• Molecules and Cells
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2009

The cyclic environmental conditions brought about by the 24 h rotation of the earth have allowed the evolution of endogenous circadian clocks that control the temporal alignment of behaviour and physiology, including the uptake and processing of nutrients. Both metabolic and circadian regulatory systems are built upon a complex feedback network connecting centres of the central nervous system and different peripheral tissues. Emerging evidence suggests that circadian clock function is closely linked to metabolic homeostasis and that rhythm disruption can contribute to the development of metabolic disease. At the same time, metabolic processes feed back into the circadian clock, affecting clock gene expression and timing of behaviour. In this review, we summarize the experimental evidence for this bimodal interaction, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms mediating this exchange, and outline the implications for clock-based and metabolic diseases.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.222-228
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• 1984

Since organisms have their rhythms by synchronizing the changes of periodic external circumstances and maintaining the integration of internal ones, circadian rhythm which affects to ingestion, digestion and metabolism of nutrients in the body, is important and interesting to discuss in the field of nutritional science. Also it is a serious public health problem tat various night-shift jobs are increasing now a days. Therefore authors wish to understand the properties of circadian rhythm and the rhythms of metabolic activities.

• Integrative Medicine Research
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2013

The skeletal muscle in our body is a major site for bioenergetics and metabolism during exercise. Carbohydrates and fats are the primary nutrients that provide the necessary energy required to maintain cellular activities during exercise. The metabolic responses to exercise in glucose and lipid regulation depend on the intensity and duration of exercise. Because of the increasing prevalence of obesity, recent studies have focused on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of obesity-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Accumulation of intramyocellular lipid may lead to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. In addition, lipid intermediates (e.g., fatty acyl-coenzyme A, diacylglycerol, and ceramide) impair insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. Recently, emerging evidence linking obesity-induced insulin resistance to excessive lipid oxidation, mitochondrial overload, and mitochondrial oxidative stress have been provided with mitochondrial function. This review will provide a brief comprehensive summary on exercise and skeletal muscle metabolism, and discuss the potential mechanisms of obesity-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.9.1-9.15
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• 2023

Cancer immunotherapies continue to face numerous obstacles in the successful treatment of solid malignancies. While immunotherapy has emerged as an extremely effective treatment option for hematologic malignancies, it is largely ineffective against solid tumors due in part to metabolic challenges present in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells face fierce competition with cancer cells for limited nutrients. The strong metabolic suppression in the TME often leads to impaired T-cell recruitment to the tumor site and hyporesponsive effector functions via T-cell exhaustion. Growing evidence suggests that mitochondria play a key role in CD8⁺ T-cell activation, migration, effector functions, and persistence in tumors. Therefore, targeting the mitochondrial metabolism of adoptively transferred T cells has the potential to greatly improve the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies in treating solid malignancies.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.46.1-46.13
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• 2020

Neutrophils are innate immune cells that constitute the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Due to this characteristic, they are exposed to diverse immunological environments wherein sources for nutrients are often limited. Recent advances in the field of immunometabolism revealed that neutrophils utilize diverse metabolic pathways in response to immunological challenges. In particular, neutrophils adopt specific metabolic pathways for modulating their effector functions in contrast to other immune cells, which undergo metabolic reprogramming to ensure differentiation into distinct cell subtypes. Therefore, neutrophils utilize different metabolic pathways not only to fulfill their energy requirements, but also to support specialized effector functions, such as neutrophil extracellular trap formation, ROS generation, chemotaxis, and degranulation. In this review, we discuss the basic metabolic pathways used by neutrophils and how these metabolic alterations play a critical role in their effector functions.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.32-39
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• 1997

This study was desiged to investigate the effects of calcium supplementation on the metabolism of sodium and potassium and blood pressure in seven healthy college women, aged from 19 to 21 years old. For this purpose, metabolic studies were conducted for two weeks. During the first week, the subjects ate experimental diet of which nutrients composition was similar to their usual intake. And during the consecutive second week, they ate the same experimental diet supplemented with 500mg or calcium daily. The results were summarized as follows : 1) Urinary excretion of sodium was significantly increased(p<0.05), but fecal excretion and retention of it was not affected by supplementary intake of calcium. 2) Potassium balance was not changed after additional intake of calcium. 3) Serum sodium and potassium level decreased significantly(p<0.05), but aldosterone and renin levels in serum were not changed by additional intake of calcium. 4) Systolic blood pressure(SBP) was not affected, but diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was significantly decreased (p<0.05) by supplementation of calcium. The above results showed that daily supplementary intake of calcium can be effective to decrease diastolic blood pressure through inducing the change of sodium metabolism in young women eating usual Korean diets.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.146-150
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Cholecystokinin (CCK), a hormone or neuropeptide, is secreted in response to intraluminal nutrients by enteroendocrine I-cells of the intestine and has important physiological actions related to appetite regulation and satiety. The stimulation on CCK secretion from the intestine is of potential relevance for body weight management. Naringenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavanone) and its glycoside naringin (naringenin 7-rhamnoglucoside) have been reported to have many biological functions. In the current study, we investigated the question of whether naringenin and naringin could stimulate CCK secretion and then examined the mechanisms involved in CCK release. MATERIALS/METHODS: STC-1 cells were used as a model of enteroendocrine cells. CCK release and changes in intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) were measured after incubation of cells with naringenin and naringin for 1 h. RESULTS: Naringenin caused significant (P < 0.05) stimulation of CCK secretion, but naringin did not. In addition, regarding the secretory mechanisms, naringenin-induced CCK secretion involved increases in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, influx of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$, at least in part, and activation of TRP channels, including TRPA1. CONCLUSION: Findings of this study suggest that naringenin could have a role in appetite regulation and satiety.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2001

