• 약학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.495-505
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• 1995

The O/W microemulsion systems were made from 2 or 4% (w/w) oil (soybean oil, olive oil or isopropyl myristate) and 10, 15 or 20% (w/w) Brij 96. They were compared with micellar solution of equivalent surfactant concentration m therms of physicochemical properties, and the solubilization of sudan IV. They were characterized by dynamic light scattering, stability, surface tension, viscosity and rheogram. The mean diameters of O/W microemulsion systems were 10-15nm, and those of Brij 96 micellar solutions were 18-19 nm. Both of them were monodisperse systems. The O/W microemulsion systems showed Newtonian flow and their apparent viscosities were lower than those of micellar solutions. The surface tensions of O/W microemulsion systems were increased or decreased depending on the types of oil used, when compared with those of micellar solutions. The O/W microemulsion systems were very stable, and did not show any flocculation or aggregation. Their mean diameters were not changed after three months. But oxidation was observed in microemulsions without nitrogen gas at high temperature. There was a significant improvement in the sudan IV solubffimtion in micromulsion compared with that m the micellar solution containing equivalent concentration of surfactant. The size distribution and mean diameters of O/W micromulsions were not changed when sudan IV was solubilized.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.141-149
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• 1998

In order to reduce systemic side effects following administration, flurbiprofen was formulated as O/W microemulsion consisting of the surfactant, oil phase and aqueous phase. Particle size distribution, apparent viscosity, solubility and skin permeation of flurbiprofen in various vehicles and microemulsion were evaluated. The domain of O/W microemulsion s phase diagram had difference between oil types and the area of O/W microemulsion was wide distributed by adding to PG and cosurfactant than that of water alone. As increasing 10, 15 and 20% of Brij 97 content and 1, 2.5, 5% of oil content, the solubility of flurbiprofen in O/W microemulsions and various vehicles was $400{\sim}1,000$ and $10{\sim}500$ times higher than that of control. Also, apparent viscosity of soybean oil microemulsions was higher than that of IPM microemulsions and that of vehicle were increased as increasing vehicle content. Since skin permeation of flurbiprofen decreased as increasing viscosity, in each vehicle, it was not affected 2% ${\beta}-CD$ and decreased as increasing PG content and to 2, 5 and 10% of $HP-{\beta}-CD$. In O/W microemulsion, 5% soybean oil. 20% Brij 97 and 75% water(A-1) with high viscosity showed low skin penetration.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.52-63
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• 1994

4성분계 o/w 형 microemulsion의 안정성과 유동특성에 비이온 계면활성제와 보조계면 활성제의 혼합비가 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 비이온 계면활성제와 보조계면 활성제의 혼합비에서 계면활성제의 양이 증가함에 따라 입자의 크기가 작아졌고, 경시안정성이 양호하였으며, 이 때의 혼합비는 20/40 - 30/30으로 나타났다. Rheogram을 통하여 시료에는 일정한 내부구조가 형성됨을 의미하는 항복점이 존재함을 알 수 있었으며, 전단속도 증감 시 전단응력이 일치하지 않는 hysteresis를 나타내었다. hysteresis의 면적은 혼합비에서 계면활성제의 양이 많아짐에 따라 커졌으며 제조된 microemulsion은 rheopetic한 특성을 보였다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.1400-1404
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• 2005

The aim of the present study was to develop the aqueous parenteral formulation containing propofol using o/w microemulsion systems. Propofol itself was chosen as the oil phase and its content was fixed to 1$\%$, w/w. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to obtain the concentration range of surfactant and cosurfacatnt and the optimum ratio between them for microemulsion formation. Consequently, the suitability of the chosen microemulsion system as a parenteral formulation was evaluated from the stability and hemolysis tests on that. Among the surfactants and cosurfactants screened, the mixture of Solutol HS 15-ethyl alcohol (5/1) showed the largest o/w mocroemulsion region in the phase diagram. When 1 $\%$ (w/w) of propofol was solubilized with 8$\%$ (w/w) of Solutol $HS^{circledR}$??? 15-ethyl alcohol (5/1), the average droplet size (150 nm) and the content of propofol in the systems were not significantly changed at 40$^{circ}C$ for 8 weeks. The hemolysis test showed that this formulation was nontoxic to red blood cells. In conclusion, propofol was successfully solubilized with the o/w microemulsion systems.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2023

TiO₂ is a versatile metal oxide material that is frequently used as a photo-catalyst for organic pollutant oxidation and a functional material for ultraviolet-ray protection. To improve its chemical/physical properties and widen the range of industrial application, it is demanded to control the crystalline feature and morphology precisely by applying advanced nano-synthesis methods. In this study, we prepared TiO₂ nanoparticles using the water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion method and compared them with the particles synthesized by the conventional precipitation method. Also, we tried to find the optimum conditions for obtaining nano-sized, anatase-rich TiO₂ particles by the W/O microemulsion method. We analyzed the crystalline feature and particle size of the prepared samples using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In summary, we found the W/O microemulsion is more effective than precipitation in obtaining nano-sized TiO₂. The best result was derived when the microemulsion was formed using AOT surfactant, hydrolysis was performed under basic condition and the sample was calcined at 200℃.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1021-1026
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• 2000

