• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.131-136
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• 1996

In order to known the extend of contribution to the degradation of organic materials and nutrient recycling by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and methane-producing bacteria (MPB) in sediment, the distribution and activity of these two groups of microorganisms were studied montly in 1994 at two sites, one littoral (Sanggulri) and the other profunndal (DAM), in Lake Soyang. In the seasonal distribution of two microorganisms, SRB were 1.07 $\times$ 10$^{3}$-2.42 $\times$ 10$^{5}$ cells/g-dry weight at Sanggulri, 2.40 $\times$ 10$^{5}$ -1.29 $\times$ 10$^{6}$ at Dam and MPB were 0.52 $\times$ 10$^{3}$ cells/g-dry weight at Sangguri and 1.44 $\times$ 10$^{3}$-6.89 $\times$ 10$^{3}$ at Dam. In these results, the density of SRB in Lake Soyang is much higher than other lakes. These high values might be due to higher sulfate concentration, 0.69-4.05 mM, than normal freshwater, 0.01-1.2 mM. And a good correlation of SRB and chlorophyll a concentration implied that the important environmental factor on distribution of SRB might be the concentration of available organic matter. In a comparison of sulfate-reducing rate and methane producing rate in 1995, the activity of SRB for the degradation of organic matter was higher than MPB by factor of 359. Conclusively SRB superior to MPB in the distribution and activity are more important annearobic bacteria in Lake Soyang sediments.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.513-519
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• 2010

A series of experiments were performed to study the influence of the following parameters on the physical traits and composition of swine manure compost: (1) addition of magnesium (Mg) at a molar ratio of 1.2 with respect to $PO_4$, and (2) reutilization of compost containing $MgNH_4PO_4{\cdot}6H_2O$ (magnesium ammonium phosphate, MAP). Three independent batch tests were conducted for replication: batch test I-control (C) and Mg added (T), batch test II-C, T and compost recycle ($T_{R1}$), and batch test III-C, T and compost recycle ($T_{R2}$). Magnesium addition and compost reutilization had no adverse effect on the degradation of organic matter. Reuse of the compost, however, had a clear effect on the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents in the final compost. Repeated compost reutilization as a bulking material was resulted in composts rich in N and P. Upon adding the Mg supplement to the composting materials, the ortho-phosphate (OP) to TP ratio decreased due to the MAP crystallization reaction. The decrease in the OP/TP ratio and the increase in the TP content of the compost indicate that water-soluble phosphate is converted into a slow-release phosphate by the formation of crystals during composting. X-ray diffraction analysis of the irregular shaped crystals in the compost indicated that they are MAP crystals and that the crystallization of MAP begins immediately after the addition of the Mg supplement. The Mg addition to composting materials and the reutilization of compost as a bulking material would be a practical means to conserve nutrient content.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: Coal ashes generated from thermal power plants have been known as beneficial materials for agricultural use because of their nutrient elements. However, there is limitation to recycle them due to their alkalinity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness or safety of the coal ashes for their heavy metals on agricultural recycling when adjusted to pH of 5 with sulfuric acid. METHODS AND RESULTS: Concentration of hydrogen which is needed to adjust pH of coal ash was estimated by using a buffering curve and then the amount of sulfuric acid was changed by the estimation before incubation. Each of fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA) was collected from both thermal plants of Yeongdong (YD) and Yeongheung (YH). The pH values of coal ashes increased to 4.76 (from 4.34) after incubation with sulfuric acid for 56 days, closer to the targeted pH. Coal ashes also increased the contents of available phosphorus by 2-fold (165 mg/kg) and 11-fold (1,137 mg/kg) for YDBA and YDFA, respectively, compared to the control. CONCLUSION: The utilization of coal ash with its acidity regulation would be very beneficial to agriculture sector and further suggest promising environmental safety against heavy metals.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.274-278
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• 2020