HRP(high rate pond) which had kept the manufactured clay of 3cm-thickness as benthic clay in reactor and the 6 flat-blade turbine as impeller for agitation was named HRASP(high rate algae stabilization pond). And the experiment for treatment of artificial synthesis wastewater containing COD :300mg/$\ell$, NH$_3$-N : 300mg/$\ell$, T-P : 9mg/$\ell$ as nutrients was been performed successfully. This reactor was been operated under conditions : 24hrs.-irradiation and water temperature, $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 7 and agitation velocity, 15, 30, 45rpm and the effect of agitation velocity on algal bioaccumulation of nutrients was been studied with view point of fluid dynamics. The next followings could be obtained as results. 1. The agitation with a turbine impeller blade in HRASP makes clay particle indicate superior suspension effect by means of forming of excellent curl/shear flow in reactor. 2. The excessive suspension of clay particle which is created at 45rpm as rotation velocity of impeller blade of turbine disturbs the light penetration and algal photosynthesis reaction. 3. Efficiencies for removal of nutrients come out as COD : 93.9%~94.3%, ($NH_3-N + NO_3-N$) : 81.9%~99.0%, T-P : 46.8%~53.6%. 4. Kuo values of $K_1$for algal growth come out seperately as 15rpm : $1.876{\times}10^{-2}, 30rpm : 4.618{\times}10^{-3}$. 5. Kuo values of $K_2$for removal of N, P come out seperately as 15rpm : $8.403{\times}10^{-1}$ and $1.397{\times}10^{-1}$, 30rpm : $4.823{\times}10^{-1} and 2.052{\times}10^{-1}$. 6. It can be guessed easily that the excessive agitation can inhibit the algal and bacterial symbiotic reaction if it is considered that micro organism\` sense to preservation of life is relied on natural function of metabolism. Therefore the studies for this matter should be followed continuously.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.368-375
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• 2003

Cancer cachexia, characterized by weight loss and progressive tissue wasting, has been postulated to be mediated by cytokines. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Korean Traditional Medicine (KTM ; mokhyang, jisil, osooyu) mixture on food intake, blood cytokines level and blood nutrients status of the cachexia induced-mice. Thirty male Balb/c mice aged 6-8 weets were blocked into 3 groups that were Normal (no colon26 cells) Control (colon 26 cells) and KTM (colon26 cells + KTM extract mixture) group. In Control and KTM groups, murine adenocarcinoma colon 26 cells were injected subcutaneously to induce cachexia. KTM mice were given 200 ul KTM extract mixture (7%) per day. Half of each groups were sacrificed at the 14 th day to see serum cytokines & nutrients and the others were fed until almost of control group died to see life span. food intake and body weight were decreased significantly in cachexia induced groups. Tumor weight of KTM group was significantly lower than control group. Serum cytokines (IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$) level of cachexia induced groups were increased than those of normal group, and those of KTM group were significantly lower than the level of control group. Total serum protein and serum albumin were higher in KTM group than other groups. TG and fatty acid were lower in cachexia induced groups than normal group. HDL-cholesterol in serum was increased in KTM group. Effect of oral administration of KTM extract mixture on survival time of colon26 bearing mice showed extension of the life span. Overall, this study showed that KTM (mokhyang, jisil, osooyu) extract mixture inhibited the growth of cancer cell, changed the secretion of cytokines induced by colon26 adenocarcinoma in mice, and changed nutrition metabolism.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.314-324
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• 2011

하수를 이용해서 배양된 조류는 바이오디젤 생산에 유용한 자원이다. 그러나 실제 하수에서 조류의 영양염류 신진대사와 하수 세균과의 상호작용에 관한 연구는 미흡하다. 본 연구에서는 하수로 배양되는 대표적 조류균주인 Ankistrodesmus gracilis SAG 278-2에 의한 하수 내 질소, 인 제거 거동을 평가하였고, 조류와 상호작용하는 하수 내의 세균 군집을 분석하였다. 하수 슬러지 세균 군집과 비교하였을 때, 조류-세균 복합 군집은 하수 내보다 높은 영양염류 제거를 보였다. 16S rRNA 유전자 분석 결과, 조류-세균 군집에서 조류가 성장함에 따라 Unclassified Alcaligenaceae 세균이 선택적으로 우점됨을 알 수 있었고, 조류에 의해서 선택적으로 우점화된 하수세균은 자연 수질 환경에서 조류와 공생적으로 상호작용 하는 것으로 알려진 Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. 5659-H와 계통학적으로 가까운 것으로 밝혀졌다. 본 연구의 결과, 하수 내의 높은 영양염류 제거를 보이는 조류-세균 복합 군집에서의 조류의 성장 및 신진대사가 특정 세균의 분포에 영향을 주는 것을 알 수 있었다.