음이온계면활성제인 sodium di[2-ethylhexyl] sulfosuccinate(AOT)를 isooctane에 용해하여 조제한 W/O형 마이크로에멀젼을 이용하여 수용액중의 카드뮴, 구리 및 크롬 등의 중금속이온을 조작이 간단하고 효과적이며 대량으로 분리처리할 수 있는 시스템을 개발하였다. $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$ 및 $Cr^{3+}$는 W/O형 마이크로에멀젼에 의한 분리 후 3~7분 후에 평형에 도달하였고, 분리율과 분리속도는 수용액의 pH가 증가할수록 증가하였으며 $Cr^{6+}$ 는 전 pH 영역에서 분리제거가 되지 않았다. pH 3.5에서 $Cr^{3+}$는 5분 후에 90%이상 제거되었다. 분리속도식은 유사1차식으로 나타낼 수 있으며, 초기 물질전달계수(Jo)와 수용액 pH의 상관관계를 제시하였다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.171-176
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• 2008

Talniflumate is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which has been used treat of rheumatoid diseases, is insoluble in water, therefore it has low bioavailability after oral administration. The purposes of this study were to prepare O/W or W/O microemulsions for solubilization of poorly water soluble drug, talniflumate and to formulate into other dosage form. For this purpose, we made O/W or W/O microemulsion with oil(soybean oil, IPM), surfactant (Cremophor $EL^{(R)}$, Tween 80) and water or propylene glycol and evaluated solubility of talniflumate. The microemulsion systems were very stable and showed transmittance above 95% without flocculation or aggregation. Especially, the solubility of talniflumate in the formulation B-1 containing 18% of isopropyl myristate and 71% of tween 80 was 10 times higher than that of other O/W microemulsions. The addition of propylene glycol and N-methylglutamine to the fomulation B-1 showed excellent capacity on the solubilization of talniflumate and the percentage was almost 2.0%. These results suggest that the microemulsion system may be promising for the solubility improvement of talniflumate.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.364-371
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 연속상의 종류가 AOT 계면활성제 시스템의 water-in-oil(W/O) 마이크로에멀젼을 이용한 할로겐화은 나노입자 제조에 미치는 영향에 관하여 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 계면활성제, 연속상 오일, 무기염 수용액으로 이루어진 삼성분 시스템에 대하여 탄화수소의 연속상 종류를 변화하면서 상평형 실험을 수행한 결과, 탄화수소의 사슬 길이가 증가함에 따라 계면활성제 시스템의 친수성이 증가하여 단일상으로 존재하는 W/O 마이크로에멀젼 영역은 증가하였다. 상평형 실험결과에 의하여 결정된 단일상의 영역 내에서 W/O 마이크로에멀젼을 이용하여 할로겐화은 나노입자를 제조한 결과, 10 nm 전후의 구형에 가까운 비교적 균일한 입자가 형성되었다. 사용한 연속상 탄화수소의 사슬 길이가 증가할수록 마이크로에멀젼의 film rigidity를 감소시킴에 따라 마이크로에멀젼 사이의 교환 속도가 빨라져서 생성된 할로겐화은 나노입자의 크기는 작아지고 반면에 개수는 증가하였다. 또한 동일한 시스템에서 무기염 수용액의 조성을 증가시킴에 따라 생성된 나노입자의 크기는 증가함을 알 수 있었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.330-339
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 비이온 계면활성제, 보조계면활성제 등의 첨가제가 AOT 계면활성제 시스템의 water-in-oil(W/O) 마이크로에멀젼을 이용한 AgCl 나노입자 제조에 미치는 영향에 관하여 살펴보았다. AOT 계면활성제, isooctane, 무기염 수용액으로 이루어진 삼성분 시스템에 NP 계열 비이온 계면활성제를 첨가한 결과, 단일상으로 존재하는 W/O 마이크로에멀젼 영역은 증가하였으며, 일반적으로 첨가한 비이온 계면활성제의 친수성이 증가할수록 단일상의 영역은 증가하였다. 또한 첨가한 비이온 계면활성제는 마이셀의 계면을 보다 유연하게 함으로써 생성된 입자의 크기는 증가하고 분포도는 넓어졌다. 한편 보조계면활성제로 알코올을 첨가하면서 상평형 실험을 수행한 결과, 알코올의 사슬 길이가 증가하거나 첨가량이 증가할수록 단일상으로 존재하는 W/O 마이크로에멀젼이 보다 좁은 영역에서 형성되었다. 상평형 실험결과에 의하여 결정된 단일상의 W/O 마이크로에멀젼 영역 내에 해당하는 조건에서 보조계면활성제의 사슬 길이와 첨가량을 변화시키면서 AgCl 나노입자 제조실험을 수행한 결과, 생성된 AgCl 입자의 특성은 보조계면활성제 첨가에 따른 마이크로에멀젼의 radius of spontaneous curvature와 필름 rigidity의 변화에 의하여 결정됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.167-173
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• 2002

The isoflavone as a derivatives of flavone is colorless crystalline compounds. It acts on synthesis of fibronectine, collagen III, collagen I in human normal fibroblast by same biological activity to animal hormone. In this study, we tried to search and demonstrate system content rate of dermal translocation system for cosmetics using microemulsion containing isoflavone. The results of microemulsion stability test by centrifugation, storage in incubator and circulation chamber showed that separation of phase did not appear after 30 days. By the skin flexibility test, it has confirmed efficiency and effect as cosmetics materials. As the result, the microemulsion showed that skin flexibility factor improved up to 7.6%. We could confirm that O/W type microemulsion was stable system.