• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.452-452
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• 2010

차세대 디스플레이로서 주목 받고 있는 유연성 정보표시 소자 개발에 대한 요구도가 날로 증대되고 있다. 유연성 정보표시 소자로서 플라스틱 기반 유연성 소자가 특히 주목 받고 있으나, 이의 실용화를 위해서는 플라스틱 기판에 적용 가능한 보호막 형성 기술 개발이 선행되어야 한다. 플라스틱 필름의 경우 높은 산소 및 수분 투과율 때문에 유연성 디스플레이의 응용에 걸림돌이 되고 있다. 플라스틱 기반 유연성 소자의 장수명화를 위해서는 수분과 산소의 투과를 방지하는 passivation layer 형성 기술이 필수적으로 요구된다. 본 연구에서는, polyethylene terephethalate (PET) 기판상에 증착된 $SiO_x$ 보호막의 합성에 있어서 중간층 유무에 따른 투습특성의 변화를 살펴보았다. 기화된 HMDSO (Hexamethyldisiloxane)와 Ar 및 $O_2$ 혼합기체를 이용하여 PECVD 방법으로 $SiO_x$ 박막을 합성하였다. 15 nm 두께의 $Al_2O_3$를 중간층으로 사용하여 중간층 유무에 따른 초기성장 거동 변화가 $SiO_x$ 박막의 투습 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. $SiO_x$ 박막 구조와 화학적 조성은 각각 FE-SEM과 FT-IR을 이용하여 분석하였으며, AFM을 이용하여 $SiO_x$ 박막 표면 미세 형상을 관찰하였다. 투습률은 MOCON사(社)의 Permatran-W 3/33 MA을 이용하여 측정하였다. 그리고 반복 굽힘 시험기를 이용하여 $SiO_x$ 보호막의 동적 투습 특성을 조사하였다. $Al_2O_3$ 중간층 유무에 따라 $SiO_x$ 박막의 투습률 (WVTR; water vapor transmission rate)은 ${\sim}10^{-1}g/m^2/day$(300 nm-thick $SiO_x$/PET)에서 ${\sim}5{\times}10^{-3}g/m^2/day$(300 nm-thick $SiO_x$/15 nm-thick $Al_2O_3$/PET)으로 변화하였다. 300 nm-thick $SiO_x$/15 nm-thick $Al_2O_3$/PET 시편의 경우 곡지름 50 mm에서 1,000회 반복 굽힘 후에도 투습률 변화를 보이지 않았다. 이와 같은 $SiO_x$ 박막의 투습 특성 변화는 $Al_2O_3$ 중간층 유무에 따른 초기 성장 거동의 변화로 해석된다. FE-SEM 및 AFM 표면 미세 구조 관찰을 통한 초기 성장 거동 변화 조사 결과, $Al_2O_3$ 중간층 없이 PET 기판위에 $SiO_x$ 박막 증착한 경우 3 차원 성장을 하는 반면, PET기판위에 $Al_2O_3$ 중간층 형성 후 $SiO_x$ 박막 증착하는 경우 2 차원 성장을 하게 됨을 관찰하였다. 따라서 본 연구를 통하여, 플라스틱 기반 유연성 표시 소자에 적용하기 위한 $SiO_x$ 보호막 합성 에 있어서 초기 성장 거동의 변화가 투습 특성에 민감한 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었다.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 1999

Physical analysis of some composite films of outer packaging at process cheeses in Korea is as following. In comparison with four composite films, tensile strength is $72.2{\mu}PET/PVDC/PE/AL-vac/PE\;film\;MD9.55kg/15mm,\;TD8.95kg/15mm>79.3{\mu}PET/PVDC/L-LDPE\;film\;MD5.37kg/15mm,\;TD5.01kg/15mm>96.9{\mu}PE/PVDC/PE\;film\;MD5.42kg/15mm,\;TD4.73kg/15mm>61.6{\mu}PVDC/PE/AL-vac/CPS\;film\;MD4.65kg/15mm,\;TD4.22kg/15mm$. Water vapor transmission is $72.2{\mu}PET/PVDC/PE/AL-vac/PE\;film\;0.41g/m^2{\cdot}24hr>79.3{\mu}PET/PVDC/L-LDPE\;film\;3.77g/m^2{\cdot}24hr>96.9{\mu}PE/PVDC/PE\;film\;3.81g/m^2{\cdot}24hr>61.6{\mu}PVDC/PE/AL-vac/4.91g/m^2{\cdot}24hr$. Gas transmission $O_2:N_2:CO_2$ is $72.2{\mu}PET/PVDC/PE/AL-vac/PE\;film\;1.81:0.74:4.2cc/m^2{\cdot}24hr{\cdot}atm>79.3{\mu}PET/PVDC/L-LDPE\;film\;13.4:6.4:34.2cc/m^2{\cdot}24hr{\cdot}atm>96.9{\mu}PE/PVDC/PE\;film\;15.3:7.1:42.0cc/m^2{\cdot}24hr{\cdot}atm>61.6{\mu}PVDC/PE/AL-vac/CPS\;film\;25.3:12.5:59.3cc/m^2{\cdot}24hr{\cdot}atm$ each other. And for preservation this were sealed to filths $N_2,\;CO_2$ gas or defilling ai (vacuum type) in the packaging and reserved less than $10^{\circ}C$ at refrigerator.

