• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.331-336
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• 1998

This review was conducted to analyse the effect of nutrition on physiological responses; heat production of domestic animal during exercise. Overall, it can be concluded that the major factors likely to affect heat production in domestic animals during exercise (including work load) are body weight, speed, the gradients attempted, feed intake, ambient conditions (including temperature and solar radiation) and altitude. On nutrition-exercise interactions, for example, it has been concluded that animals on better quality diets produce more heat than those on poorer quality ones, and that glucose as well as acetate are metabolized as energy sources during both rest and exercise.

• ALGAE
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.155-171
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• 2010

The underlying physiology of algal antioxidant compounds is reviewed in the context of seaweed biology and utilization. The application of seaweed antioxidants in foods, food supplements, nutraceuticals and medicine is considered from the perspective of benefits to human health. We advocate that direct consumption of seaweed products for their antioxidant composition alone provides a useful alternative to non-natural substances, while simultaneously providing worthwhile nutritional benefits. Economic utilization of seaweeds for their antioxidant properties remains in its infancy. This review provides examples ranging from laboratory studies through to clinical trials where antioxidants derived from seaweeds may provide major health benefits that warrant subsequent investigative studies and possible utilization.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2015

Neuronal activities of taste-responsive cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) are affected by various physiological factors, such as blood glucose level or sodium imbalance. These phenomena suggest that NST taste neurons are under the influence of neural substrates that regulate nutritional homeostasis. In this study, we reviewed a series of in vivo electrophysiological investigations that demonstrate that forebrain nuclei, such as the lateral hypothalamus or central nucleus of the amygdala, send descending projections and modulate neuronal activity of gustatory neurons in the NST. These centrifugal modulations may mediate plasticity of taste response in the NST under different physiological conditions.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.73-80
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• 1968

대두(大豆)의 영양생리(榮養生理)의 연구(硏究)로서 위선(爲先) 시비시기(施肥時期)의 조지(早遲)에 따라서 생육(生育) 및 수량(收量)을 조사(調査)하였다. 시비시기(施肥時期)는 제(第)1복엽전개기(複葉展開期) 즉(卽) 비교적(比較的) 빠른 시기(時期)에 시비(施肥)한 것이 생육(生育) 및 수량(收量)에 현저(顯著)하게 좋은 성적(成積)을 나타냈다. 또 제(第)6복엽전관기(複葉展關期)에 시비(施肥)한 것은 상기(上記)의 경우에 비(比)해서 양호(良好)하지는 않았지만 비교적(比較的) 양호(良好)한 결과(結果)를 나타냈다. 개비기이후(開肥期以後)에 시비(施肥)한 것은 큰 차(差)를 초래(招來)하였다. 특(待)히 착협기이후(着莢期以後)의 시비(施肥)는 의의(意議)가 거의 없었다. 또 탄수화물집적(炭水化物集積)의 경우(境遇)을 조사(調査)하였는데 전탄수화물양(全炭水化物量), 가용성당양(可溶性糖量)을 둘다 시비시기(施肥時期)에 따라서 기관(器官)마다 어느정도(程度) 특유(特有)한 소장곡선(消長曲線)을 가지고 있었다. 그러나 현저(顯著)한 사실(事實)은 만기(晩期) 시비(施肥)한 경우인데 이때에는 정상(正常)한 생육(生育)을 위(爲)한 소장곡선(消長曲線)은 나타내주지 않았다. 또 조기시비(早期施肥)의 경우는 광합성(光合成)의 촉진(促進)도 왕성(旺盛)하다는 점(點)은 비료성분중(肥料成分中)에서도 질소(窒素)의 흡수(吸收)에 의(依)해서 체내(體內)의 함질소물(含窒素物)의 증가(增加)에 기인(起因)되어 있다는 점(點)도 지적(指摘)되였다. 시비시기조지(施肥時期早遲)에 있어서의 탄수화물함량(炭水化物含量)의 다소(多少)는 조기시복시(早期施服時)의 비효의 의의(意義)의 일부분(一部分)을 또한 명백(明白)하게 시사(示唆)하여 주었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.880-884
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• 2001

