• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.82-91
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• 2019

Objective: This experiment was conducted to compare the structure and composition of ruminal microorganisms in goats with high and low neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility. Methods: Nineteen crossbred goats were used as experimental animals and fed the same total mixed rations during the 30-day pre-treatment and 6-day digestion trialperiods. All faeces were collected during the digestion period for measuring the NDF digestibility. Then, high and the low NDF digestibility individuals were chosen for the high NDF digestibility group (HFD) and low NDF digestibility group (LFD), respectively. Rumen contents were collected for total microbial DNA extraction. The V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified using universal primers of bacteria and sequenced using high-throughput sequencer. The sequences were mainly analysed by QIIME 1.8.0. Results: A total of 18,694 operational taxonomic units were obtained, within 81.98% belonged to bacteria, 6.64% belonged to archaea and 11.38% was unassigned microorganisms. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the predominant microbial phyla in both groups. At the genus level, the relative abundance of fifteen microorganisms were significantly higher (p<0.05) and six microorganisms were extremely significantly higher (p<0.01) in LFD than HFD. Overall, 176 core shared genera were identified in the two groups. The relative abundance of 2 phyla, 5 classes, 10 orders, 13 families and 15 genera had a negative correlation with NDF digestibility, but only the relative abundance of Pyramidobacter had a positive correlation with NDF digestibility. Conclusion: There were substantial differences in NDF digestibility among the individual goats, and the NDF digestibility had significant correlation with the relative abundance of some ruminal microorganisms.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.333-342
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• 2021

This study attempted to compare total digestible nutrients (TDN) calculated as Rohweder, NRC, and Waldo and Peiqiang methods and TDN measured as digestibility of in vivo appearance. Rohweder method showed that the TDN of rice straw and timothy were 54.32% and 57.79%, respectively. In NRC method, the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and TDN of rice straw were 50.76% and 53.15%, respectively. When NRC method was applied in Timothy, the digestibility of NDF and TDN were 51.53% and 55.22%, respectively. Waldo and Peiqiang method calculated the results through the rumen in situ test. NDF digestibility of rice straw and timothy was 44.61% and 51.82%, which was different from the results of NRC method. In addition, TDN was predicted to be 48.85% for rice straw and 55.41% for timothy. In the in vivo apparent digestibility experiment, the digestibility of NDF and TDN in rice straw was 41.10% and 44.79%, respectively. In timothy, the digestibility of NDF and TDN were measured as 51.29% and 58.18%, respectively. As a result of a series of studies, rice straw was found in Rohweder and NRC methods showed higher TDN than other methods. In this study, there was a difference in rice straw by measurement method, but there was no difference in timothy. Therefore, when evaluating the value of feed in order to provide roughage to ruminant, calculation methods must be modified and supplemented. In addition, TDN should be considered to apply several evaluation methods instead of one method.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2017

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of adding exogenous phytase and xylanase, individually or in combination, as well as pelleting on nutrient digestibility, available energy content of wheat and the performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets. Methods: In Experiment 1, forty-eight barrows with an initial body weight of $35.9{\pm}0.6kg$ were randomly assigned to a $2{\times}4$ factorial experiment with the main effects being feed form (pellet vs meal) and enzyme supplementation (none, 10,000 U/kg phytase, 4,000 U/kg xylanase or 10,000 U/kg phytase plus 4,000 U/kg xylanase). The basal diet contained 97.8% wheat. Pigs were placed in metabolic cages for a 7-d adaptation period followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine. Nutrient digestibility and available energy content were determined. Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the effects of pelleting and enzymes on performance of wheat for growing pigs. In this experiment, 180 growing pigs ($35.2{\pm}9.0kg\;BW$) were allocated to 1 of 6 treatments according to a $2{\times}3$ factorial treatment arrangement with the main effects being feed form (meal vs pellet) and enzyme supplementation (0, 2,500 or 5,000 U/kg xylanase). Results: In Experiment 1, there were no interactions between feed form and enzyme supplementation. Pelleting reduced the digestibility of acid detergent fiber (ADF) by 6.4 percentage units (p<0.01), increased the digestibility of energy by 0.6 percentage units (p<0.05), and tended to improve the digestibility of crude protein by 0.5 percentage units (p = 0.07) compared with diets in mash form. The addition of phytase improved the digestibility of phosphorus (p<0.01) and calcium (p<0.01) by 6.9 and 7.6 percentage units respectively compared with control group. Adding xylanase tended to increase the digestibility of crude protein by 1.0 percentage units (p = 0.09) and increased the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (p<0.01) compared with control group. Supplementation of the xylanase-phytase combination improved the digestibility of phosphorus (p<0.01) but impaired NDF digestibility (p<0.05) compared with adding xylanase alone. In Experiment 2, adding xylanase increased average daily gain (p<0.01) and linearly improved the feed:gain ratio (p<0.01) compared with control group. Conclusion: Pelleting improved energy digestibility but decreased ADF digestibility. Adding xylanase increased crude protein digestibility and pig performance. Phytase increased the apparent total tract digestibility of phosphorus and calcium. The combination of phytase-xylanase supplementation impaired the effects of xylanase on NDF digestibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1155-1162
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• 2015