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.51-56
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• 2018

Azeotropic drying process is routinely applied to enhance nucleophilicity of $[^{18}F]$fluoride ion during the nucleophilic production of PET radiotracers; however, the drying process requires usually 15-25 min. Due to the high demand of employing fluorine-18 ($t_{1/2}=109.8min$) in PET radiopharmaceutical production, several research groups have focused on the method development, obviating tedious removal process of the residual target water ($[^{18}O]H_2O$) for $[^{18}F]$fluoride ion complex to be used in radiofluorination. Some development in radiofluorination in a mixed organic solvent system was demonstrated with various aliphatic substrates, but only kryptand as a phase transfer agent was utilized in the reported method. Here, we extend to investigate the development scope of applicability with basic alkyl ammonium salt as a phase transfer agent through the extensive elution efficiency study and radiofluorination outcome for aliphatic radiofluorination.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.238-249
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• 1998

Purpose: To localize and compare the neural basis of verbal and visual human working memory, we performed functional activation study using $H_2^{15}O$ PET. Materials and Methods: Repeated $H_2^{15}O$ PET scans with one control and three different activation tasks were performed on six right-handed normal volunteers. Each activation task was composed of 13 match-ing trials. On each trial, four targets, a fixation dot and a probe were presented sequentially and subject's task was to press a response button to indicate whether or not the probe was one of the previous targets. Short meaningful Korean words, simple drawings and monochromic pictures of human faces were used as matching objects for verbal or visual memory. All the images were spatially normalized and the differences between control and activation states were statistically analyzed using SPM96. Results: Statistical analysis of verbal memory activation with short words showed activation in the left Broca's area, promoter cortex, cerebellum and right cingulate gyrus. In verbal memory with simple drawings, activation was shown in the larger regions including where activated with short words and left superior temporal cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, prefrontal cortex, anterior portion of right superior temporal gyrus and right infero-lateral frontal cortex. On the other hand, the visual memory task activated predominantly right-sided structures, especially inferior frontal cortex, supplementary motor cortex and superior parietal cortex. Conclusion: The results are consistent with the hypothesis of the laterality and dissociation of the verbal and visual working memory from the invasive electrophysiological studies and emphasize the pivotal role of frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus in working memory system.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.68-80
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• 2012

Purpose : More recently, combined PET/MR scanners have been developed in which the MR data can be used for both anatometabolic image formation and attenuation correction of the PET data. For quantitative PET information, correction of tissue photon attenuation is mandatory. The attenuation map is obtained from the CT scan in the PET/CT. In the case of PET/MR, the attenuation map can be calculated from the MR image. The purpose of this study was to assess the quantitative differences between MR-based and CT-based attenuation corrected PET images. Materials and Methods : Using the uniform cylinder phantom of distilled water which has 199.8 MBq of $^{18}F$-FDG put into the phantom, we studied the effect of MR-based and CT-based attenuation corrected PET images, of the PET-CT using time of flight (TOF) and non-TOF iterative reconstruction. The images were acquired from 60 minutes at 15-minute intervals. Region of interests were drawn over 70% from the center of the image, and the Scanners' analysis software tools calculated both maximum and mean SUV. These data were analyzed by one way-anova test and Bland-Altman analysis. MR images are segmented into three classes(not including bone), and each class is assigned to each region based on the expected average attenuation of each region. For clinical diagnostic purpose, PET/MR and PET/CT images were acquired in 23 patients (Ingenuity TF PET/MR, Gemini TF64). PET/CT scans were performed approximately 33.8 minutes after the beginnig of the PET/MR scans. Region of interests were drawn over 9 regions of interest(lung, liver, spleen, bone), and the Scanners' analysis software tools calculated both maximum and mean SUV. The SUVs from 9 regions of interest in MR-based PET images and in CT-based PET images were compared. These data were analyzed by paired t test and Bland-Altman analysis. Results : In phantom study, MR-based attenuation corrected PET images generally showed slightly lower -0.36~-0.15 SUVs than CT-based attenuation corrected PET images (p<0.05). In clinical study, MR-based attenuation corrected PET images generally showed slightly lower SUVs than CT-based attenuation corrected PET images (excepting left middle lung and transverse Lumbar) (p<0.05). And percent differences were -8.01.79% lower for the PET/MR images than for the PET/CT images. (excepting lung) Based on the Bland-Altman method, the agreement between the two methods was considered good. Conclusion : PET/MR confirms generally lower SUVs than PET/CT. But, there were no difference in the clinical interpretations made by the quantitative comparisons with both type of attenuation map.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.32-49
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• 1998