Pig slurry (PS) is the most applicable recycling option as an alternative organic fertilizer. The application of pig slurry has the risk of air pollution via atmospheric ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. The zeolite has a porous structure that can accommodate a wide variety of cations, thus utilizing for the potential additive of deodorization and gas adsorption. This study aimed to investigate the possible roles of zeolite in mitigating NH3 and N2O emission from the pig slurry applied to the maize cropping. The experiment was composed of three treatments: 1) non-N fertilized control, 2) pig slurry (PS) and 3) pig slurry mixed with natural zeolite (PZ). Both of NH3 and N2O emission from applied pig slurry highly increased by more than 3-fold compared to non-N fertilized control. The NH3 emission from the pig slurry was dominant during early 14 days after application and 20.1% of reduction by zeolite application was estimated in this period. Total NH3 emission through whole period of measurement was 0.31, 1.33, and 1.14 kg ha-1. Nitrous oxide emission in the plot applied with pig slurry was also reduced by zeolite treatment by 16.3%. Significant increases in forage and ear yield, as well as nutrient values were obtained by pig slurry application, while no significant effects of zeolite were observed. These results indicate that the application of zeolite and pig slurry efficiently reduces the emission of ammonia and nitrous oxide without negative effects on maize crop production.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.185-190
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Most of the bottom ash(BA) from wood pellet-based thermal power plants that is not recycled is placed into landfill. BA has a function and structure similar to biochar. Hence, BA is classified as waste, but, it is predicted that BA can be used agricultural utilization. METHODS AND RESULTS: To investigate the effect of BA application on lettuce, growth characteristics and Pb contents were examined with BA application levels(0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 g/L), respectively, in hydroponic cultivation with Pb solution. Irrespective with BA application levels, the length, leaf number and fresh weight of lettuce in BA treatments were increased by 84.3~120, 36.2~39.0, and 215~322%, respectively, compared to the BA-0 treatment. The groups with BA treatments, Pb in the nutrient solution was adsorbed to the BA due to the surface area and functional groups of the BA, and the lettuce growth was maintained more smoothly than in the BA-0 treatment. BA application is considered to have created a favorable environment for lettuce growth in hydroponic cultivation with Pb solution. CONCLUSION(S): Although direct comparing the removal effect of heavy metal between BA and biochar is not present, the BA application in contaminated area suggested a significant meaning on the recycling waste, and increasing potential crop productivity by immobilizing heavy metal.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.311-323
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• 2023

Ion homeostasis, which is regulated by ion channels, is crucial for intracellular signaling. These channels are involved in diverse signaling pathways, including cell proliferation, migration, and intracellular calcium dynamics. Consequently, ion channel dysfunction can lead to various diseases. In addition, these channels are present in the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles. However, our understanding of the function of intracellular organellar ion channels is limited. Recent advancements in electrophysiological techniques have enabled us to record ion channels within intracellular organelles and thus learn more about their functions. Autophagy is a vital process of intracellular protein degradation that facilitates the breakdown of aged, unnecessary, and harmful proteins into their amino acid residues. Lysosomes, which were previously considered protein-degrading garbage boxes, are now recognized as crucial intracellular sensors that play significant roles in normal signaling and disease pathogenesis. Lysosomes participate in various processes, including digestion, recycling, exocytosis, calcium signaling, nutrient sensing, and wound repair, highlighting the importance of ion channels in these signaling pathways. This review focuses on different lysosomal ion channels, including those associated with diseases, and provides insights into their cellular functions. By summarizing the existing knowledge and literature, this review emphasizes the need for further research in this field. Ultimately, this study aims to provide novel perspectives on the regulation of lysosomal ion channels and the significance of ion-associated signaling in intracellular functions to develop innovative therapeutic targets for rare and lysosomal storage diseases.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.131-139
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• 2024

