• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.904-907
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• 1999

The experiment was aimed at studying the effect of ruminal $NH_3-N$ levels on ruminal fermentation, microbial population, urinary purine derivative excretion, digestibility and rice straw intake in swamp buffaloes. Five, 3 to 4 years old, rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes were randomly assigned according to a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design to rceive five different intraruminal infusions of $NH_4HCO_3$ (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 g/d) on a continuous daily basis. Rice straw as a roughage was offered ad libitum while concentrate was given at 0.8% BW daily. The results were that as levels of $NH_4HCO_3$ increased, ruminal $NH_3-N$ concentrations increased from 7.1 to 34.4 mg%. The highest digestibility and voluntary straw intakes were found at 13.6 to 17.6 mg% ruminal $NH_3-N$ levels; straw intake was highest at 13.6 mg%. Total bacterial and protozoal counts linearly increased as the ruminal $NH_3-N$ increased and were highest at 17.6 mg%. Total urinary purine derivatives and allantoin excretion were highest (44.0, 37.4 mM/d) at 17.6 mg% ruminal $NH_3-N$. Highest total VFAs (115 mM) were obtained a 13.6 mg% ruminal $NH_3-N$ while blood urea nitrogen significantly increased as ruminal $NH_3-N$ increased. The results from this experiment suggest that optimum ruminal $NH_3-N$ in swamp buffaloes is higher than 13.6 mg%, for improving rumen ecology, microbial protein synthesis, digestibility and straw intake.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 1998

In this study, the food intake, feces and urine of 14 primary school age boys and girls were collected and intake and excretion of iron and zinc were measured. The boys and girls were 8-12 years old and measurement continued for four weeks during which they maintained their normal living pattern. Each boy's and girl's daily intake and excretion of iron and zinc were measured and apparent digestibility and balance were also calculated. The results are as follows. Mean daily intake of iron was $14.9\pm{0.6mg}$ for the boys and $12.4\pm{0.5mg}$ for the girls. Mean daily intake of zinc was $11.8\pm{1.2mg}$ for the boys and $11.5\pm{0.4mg}$ for the girls. Mean daily fecal loss and apparent digestibility of iron was $6.1\pm{0.3mg}$ and $58.8\pm{2.0%}$ for the boys and $6.8\pm{0.1mg}$ and $44.1\pm{2.0%}$ for the girls. Mean daily fecal loss and apparent digestibility of zinc was $9.3\pm{0.2mg}$ and $14.4\pm{5.1%}$ for the boys and $9.7\pm{0.4mg}$ and $14.3\pm{4.3%}$ for the girls. Mean daily urinary loss of iron was $1.1\pm{0.1mg}$ and showed the positive balance of $7.86\pm{0.6mg}$ for the boys and $0.5\pm{0.1mg}$ and showed the positive balance of $5.14\pm{0.4mg}$ for the girls. Mean daily urinary loss of zinc was $0.5\pm{0.1mg}$ and showed the positive balance of $1.03\pm{0.6mg}$ for the girls.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.277-284
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• 1999

To confirm the food quality of conventionally processed fish extracts, protein quality of boiled crucian carp(Carassius carassius) and bastard halibut(Paralichthys olivaceus) extracts and their residues were evaluated. For the both fish extracts, some of the essential amino acids were lowered significantly but two times more proline and glycine were detected in extracts than those in raw fish meats. Boiling(100oC, 5 hours) caused 1.8(crucian carp)~2.4(bastard halibut) times more total free amino acid contents in fish extracts as compared to those in original fish meats. Taurine, glutamic acid, proline, lysine, and ammonia were the predominant free amino acids released in fish extracts. In vitro digestibility of boiled fish extracts were lower at a level of 4~6% than those of raw fish meats. Fish extraction residue had a higher in vitro digestibility and had a 60% lower level of TI than that of original fish meats. 18(bastard halibut)~ 24%(crucian carp) of available lysine was reduced in boiled fish extracts but a remarkable variation was not noted between extracts and residues. PERs and NPRs of fish extracts were significantly lower than those of casein, while those values of extraction residue were slightly higher as compared to those of control(ANRC casein). In vivo apparent digestibility exhibited a similar trend to in vitro digestibility. Hematological properties in serum of rat fed with fish extracts and residue were not changed significantly but the serum cholesterol concentration were reduced in rats fed fish extraction residue comparing with those of control. These results suggest that body weight loss due to fish extracts may not affect physiological changes.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.1776-1783
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• 2021