For estimation of regional myocardial blood flow with O-15 water PET, a few modifications considering partial volume effect based on single compartment model have been proposed. In this study, we attempted to quantify the degree of heterogeneity and to show the effect of tissue flow heterogeneity on partition coefficient(${\lambda}$) and to find the relation between perfusable tissue index(PTI) and ${\lambda}$ by computer simulation using two modified models. We simulated tissue curves for the regions with homogeneous and heterogeneous blood flow over a various flow range(0.2-4.0ml/g/min). Simulated heterogeneous tissue composed of 4 subregions of the same or different size of block which have different homogeneous flow and different degree of slope of distribution of blood flow. We measured the index representing heterogeneity of distribution of blood flow for each heterogeneous tissue by the constitution heterogeneity(CH). For model I, we assumed that tissue recovery coefficient ($F_{MME}$) was the product of partial volume effect($F_{MMF}$) and PTI. Using model I, PTI, flow, and $F_{MM}$ were estimated. For model II, we assumed that partition coefficient was another variable which could represent tissue characteristics of heterogeneity of flow distribution. Using model II, PTI, flow and ${\lambda}$ were estimated. For the simulated tissue with homogeneous flow, both models gave exactly the same estimates, of three parameters. For the simulated tissue with heterogeneous flow distribution, in model I, flow and $F_{MM}$ were correctly estimated as CH was increased moderately. In model II, flow and ${\lambda}$ were decreased curvi-linearly as CH was increased. The degree of underestimation of ${\lambda}$ obtained using model II, was correlated with CH. The degree of underestimation of flow was dependent on the degree of underestimation of ${\lambda}$. PTI was somewhat overestimated and did not change according to CH. We conclude that estimated ${\lambda}$ reflect the degree of tissue heterogeneity of flow distribution. We could use the degree of underestimation of ${\lambda}$ to find the characteristic heterogeneity of tissue flow and use ${\lambda}$ to recover the underestimated flow.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 1994

MDABM and MDAEW, as a accelerating weight loss agents, were prepared by adding water to myristyldimethylbenzylammonium bromide(MDAB) and myristyldimethylethylammonium ethyl sulfate (MDAE) synthesized. As a result of weight loss finishing of the MDABW and MDAEW with NaOH on PET fiber, the ratio of weight loss of MDABW was very larger than that of MDAEW. This result showed that quaternary ammonium bromide had higher weight loss effect than quaternary ammonium sulfate, and the ratio of weight loss was greatly varied with the kind of quaternary ammonium salts used. In these conditions, proper treatment concentration, treatment time, and treatment bath ratio were about 8g/l, $6O{\sim}90min$, and $40:1{\sim}50:1$, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.86-90
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• 2012

Purpose: Quantification of myocardial blood flow (MBF) using dynamic PET imaging has the potential to assess coronary artery disease. Rb-82 plays a key role in the clinical assessment of myocardial perfusion using PET. However, MBF could be overestimated due to the underestimation of left ventricular input function in the beginning of the acquisition when the scanner has non-linearity between count rate and activity concentration due to the scanner dead-time. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the count rate linearity as a function of the activity concentration in PET data acquired in list mode. Materials & methods: A cylindrical phantom (diameter, 12 cm length, 10.5 cm) filled with 296 MBq F-18 solution and 800 mL of water was used to estimate the linearity of the Biograph 40 True Point PET/CT scanner. PET data was acquired with 10 min per frame of 1 bed duration in list mode for different activity concentration levels in 7 half-lives. The images were reconstructed by OSEM and FBP algorithms. Prompt, net true and random counts of PET data according to the activity concentration were measured. Total and background counts were measured by drawing ROI on the phantom images and linearity was measured using background correction. Results: The prompt count rates in list mode were linearly increased proportionally to the activity concentration. At a low activity concentration (<30 kBq/mL), the prompt net true and random count rates were increased with the activity concentration. At a high activity concentration (>30 kBq/mL), the increasing rate of the prompt net true rates was slightly decreased while the increasing rate of random counts was increased. There was no difference in the image intensity linearity between OSEM and FBP algorithms. Conclusion: The Biograph 40 True Point PET/CT scanner showed good linearity of count rate even at a high activity concentration (~370 kBq/mL).The result indicates that the scanner is useful for the quantitative analysis of data in heart dynamic studies using Rb-82, N-13, O-15 and F-18.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.228-232
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• 2006