This study aimed to evaluate the nutrient digestibility of growing rabbits fed diets with different levels of either Leucaena leucocephala (LLM) or Moringa oleifera (MOLM) leaf meals and also to compare total collection and $TiO_2$ marker methods for estimating digestibility. A total of 30 California growing rabbits ($1.81{\pm}0.19kg$ live weight on average) were randomly distributed into five experimental groups of six rabbits each and were housed in individual cages. The groups were control, 30% LLM, 40% LLM, 30% MOLM, and 40% MOLM. All groups received pelleted diets for two weeks; diets also contained 4 g/kg titanium dioxide as dietary marker. Daily feed intake was recorded during the whole experimental period and total feces were collected daily and weighed individually during four days. The results showed that there were no difference (p>0.05) in feed, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), digestible energy, and crude fiber (CF) intake between the control group and the other experimental groups. The apparent digestibility values of DM, OM, CP, CF, acid detergent fiber, and gross energy were the highest for control group (p = 0.001), meanwhile MOLM diets had generally higher nutrient digestibility coefficients than LLM diets. Increasing the inclusion level of leaf meal in the diet from 30% to 40% improved the digestibility of CF from 45.02% to 51.69% for LLM and from 48.11% to 55.89% for MOLM. Similar results for apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients were obtained when either total collection or indigestible marker method was used. In conclusion, the digestibility of MOLM containing diets were better than LLM diets, furthermore $TiO_2$ as an external marker could be used as a simple, practical and reliable method to estimate nutrients digestibility in rabbit diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1483-1489
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• 2016

Most of amino acid (AA) digestibility values for feed ingredients are obtained using pigs cannulated in the distal ileum. The ileal-cannulated pig model uses pigs older than six weeks due to difficulties related to implanting the T-cannula in distal ileum of younger pigs and complications during the post-surgical recovery. However, to properly formulate the diet of weaned pigs, the nutritive value of feed ingredients should be determined with younger pigs. Thus, 25 weaned pigs were used to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, energy, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) ileal AA digestibility of broken rice (BR), with or without multicarbohydrase (MC) and phytase (Phy) supplementation. Piglets were weaned at 23 d of age and individually housed in digestibility cages until 45 d of age. The trial consisted of 7 d of adaptation to the experimental diets and 3 d of excreta (feces and urine) collection. Ileal digesta was collected at slaughter (about 6 weeks of age). A completely randomized experimental design was used to determine the effects of MC and Phy. Reference diets (RD, 5% casein) was replaced by 30% of BR with or without MC, Phy, or MC+Phy. The RD was used to quantify endogenous AA losses. BR with Phy supplied had increased the ATTD of dry matter (p<0.05) and SID of histidine (p = 0.05), arginine, leucine, lysine, valine, alanine, and proline (p<0.05). BR with MC had been increased digestible energy and protein and SID for histidine (p<0.05). There was no interaction between Phy and MC on the BR nutrient digestibilities. Standardized amino acid digestibilities of BR, without enzymes, were lower than those values reported in the literature. The MC and Phy improved the digestibility of some nutrients and energy of BR in post-weaned piglet diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.665-670
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• 1997

The digestibility (apparent) of P and other nutrients from the RSM, SBM and 2 batches of maize, wheat and barley was investigated in two experiments with 24 castrated male growing pigs. The effect of supplemental microbial phytase (1,000 U/kg) was also evaluated. The diets contained 25% RSM (Exp. 1) or 40% SBM (Exp. 2) and had no inorganic P. In each period of digestive trial, after 9 days of adaptation, faeces were collected for 5 days. The digestibility of P contained in the RSM and SBM was calculated by difference method. The P digestibility in maize, wheat, barley was on average 20, 34 and 36%, respectively. The digestibility of P in the RSM and SBM estimated from maize-based diets were 19 and 24 %, respectively. Kind of cereal grain had significant (p < 0.05) influence on the digestibility of P which was lower in the diets based on maize than wheat or barley. The digestibility of P significantly increased with the supplemental microbial phytase (on an average of 17%). Moreover, inclusion of enzyme into the diets positively affected digestibility of other nutrients, namely the protein and organic matter.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 1996