Rumen microbiology research has undergone several evolutionary steps: the isolation and nutritional characterization of readily cultivated microbes; followed by the cloning and sequence analysis of individual genes relevant to key digestive processes; through to the use of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) sequences for a cultivation-independent examination of microbial diversity. Our knowledge of rumen microbiology has expanded as a result, but the translation of this information into productive alterations of ruminal function has been rather limited. For instance, the cloning and characterization of cellulase genes in Escherichia coli has yielded some valuable information about this complex enzyme system in ruminal bacteria. SSU rRNA analyses have also confirmed that a considerable amount of the microbial diversity in the rumen is not represented in existing culture collections. However, we still have little idea of whether the key, and potentially rate-limiting, gene products and (or) microbial interactions have been identified. Technologies allowing high throughput nucleotide and protein sequence analysis have led to the emergence of two new fields of investigation, genomics and proteomics. Both disciplines can be further subdivided into functional and comparative lines of investigation. The massive accumulation of microbial DNA and protein sequence data, including complete genome sequences, is revolutionizing the way we examine microbial physiology and diversity. We describe here some examples of our use of genomics- and proteomics-based methods, to analyze the cellulase system of Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 and explore the genome of Ruminococcus albus 8. At Illinois, we are using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors to create libraries containing large (>75 kbases), contiguous segments of DNA from R. flavefaciens FD-1. Considering that every bacterium is not a candidate for whole genome sequencing, BAC libraries offer an attractive, alternative method to perform physical and functional analyses of a bacterium's genome. Our first plan is to use these BAC clones to determine whether or not cellulases and accessory genes in R. flavefaciens exist in clusters of orthologous genes (COGs). Proteomics is also being used to complement the BAC library/DNA sequencing approach. Proteins differentially expressed in response to carbon source are being identified by 2-D SDS-PAGE, followed by in-gel-digests and peptide mass mapping by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry, as well as peptide sequencing by Edman degradation. At Ohio State, we have used a combination of functional proteomics, mutational analysis and differential display RT-PCR to obtain evidence suggesting that in addition to a cellulosome-like mechanism, R. albus 8 possesses other mechanisms for adhesion to plant surfaces. Genome walking on either side of these differentially expressed transcripts has also resulted in two interesting observations: i) a relatively large number of genes with no matches in the current databases and; ii) the identification of genes with a high level of sequence identity to those identified, until now, in the archaebacteria. Genomics and proteomics will also accelerate our understanding of microbial interactions, and allow a greater degree of in situ analyses in the future. The challenge is to utilize genomics and proteomics to improve our fundamental understanding of microbial physiology, diversity and ecology, and overcome constraints to ruminal function.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.221-228
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• 2009

Nosema sp. infection in the Indian tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta exerts a complex of influences on its host. The instar duration was extended significantly (P<0.001) except in $1^{st}$ instar. The infected larvae took about 48 days to reach the spinning stage against 40 days in the uninfected ones. The final weight attained by the larva at the end of each instar of development declined significantly following infection, as did weight gain and relative growth rate (RGR). The growth recorded/ day declined in infected larvae compared to uninfected ones from 8.2% during $1^{st}$ instar to 43.3% during $5^{th}$ instar. Food ingestion and digestion increased with advancement of the instar significantly irrespective of the status of the larvae but the relative consumption rate (RCR) declined. These parameters significantly declined in infected larvae (except food digested during $2^{nd}$ instar). The decline was more during $3^{rd}$ instar. In contrast, the approximate digestibility (AD %) was significantly higher in infected larvae than uninfected ones leaving the $1^{st}$ instar larvae unaffected. The efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) did not change in a patterned way following the microsporidia (Nosema sp.) infection. The values of ECI significantly changed during $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$ and $5^{th}$ instars; while the change in ECD during $2^{nd}$, $4^{th}$ and $5^{th}$ were significant. During the entire larval life all the parameters tends to decline significantly following microsporidia infection but AD registered a significant increase. Nosema sp. spore concentration has increased 270.7 times during larval development in the course of experimentation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제59권10호
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• pp.22.1-22.7
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• 2017