Objective: This project aimed to evaluate the effects of both different additives and filling methods on nutritive quality, fermentation profile, and in situ digestibility of whole plant corn silage. Methods: Whole plant corn forage harvested at 26.72% dry matter (DM) was chopped and treated with two filling methods, i) fill silos at one time (F1), ii) fill silos at three times (F3), packing samples into one/three silo capacity at the first day, another one/three capacity at the second day, then one/three at the third day, three replicates. For each replicate, samples were treated with three additives, i) control (CTRL, no additive), ii) Sila-Max (MAX, Ralco Nutrition Inc., Marshall, MN, USA), and iii) Sila-Mix (MIX, Ralco Nutrition Inc., USA). With three replicates of each secondary treatment, there were nine silos, 54 silos in total. Each silo had a packing density of 137.61 kg of DM/m3. All silos were weighed and stored in lab at ambient temperature. Results: After 60 d of ensiling, all items showed good silage fermentation under MAX filled one time or three times (p<0.01). Higher silage quality for all additives was obtained at filling one time than that filled three times (p<0.01). The highest DM and lowest DM loss rate (DMLR) occurred to MAX treatment at two filling methods (p<0.01); Digestibility of acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and curde protein had the same results as silage quality (p<0.01). Yield of digestible DM and digestible NDF also showed higher value under MAX especially for filling one time (p<0.05). Conclusion: All corn silages showed good fermentation attributes (pH<4.0). The forage filled one time had higher silage quality than that filled three times (p<0.01). MAX with homofermentative lactic acid bacteria enhanced the lactic acid fermentation, silage quality and nutrient digestibility, and so improved the digestible nutrient yield.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.668-677
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• 2024

Objective: The current experiment was performed to investigate the influence of different dietary levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on productive performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, immune response, caecal microbiota, and carcass characteristics of Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) during 7 to 63 d of age. Methods: A total of 240 unsexed 7-d-old ducklings were distributed into five (treatment) groups; each one contained six replicates with eight ducklings each. Birds of the first group were fed basal diet without MOLM and served as control, while the other four groups were fed basal diet with 0.25%, 0.50%, 1.0%, and 2.0% MOLM inclusion level, respectively. Results: The obtained results revealed that including MOLM in the diets significantly improved body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and economic efficiency compared with the control group. Among the different MOLM inclusion treatments, increasing MOLM inclusion level decreased (p<0.05) such previous parameters. Decreasing MOLM inclusion levels in duckling diets increased (p>0.05) the digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, and nitrogen free extract, however all MOLM treatments were significantly higher than the control group. Results also revealed that feeding ducks lower MOLM inclusion levels (0.25% or 0.50%) improved blood parameters (p<0.05) compared with the higher inclusion levels (1.0% or 2.0% MOLM) and the control group. Ducks fed different MOLM levels had significantly higher phagocyte index and activity, immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase activity, and superoxide dismutase activity compared with control group. Conclusion: Despite the beneficial effects of all MOLM treatments on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, physiological status, and immune response of duckling, the increasing MOLM inclusion level in the diet had deleterious effects on such studied traits, consequently 0.25% was the best MOLM inclusion level in duckling diets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.265-273
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• 1985

To predict the nutritional quality of seafood proteins using a newer in virto model, 10 species of shellfish protein samples were used in determining the extent of in vitro digestibility, trypsin indigestible substrate (TIS), computed protein efficiency ratio (C-PER), discriminant computed protein efficiency ratio (DC-PER) and predicted digestibility which calculated solely from amino acid profile. The content of TIS in eviscerated samples were ranged from 1.10 to 5.09 mg/g solid, whereas the whole samples were ranged from 1.26 to 7.30 mg/g solid expressed quantitatively as mg of soybean trypsin inhibitor. The in vitro digestibility showed $82{\sim}86%$ for eviscerated samples in contrast with $78{\sim}84%$ for whole ones. Therefore, the results suggested that in vitro digestibility of shellfish was influenced by the present of viscera. The lysine content of Mya arenaria, Saxidomus purpuratus, Anadara subcrenata, and Anadara broughronii were lower than that of ANRC casein, but Corbicula fluminea, Cyclina sinensis, and eviscerated Mytilus edulis, were showed the value about 10.0 g/16g N. In all samples, the content of tryptophan and cystein were more higher than those of ANRC casein. The C-PER of whole samples showed the value below 2.0 while the values above 2.5 noted in the eviscerated samples. DC-PER of most samples were greater than those of C-PER and a greater discrepancies were revealed in whole shellfish which possesses the lower in vitro digestibility. The shellfish sample showed a high in vitro digestibility and a low TIS content such as eviscerated ones may need the DC-PER and predicted digestibility procedures rather than C-PER and four-enzyme in vitro digestibility procedure could offer more advantages in predicting the protein quality of whole shellfish samples which have poor in vitro digestibility and high TIS content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1751-1759
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of inclusion level of soybean oil (SO) and palm oil (PO) on their digestible and metabolism energy (DE and ME) contents when fed to growing pigs by difference and regression method. Sixty-six crossbred growing barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire and weighing $38.1{\pm}2.4kg$) were randomly allotted to a $2{\times}5$ factorial arrangement involving 2 lipid sources (SO and PO), and 5 levels of lipid (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) as well as a basal diet composed of corn and soybean meal. The barrows were housed in individual metabolism crates to facilitate separate collection of feces and urine, and were fed the assigned test diets at 4% of initial body weight per day. A 5-d total collection of feces and urine followed a 7-d diet adaptation period. The results showed that the DE and ME contents of SO and PO determined by the difference method were not affected by inclusion level. The DE and ME determined by the regression method for SO were greater compared with the corresponding respective values for PO (DE: 37.07, ME: 36.79 MJ/kg for SO; DE: 34.11, ME: 33.84 MJ/kg for PO, respectively). These values were close to the DE and ME values determined by the difference method at the 10% inclusion level (DE: 37.31, ME: 36.83 MJ/kg for SO; DE: 34.62, ME: 33.47 MJ/kg for PO, respectively). A similar response for the apparent total tract digestibility of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) in lipids was observed. The true total tract digestibility of AEE in SO was significantly (p<0.05) greater than that for PO (97.5% and 91.1%, respectively). In conclusion, the DE and ME contents of lipid was not affected by its inclusion level. The difference method can substitute the regression method to determine the DE and ME contents in lipids when the inclusion level is 10%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.691-699
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• 2013