To determine the quality of heated protein, in vitro method, invluding lysine, lysionalanine, and fructose-lysine as well as homoarginine by guanidination of lysine, was assessed using heated casein with of without glucose. In vivo methods such as PER, digestibility and BV were also tried on homoarginine, lysinoalanine, fructoselysine, and lysine. The nonreactive lysine for huanidination was hardly digestive, while the non heat damaged lysine side chanis in the protein were accessible for guanidination as well as for the digestion. A linear correlation(${\gamma}$=0.80) was obstained between PER and digestibility of the analysed lysine. Digestibility of homoarginine was higher that of true protein. However, in the guanidinated heated casein with glucose, digestibility of homoarginine was significantly reduced. It is suggested that the homoarginine method may mislead to over- or underestimation of the damaged protein quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1010-1015
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• 1995

Extent of reduction in protein digestibility by Godulbaegi(lxeris sonchifolia H.) kimchi powder appeared to be related to the kimchi weight-to-protein weight ratio, the kind of protein sources, part of plants and fementation period. In vitro digestibilities of protein were significantly(p<0.05) reduced as the freeze dried kimchi powder weight-to-protein ration increased from 0.5 : 1.0 to 1.0 : 1.0 for all Godulbaegi samples and protein sources. Overall digestibility of protein sources in the presence of kimchi powder, the reduction ranked in the following order : soybean>casein>beef>squid. Lower(p<0.005) reduction occurred for each protein source when raw plant was exchanged for kimchi products. Some greater reduction of digestibility was noted in young plants and leaf samples than ripe or root samples. Trypsin inhibitor, which expressed as soybena trypsin inhibitor, was inversely related(r=0.8437) to in vitro protein digestibility of casein in the presence of Godulbaegi kimchi powder. More than three times of total polyphenols contained in leaves than in roots. Young leaves had 30% more total polyphenols(37.64mg/g sample) than that in ripe ones. Soaking in 5% NaCl solution for 24 hrs was markedly reduced in total polyphenols as 73% for leaves and 33% for roots. Remarkable reduction in total polyphenols was not checked during fermentation followed after soaking. Trypsin inhibitor content correlated well(r=0.8873) with total polyphenols in all of Godulbaegi samples.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1546-1557
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• 2023

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of extruded and unextruded feeding on the performance, milk composition, digestibility and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows through a meta-analysis. Methods: The database was compiled from 53 studies in Scopus and PubMed. The data were analyzed using a random effects model in OpenMEE software. Extruded feed was grouped as the experiment group while and the others as control group. The bias of publication in the main parameter of dairy performance was evaluated by a funnel plot. Results: The result showed that extruded feed enhanced the milk yield, dry matter and crude protein digestibility, butyrate and valerate acid production (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the extruded feed significantly decreased the milk fat and protein concentration (p<0.05). Also, the iso-butyrate and iso-valerate in unextruded feeding was significantly higher than the extruded feed (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded from the meta-analysis that extruded feed effectively improved the milk production and milk lactose concentration, dry matter and protein digestibility, but not the milk fat and protein concentration.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1085-1095
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• 2024

Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine available energy and nutritional digestibility of extruded cereals and the effect of extrusion on the nutritional value of feed ingredients, aiming to provide scientific basis for efficient application of extrusion in the diets of growing pigs. Methods: In Exp. 1, 48 crossbred growing pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an initial body weight (BW) of 34.6±2.2 kg were selected and fed with eight diets (non-extrusion or extrusion) to determine the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and nutrients digestibility. Eight diets included extruded grains (barley, wheat, sorghum, or broken rice), while four had unprocessed grains. In Exp. 2, 9 diets were formulated including 4 cereals with extrusion or non-extrusion and a N-free diet. In addition, 9 growing pigs (BW = 22.3±2.8 kg) were fitted with T-cannula in the distal ileum and arranged in a 9×6 Youden square design. Results: Results show that apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy, dry matter, organic meal, ether extract, neutral and acid detergent fiber was not affected by the extrusion process and there was no interaction between cereal type and extrusion treatment on DE, ME. However, the apparent total tract digestibility for crude protein (CP) increased markedly (p<0.05). The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of all amino acids (AA) except for leucine remarkably increased by extrusion (p<0.05). There was an interaction on the SID of arginine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, cystine, and tyrosine in growing pigs between type of grain and extrusion treatment (p<0.05). Conclusion: Extrusion increased the ileal digestibility of CP and most AA in cereals, however, the DE and ME of cereals were not affected in growing pigs.