Background: Very limited information exists on the ruminal degradation kinetics of nutrients in garlic stalk. The present study aimed to survey the annual yield of garlic stalk in Korea and determine its feed-nutritive value for ruminants. Methods: In Experiment 1, garlic stalk was incubated in situ in the rumen of two Hanwoo steers ($360{\pm}15kg$ body weight) and removed after 12, 24, or 48 h to determine the ruminal degradation kinetics of DM and NDF. Rice straw was also included for comparison. In Experiment 2, In Experiment 2, six male Corriedale sheep were randomized to two dietary treatments to determine the apparent digestibility of nutrients in garlic stalk. Diets included a control ration without garlic stalk (60% concentrate mix +40% ryegrass) or a treatment ration (70% control diet +30% garlic stalk). Results: The Korean national yield of garlic stalk (sun-dried basis) in 2016 was estimated to be 31,910 tons, with the southern coastal regions producing the highest quantity. Compared with rice straw, garlic stalk had lower NDF, higher ADF, and greater effective degradabilities of DM and NDF, resulting in a greater TDN value (56.3%), which was higher than that obtained for rice straw (43.7%). Conclusion: These results provide basic information on the ruminal DM and NDF degradation kinetics of garlic stalk, which would be helpful for the efficient utilization of this by-product in ruminant diets

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.436-445
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• 2020

Objective: Ensiling is a simple and effective method for long-term preservation; however, less information exists about the ensilability characteristics of garlic stalk (GS). Therefore, the objectives were to examine the ensiling feasibility of GS. Methods: The GS was ensiled alone or inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum KU5 in the presence or absence of 5% molasses and ensiled for 7, 14, and 28 d. As an alternative storage method, GS was co-ensiled with wet citrus pulp (CP) at different proportions (GS:CP: 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, and 40:60). Analysis was made on physicochemical, fermentative, and nutritional parameters. Results: The GS was found to be a biomass which is difficult to ensile. A combination of microbial inoculant and molasses was successful in the improvement of the silage fermentation quality of GS. Co-ensiling of GS with wet CP at the mixing ratio of 50:50 provided the most desirable silage fermentation parameters, including the substantial lactic acid formation, low final pH, minor effluent loss, and the more favorable organoleptic properties. Conclusion: Co-ensiling GS with CP appears to be a simple and viable method of conservation, enabling the more efficient utilization of these by-product resources over a prolonged period.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.1275-1281
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• 2006

This research was planned and executed to evaluate how the nutritional composition and antioxidants contents and antioxidative activity of a composite with Eleutherococcus senticosus and several oriental medicinal herbs . Also, can effect health conditions of people who are suffering from diet-related disease like obesity and hyperlipidemia by taking healthy foods with a composite with Eleutherococcus senticosus and several oriental medicinal herbs in a form of nutritional supplement with our daily meals. With this observation, we found out that a composite with Eleutherococcus senticosus and several oriental medicinal herbs has dietary fiber, Zn, Cu, Fe and water soluble antioxidants and effect on antioxidative activity. We concluded that we could apply the components in a form of various foods. The information we received from this conclusion will be a basic information on how we can apply oriental medicinal resources into other foods and in the field of functional food research, which already draes sizable attention world-wide.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.61-80
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• 2010

Poultry welfare has recently appeared as worldwide concern as well as Korea. The recent action plan for farm animal welfare introduced by the European Commission intends to expand the body of regulatory standards. In this context, many countries and/or organization are on the verge of establishing the most optimum poultry welfare standards. To establish the most optimum standards, comparative analysis of feeding regimen before and after welfare-bestowed environment need to be preceded. Most guidelines or standards for poultry welfare do not suggest the nutritional requirements and feeding system in detail, although it is deterimental especially for the farmer. This review intends to find scientific base to establish detailed welfare feeding guidelines. However, only limited research has been conducted in the view of actual poultry welfare. The results indicated the incidence of SDS, ascites, skeletal dysfunctions caused by fast growth rate in broiler, feather pecking and cannibalism in laying hen, and feed restriction in broiler breeder could be reduced by changing nutritional regimen and feeding strategies or both. The regimen and feeding strategies are certainly near to the direction that the poultry welfare ought to be in the right track. In this article, feeding and drinking guidelines in many standards as well as welfare feeding experiments have been reviewed and compared In the view of chicken productivity, welfare physiology and poultry health.