Purpose: electrophilic $^{18}F(T_{1/2}=110\;min)$ radionuclide in the form of $[^{18}F]F_2$ gas is of great significance for labeling radiopharmaceuticals for positron omission tomography (PET). However, its production In high yield and with high specific radioactivity is still a challenge to overcome several problems on targetry. The aim of the present study was to develop a method suitable for the routine production of $[^{18}F]F_2$ for the electrophilic substitution reaction. Materials and Methods: The target was designed water-cooled aluminum target chamber system with a conical bore shape. Production of the elemental fluorine was carried out via the $^{18}O(p,n)^{18}F$ reaction using a two-step irradiation protocol. In the first irradiation, the target filled with highly enriched $^{18}O_2$ was irradiated with protons for $^{18}F$ production, which were adsorbed on the inner surface of target body. In the second irradiation, the mixed gas ($1%[^{19}F]F_2/Ar$) was leaded into the target chamber, fellowing a short irradiation of proton for isotopic exchange between the carrier-fluorine and the radiofluorine absorbed in the target chamber. Optimization of production was performed as the function of irradiation time, the beam current and $^{18}O_2$ loading pressure. Results: Production runs was performed under the following optimum conditions: The 1st irradiation for the nuclear reaction (15.0 bar of 97% enriched $^{18}O_2$, 13.2 MeV protons, 30 ${\mu}A$, 60-90 min irradiation), the recovery of enriched oxygen via cryogenic pumping; The 2nd irradiation for the recovery of absorbed radiofluorine (12.0 bar of 1% $[^{19}F]fluorine/argon$ gas, 13.2 MeV protons, 30 ${\mu}A$, 20-30 min irradiation) the recovery of $[^{18}F]fluorine$ for synthesis. The yield of $[^{18}F]fluorine$ at EOB (end of bombardment) was achieved around $34{\pm}6.0$ GBq (n>10). Conclusion: The production of $^{18}F$ electrophilic agent via $^{18}O(p,n)^{18}F$ reaction was much under investigation. Especially, an aluminum gas target was very advantageous for routine production of $[^{18}F]fluorine$. These results suggest the possibility to use $[^{18}F]F_2$ gas as a electrophilic substitution agent.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.29-41
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• 1993

In order to surface Hydrophobilization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fiber samples were treated in the atmosphere of CF$_{4}$ or $C_{2}$F$_{6}$glow discharge. The sample used in this study was PET film which is 75$\mu$m thick made by Teijin, O-Type(Japan). The cleaned samples were placed in plasma reactor made of pyrex glass cylinder, and plasma processing was carried out by glow discharge of CF$_{4}$ or $C_{2}$F$_{6}$ gas, being continuously fed by gas flow and continuously pumped out by a vacuum system. Electric power source for generate plasma state was sustained alternating current(60Hz) and voltage was sustained 600 volt. The duration of plasma treatment varied from 15 to 120 seconds except special case, the monomer gase pressure varied from 0.02 to 0.3 Torr and power range was 10 to 90 watts. The hydrophobic features of changed PET surface were evaluated by contact angle measurement and surface chemical characteristics were analyzed by ESCA. Results can be summerized as follows. 1. The most favorable setting position of substrate was the center area between the two electrodes. 2. $C_{2}$F$_{6}$ discharge current was lower than that of CF$_{4}$ when same voltage was sustained. Treated efficiency between CF$_{4}$ and $C_{2}$F$_{6}$ did not revealed significant differences under same electric power(wattage). 3. When monomer pressure is very low below 0.02 torr, as though substrate is exposed to CF$_{4}$ or $C_{2}$F$_{6}$ plasma, it tend to be hydrophilic through a little of fluorine bond and a great deal of oxidizing reaction. 4. There brought good hydrophobilization when monomer pressure was more 0.1 torr and duration of glow discharge treatment was over 45 seconds. When monomer pressure was too high, discharge current became low. Although prolong the duration, there was no more high hydrophobilization. 5. According to ESCA analysis, there were a little CF bond and a prevailing CF$_{2}$ bond in CF$_{4}$-treated substrate. There were CF$_{3}$, a little CF and a prevailing CF$_{2}$ bond in $C_{2}$F$_{6}$-treated substrate.d substrate.