This study investigated the chemical properties of Organic Soil Amendments (OSAs) made from organic waste. It also assessed the effectiveness of using these OSAs in the soil layer of Green Infrastructure (GI) to reduce stormwater runoff and non-point source pollutants. The goal was to improve the national environmental value through resource recycling and contribute to the circular economy transformation and carbon neutrality of urban GI. The OSAs used in this study consisted of spent coffee grounds and food waste compost. They were found to be nutrient-rich and stable as artificial soils, indicating their potential use in the soil layer of GI facilities. Applying OSAs to bio-retention cells and permeable pavement resulted in a reduction of approximately 11-17% in stormwater runoff and a decrease of about 16-18% in Total Phosphorus (TP) discharge in the target area. Increasing the proportion of food waste compost in the OSAs had a positive impact on reducing stormwater runoff and pollutant emissions. This study highlights the importance of utilizing recycled resources and can serve as a foundation for future research, such as establishing parameters for assessing the effectiveness of GI facilities through experiments. To enable more accurate analysis, it is recommended to conduct studies that consider both the chemical and biological aspects of substance transfer in OSAs.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.36-46
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• 2015

경축순환농업은 축산농가에서 발생하는 가축분뇨를 비료자원으로 인식하여 농경지로 환원하는 지속 가능한 농업체계로 부상하였다. 하지만 우리나라의 경축순환농업 체계는 아직 미비하여 가축분뇨 처리 및 자원화에 애로를 겪고 있는 지역을 쉽게 찾아볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 1) 지역 특성을 고려한 맞춤형 경축순환농업 모델을 제시하고 2) 가축분뇨의 농경지 환원 시 잠재적 양분 공급량 및 작물의 양분 요구량에 관한 관계분석을 바탕으로 제시된 모델의 바이오매스 물질흐름 분석을 그 목적으로 한다. 개별농가 시설을 통한 경축순환농업을 실행하고 있는 우리나라 지역 두 곳과 (YC, JJ)과 공동자원화시설을 위탁처리하고 있는 두 곳 (NW, NS)을 선정하여 NS의 두 지역, NW의 세 지역, YC의 세 지역, JJ의 네 지역 등 총 열두 곳의 지역별 현장조사 및 면접을 실시하였고, 설문조사를 위한 농가들은 NW의 54농가, YC의 51농가, JJ의 44농가로 총 149농가의 설문조사를 수행하였다. JJ지역의 공동자원화시설은 퇴 액비화 역할뿐만 아니라 에너지화 모델로의 공동추진(two track model)이 보다 효과적일 것으로 판단된다. YC지역의 경우, 중규모(30톤 내외)의 분산형 공동자원화시설 3~4개를 축산농가가 밀집된 면(面)에 설치하는 모델이 적합할 것으로 판단된다. 기존 처리현황 대비 공동자원화시설이 적용된 시나리오의 양분흐름을 비교해 보면 두 지역 모두 인과 칼리량은 늘어나고(최대 7%까지) 질소량은 감소하는(최대 15%까지) 경향을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 모델이 적용된 YC지역의 가축분뇨 유래 질소, 인산, 칼리는 전반적으로 비슷하게 고른 값을 보이고 있으나, 작물의 양분요구량과 양분의 토양 환원량을 비교해 보면 연간 질소가 719톤, 인이 1,269톤씩 각각 과잉 공급되고 있음을 알 수 있다. JJ지역의 경우 작물 양분요구량 대비 질소 671톤/년의 추가공급이 필요할 것으로 추정되며 이는 화학비료로 대체될 수 있음을 의미한다. 인의 경우 32톤이 과잉공급되어 JJ와 YC 지역 모두 인의 지표수 유출(runoff)에 기인한 부영영화(eutrophication)를 고려하여 경축순환농업 모델을 구축해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2019

