst{\grave{e}}mes$ en cause se mettent en relation soit naturels soit non naturels ou par distorsion $d'apr{\grave{e}}s$ Milner. La relation naturelle est une relation lexico-syntaxique $n{\acute{e}}e$ au moment $o{\grave{u}}$ un terme lexical occupe une position syntaxique dont la $cat{\acute{e}}gorie$ est identique $\grave{a}$ celle de son occupant. A la $diff{\acute{e}}rence$ de cette relation d'occupation naturelle $suppos{\acute{e}}e$ chez Milner comme une tendance du langage naturel, la relation d'occupation non naturelle est "paradoxale" dans le sens $o{\grave{u}}$ elle est produite dans la rencontre plus ou moins "anomale" entre l'occupant lexical et $l'occup{\acute{e}}$ syntaxique. Le $degr{\acute{e}}$ de l'anomalie qu'une langue autorise peut ${\hat{e}}tre$ $mesur{\acute{e}}$ empiriquement et doit ${\hat{e}}tre$ $vari{\acute{e}}$ en fonction de la langue $concern{\acute{e}}e$. Le $caract{\grave{e}re$ $g{\acute{e}}om{\acute{e}}trique$ de la syntaxe $am{\grave{e}}ne$ ${\grave{a}}$ remettre en cause, entre autres, $l'empiricit{\acute{e}}$ et la $mat{\acute{e}}rialit{\acute{e}}$ de la $g{\acute{e}}om{\acute{e}}trie$ syntaxique. En ce qui concerne ces sujets, nos $th{\grave{e}}ses$ sont les suivantes : la nature de la $g{\acute{e}}om{\acute{e}}trie$ syntaxique n'est pas a priori mais empirique ; la $g{\acute{e}}om{\acute{e}}trie$ de la syntaxe peut et doit ${\hat{e}}tre$ construite $\grave{a}$ l'aide de la logique "empirique".

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.8-12
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• 2005

Response in a modified reciprocal recurrent selection scheme for egg production was evaluated considering variable family sizes and genetic correlation between purebred and crossbred half sisters. The criteria of selection of purebred breeders included pullet's own performance, purebred full and half sisters and crossbred half sister's performance. Heritability of egg production of crossbreds (aggregate genotype) and purebred's was assumed to be 0.2 and genetic correlation between purebred and crossbred half sisters ($r_{pc}$) as 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0, -0.1, -0.2, -0.3, -0.4, -0.5 and -1.0. Number of dams per sire to produce purebred and crossbred progenies assumed to be 5, 6, 7, 8, while number of purebred female progeny ($N_p$) and crossbred progeny ($N_c$) per dam were considered to be 3, 4, 5 and 6 in each case. Considering phenotypic variance as unity, selection indices were constructed for different combinations of dams and progeny for each value of $r_{pc}$. Following selection index theory, response in crossbred and purebred for egg production was computed. Results indicated that response in crossbreds depended mainly on crossbred family size and also on magnitude of$r_{pc}$ irrespective of its direction, and response was greater with large crossbred family size than the purebred families. Correlated response in purebreds depends both on magnitude and direction of $r_{pc}$ and was expected to be greater with large purebred family size only. Inclusion of purebred information increased the accuracy of selection for crossbred response for higher magnitude of$r_{pc}$ irrespective of its direction. Present results indicate that desirable response in both crossbred and purebred performance is a function of $r_{pc}$ and family sizes. The ratio of crossbred and purebred family sizes can be optimized depending on the objective of improving the performance of crossbreds and/or of purebreds.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.118-127
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• 1984

In order to find an appropriate model for rice crop-season, the possibility to utilize the geographical conditions instead of meteorological factors was examined on the data from the Local Adaptability Test(LAT) conducted over the country from 1962 to 1980. The mutiple regression model, $Y={\Upsilon}={\ss}{\sum}_{i=1}^n{\beta}^1X^iwas applied on seeding, transplanting, heading and marginal heading date, and multiple regression coefficients(\beta) and multiple correlation coefficients (R) were tested. Two varietal groups, japonica(1962-l971) and indica/japonica(l972-1980) were separately tested. The application of these established models, growth duration in nursery and paddy field, cultural season, and the relation between heading date and yield are reviewed.

• Korean Business Review
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• 제5권
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• pp.241-274
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• 1992

General American English(=A.E.) has conservative elements as well as progressive elements. A.E. and B.E. are languages which have more similarities than differances. In this paper. I studied the process of English progress before the A.E. had come into being, and the historical background and the cahristics of A.E. coming into being. Considering the differences between A.E. and B.E. from spelling, pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, I can give the outline as follows. A spelling 1. B.E. : au, ou $${\rightarrow}$$A.E. : a, o 2. B.E. : e $${\rightarrow}$$A.E. : i 3. B.E. : $${\ae}$$ oe $${\rightarrow}$$A.E. : e 4. B.E. : our $${\rightarrow}$$A.E. : or 5. B.E. : re $${\rightarrow}$$A.E. : er B. pronunciation 1. B.E. : [e] $${\rightarrow}$$A.E. : [i], [e], $$[\partial]$$ 2. B.E. : [a] $${\rightarrow}$$A.E. : 3. B.E. : [i(:)] $${\rightarrow}$$A.E. : [ai], $$[\partial]$$, $$[{\varepsilon}]$$ 4. B.E. : $$[{\ae}]$$ $${\rightarrow}$$A.E. : [e], [c] 5. B.E. : [ai] $${\rightarrow}$$A.E. : $$[{\ae}]$$, [e] 6. B.E. : [c] $${\rightarrow}$$A.E. : [e], [a], [o] 7. In case of "Vowel+[t]+Vowel", [t] is pronounced into [d] or [r] 8. In case of "-nt", [t] becomes a mute. 9. [t]+[j, l, m, n, r, u, or, w] $${\rightarrow}$$A.E. : [?] (=glottal stop) 10. B.E. : [w] $${\rightarrow}$$A.E. : [hw] 11. B.E. : [Voiceless consonants], [Voiced consonants] $${\leftarrow}$$A.E. : [Voiced consonants], [Voiceless consonants] C. Vocabulary The historical background and geographical conditions of those days caused lots of new compounds and neologies. D. Grammar Though we use "of" to indicate the possessive case of inanimate object, -s genitive is used in A.E. In the perfect tense, "have" is often omitted and also auxiliary verb "will" is used in any case