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the metabolizable energy (ME) value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of soybean meal (SBM), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM), and the application of these products in early-weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, four barrows with initial body weight (BW) of $14.2{\pm}1.4$ kg were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 25% of corn in diet 1 with one of the three soybean products, and the digestable energy (DE) and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, four barrows (initial BW of $18.2{\pm}1.5$ kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, ninety six piglets (initial BW of $5.6{\pm}0.9$ kg) weaned at $21{\pm}2$ d were blocked by weight and assigned to one of three treatments for a 21-d growth performance study. The control diet was based on corn and SBM, the two treatments' diets contained either 10% SPC or FSBM and were formulated to same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal. The results showed that the ME content of SPC was greater than SBM (p<0.05). The SID of most AA in SPC was greater than the SID of AA in SBM (p<0.05). For the essential AA, the SID of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and threonine in FSBM were greater than in SBM (p<0.05). Even though they were fed same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal diets, pigs fed SPC and FSBM diets had greater weight gain, G:F (p<0.05) and better fecal score (p<0.05) than pigs fed SBM diet. In conclusion, SPC showed a higher ME content and SID of AA than the SBM. SID of some essential AA in FSBM was higher than SBM and was similar with SPC. But the lower antigenic proteins and anti-nutritional factors content in SPC and FSBM may be the main factors affecting the performance of early-weaned piglets rather than the increased ME content and SID of AA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1617-1623
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary probiotic blend and liquid feed program at different nutritional densities on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal score of weaning piglets. Methods: A total of 120 weaning pigs with an initial body weight of 7.05±0.93 kg per pig (21 days of age) were randomly allocated into 1 of the following 8 dietary treatments (3 replicates per treatment with 5 pigs per replicate) in a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement (nutrition levels: apparent metabolic energy [AME] = 3,500 kcal/kg, crude protein [CP] = 20% vs AME = 3,400 kcal/kg, CP = 19.42%; feed types:dry vs wet; probiotics levels: 0 mg/kg vs 300 mg/kg). Results: During d 5 to d 15, greater average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05) were observed in probiotics treatments. During d 15 to d 25, gain:feed (G:F) ratio (p<0.05) were significantly improved in probiotics, wet feed and high nutrition diet. Moreover, two interactions i) between nutrition levels and feed types, and ii) between nutrition levels and probiotics were found in G:F ratio. Furthermore, there was a significant positive interaction on G:F among those 3 factors (p<0.05). Overall, increasing ADG, ADFI, and G:F ratio were detected in probiotics treatment significantly (p<0.05). Besides, an obvious reduction on fecal score was observed in probiotics treatment from d 0 to d 5 (p<0.05). There was an interactive effect on fecal score between feed types and nutrition concentrations from d 5 to d 25 (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results indicated that probiotics supplementation could benefit growth performance and reduce the frequency of watery feces. Besides, wet feed program (feed:water = 1:1.25) could improve the G:F. The effect of liquid feed or probiotic could be influenced by dietary nutrition density in weaned piglets. An increased value of G:F was obtained when wet feeding a high nutrition diet (100 kcal higher than NRC 2012 recommendations) was supplemented with probiotics for 15 to 25 days.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 1993

Four isocaloric (68.71, 67.07, 66.68 and 66.25% TDN) and isonitrogenous (12.96, 13.36, 13.36 and 12.96% CP) diets without or with 20, 25 and 30% broiler litter were fed to 20 male kids for 90 days. Weight gain and feed efficiency were higher (p < 0.05) for kids offered control diets as compared to kids fed diets containing broiler litter. There was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the feed intake with increasing level of broiler litter in the diets. Digestibility for organic matter, crude protein and crude fibre were not affected (p > 0.05) by the inclusion of broiler litter in the diets, whereas inclusion of broiler litter depressed (p < 0.05) the digestibility of dry matter and ash. Nitrogen balance was positive for all diets, however, nitrogen retention decreased (p < 0.01) with the increased level of broiler litter. Blood Na, K, Ca, P and urea-N were within normal range.