본 실험은 방울토마토(Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme) 농가에서 자가제조한 토착미생물 액비를 3년 및 5년간 연용 처리하였을 때 토양 화학성 및 미생물상과 작물의 생장에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 비교하고자 수행하였다. 실험구는 3-year IM(토착미생물 3년 노지 처리구), 5-year IM(토착미생물 5년 노지 처리구), EM(effective microorganisms; EM 10년 온실 처리구)으로 분류하였고, 모두 1,000배로 희석하여 웃거름으로 관주하였다. IM과 EM 액비 자재의 pH 수준은 16주간 증가하였고 특히 EM의 pH는 1.2정도 상승하였다. IM 자재의 EC는 약간 높았지만 EM과 비슷한 수준인 0.2 dS/m으로 나타났다. 온실 내 포트 실험에서는 IM으로 처리된 토마토 뿌리의 건물중이 크게 증가하였다. 액비 처리에 따른 농가 현장 실험에서는 IM 액비 처리구의 pH는 7.5로 높았고 EC도 8.4 dS/m로 염류 과잉 수준을 보였다. EM 처리구의 유기물함량은 62 g/kg으로 가장 높았고 전질소 등 필수 무기성분 농도를 증가시키는데 영향을 끼쳤다. 하지만 IM 처리구에서도 토마토 생장을 위한 적절한 토양 화학성 수준이 관찰되었다. EM 처리구에서 세균수와 방선균수가 가장 증가하였다. EM으로 처리된 작물의 대량 무기성분 농도는 인산을 제외하고는 높게 나타났고 3-year IM과 5-year IM 처리구에서는 비슷한 무기성분 농도가 관찰되었다. 잎의 SPAD와 PSII 수준은 3-year IM 처리에서 낮게 나타났다. 토마토 작물의 엽폭, 엽장, 엽수, 수관면적, 초장, 경경은 생육 중기에는 EM 처리구에서 높은 수준이었으나 생육 후기에는 처리구 간에 비슷하였다. EM 처리로 잎 건물중은 IM 처리보다 2배 이상 높았지만 수확과수는 2배 이상 감소되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.248-252
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• 2012

본 연구는 공시 수생식물체 퇴비화 과정 중 산소 소비량과 소비패턴을 조사하기 위하여 식물이 고사된 11월에 수확한 갈대, 부들, 줄을 사용하여 퇴비화를 제조하였다. 수생식물체별 퇴비화 과정중 산소소비량을 조사한 결과 모든 수생식물의 퇴비화조에서 퇴비화 초기에 누적산소소비량이 급격하게 증가하여 약 15일째에 들어서 누적산소소비량의 증가가 둔화되는 경향이었다. 각각의 수생식물별로 누적산소 소비량은 초기에는 비슷한 소비량을 보이나 부들 > 줄 > 갈대 순으로 나타났다. 수생식물체별 퇴비화 과정중 온도변화는 퇴비화가 진행되면서 초기에 급격하게 증가된 후 서서히 감소되어서 약 $30{\sim}40^{\circ}C$ 정도로 안정화 되었다. 각 수생식물체의 퇴비화에서 최고온도까지 도달하는데 걸린 기간은 갈대 (7일) > 부들 (10일) > 줄 (11일) 순으로 나타났고, 퇴비화조 최고온도는 걸린 기간과 반대로 줄 ($72.2^{\circ}C$) > 부들($70.2^{\circ}C$) > 갈대 ($66.5^{\circ}C$) 순으로 나타났다. 최고온도 도달시까지 소비된 산소량은 부들 $12,485mg\;O_2\;kg^{-1}$ > 줄 $12,400mg\;O_2\;kg^{-1}$ > 갈대 $9,340mg\;O_2\;kg^{-1}$ 순으로 나타났는데 이는 각각의 식물체별 비중과 통기성에 따른 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서 제조한 수생식물을 이용한 퇴비는 유기물함량이 39.5~44.8%로 부산물비료 공정규격의 퇴비의 규격 50% 이상에 미치지 못하였으나 함유할 수 있는 유해 성분(As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb 및 Zn) 함량이 규격 이하로 적합하였고, 그 밖의 규격에서 염분(NaCl) 함량 0.01%, 수분함량 29.6~35.6% 및 유기물대 질소의 비 27.93~32.94로 퇴비 규격에 적합하였다.