• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.292-300
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• 1996

벼 담수직파시 제초제에 의한 약해의 원인을 구명하고자 온도, 용액의 pH, 수심, 토성 및 영양(營養)의 유무(有無) 등의 조건하에서 실험을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Bensulfuron methyl 및 pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 처리는 20/$11^{\circ}C$에서 30/22$^{\circ}C$에서보다 벼 생육 억제 정도가 컸으며, 특히 근부(根部)에서 현저히 컸다. Dimepiperate 및 molinate 처리는 저온 (20/$11^{\circ}C$) 고온(30/$22^{\circ}C$) 에서 생육억제 정도가 컸으며 경엽부(莖葉部)에서 현저하였다. 2. 무영양(無營養) 조건에서는 bensulfuron methyl 처리에서, 영양(營養)조건 에서는 pyrazosulfuron-ethyl의 처리에서 생육 억제 정도가 컸다. 3. pH3.5, 5.5, 7.5 및 9.5 용액에 bensulfuron methyl 및 pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 처리시 벼 생육은 pH3.5 및 5.5의 낮은 pH에서 저조하였으며, 무처리 대비한 생육 억제정도는 bensulfuron methyl 처리는 pH5.5 및 7.5에서 pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 처리는 pH7.5 및 pH9.5에서 낮았다. 4. 수심 6cm의 심수조건에 bensulfuron methyl 및 pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 처리시는 근부(根部)의 생육이, dimepiperate 및 molinate의 처리는 경엽부(莖葉部)의 생육이 크게 억제되었으며, 특히 dimepiperate처리는 90% 정도 억제되었다. 또한 pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+molinate의 처리에서 bensulfuron methyl+dimepiperate 처리보다 경엽부(莖葉部)의 억제정도가 컸다. 5. Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 처리는 무비구는 식양토에서, 시비구는 사양토에서 생육저해 정도가 컸으며, bensulfuron methyl 처리는 사양토에서 생육이 저조한 경향이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.387-394
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• 2019

Objective: This study was to investigate the nutrient ileal digestibility of dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae and compare with those of three animal protein by-products in growing pigs. Methods: A total of 12 crossbred ($[Landrace{\times}Yorkshire]{\times}Duroc$) growing pigs with average body weights of $24.12{\pm}0.68kg$ were surgically equipped with simple T-cannulas after being deprived of feed for 24 h according to published surgical procedures. These pigs had a recovery period of two weeks. A total of 12 pigs were assigned to individual metabolic crates and allotted to one of four treatments with 3 replicates in a fully randomized design. Dietary treatments included the following: i) Fish meal, corn-vegetable by-product basal diet+9.95% fish meal; ii) Meat meal, corn-vegetable by-product basal diet+9.95% meat meal; iii) Poultry meal, cornvegetable by-product basal diet+9.95% poultry meal; iv) Tenebrio molitor, corn-vegetable by-product basal diet+9.95% dried Tenebrio molitor larvae. Results: Results showed that the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Lys was higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed Tenebrio molitor diet than that in pigs fed fish meal diet. Pigs fed Tenebrio molitor diet showed increased (p<0.05) AID of His and Arg compared to pigs fed Fish meal or Meat meal diet. The AID of Cys was increased (p<0.05) in pigs fed poultry meal and Tenebrio molitor diets compared to that in pigs fish meal diet. Pigs fed meat meal, poultry meal, and Tenebrio molitor diets showed higher (p<0.05) standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of total energy compared to pigs fed fish meal diet. The SID of Arg was higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed Tenebrio molitor diet than that in pigs fed fish meal or meat meal diet. Furthermore, pigs fed poultry meal or Tenebrio molitor diets showed increased (p<0.05) SID of Cys compared to pigs fed fish meal diet. Conclusion: In conclusion, providing pigs with diets that contained Tenebrio molitor larvae meal improved AID and SID of nutrients as well as essential and non-essential amino acids. The digestibility of dried mealworm larvae protein and its utilization in vivo are also good. Therefore, dried mealworm larvae protein can be used as protein source at 10% level in growing pigs.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2001

질소(N)는 그 자체가 환경적인 요인에 따라 영향을 받는 휘발성 물질이어서 가축의 분뇨(분에는 반드시 뇨가 묻어 있기 때문에 다음부터는 분이라는 말로 대치한다)중에 함유되어 있는 N의 함량을 정량하기란 무척 어렵다. 우선 가축의 분이 실험실에 도착하면 수분이 있는 상태에서 냉장고에 보관되어야 한다. 분중에 함유되어 있는 N는 건조 온도에 따라 함량에 변화를 일으키며 또 시료에 흙이 묻어 있는가에 따라서도 N의 함량 정량에 영향을 받는다. 시료를 산성화하면 암모니아의 휘발이 방해된다. 따라서 시료를 산성화시킬 때는 건조전에 이루어져야 한다. 분 분석을 위한 이상적인 분 전처리는 강산화제 ($KMnO_{4}$ )로 우선 처리 한 후 다시 환원제 (Fe- $H_{2}$ $SO_{4}$)를 처리한 상태에서 시료를 소화시키면 가장 정량하기 어려운 $NH_{4}$ -N도 같이 정량이 가능하며 질소의 전체정량이 정확히 이루어질 수 있다. 질소정량의 정확성이 야외에서 이루어질 수 있도록 최근 여러 가지의 약식분석방법이 개발되고 있지만 그 결과는 반드시 공인된 분석방법에 의하여 실험실에서 분석된 결과치와 비교되어야 한다. 실험실에서 일반적으로 질소 정량에 많이 이용되고 있는 방법은 켈달 분석방법이다. 앞으로 가축의 종류나 품종, 나이 또는 개체간에 대한 분의 영양소 함량에 관한 연구가 많이 이루어져야 한다. 또 분에 대한 농장에서의 시료 채취과정, 운반, 및 실험실에 도착한 후 처리 과정 그 다음 실험실에서 분석을 위한 시료채취과정 등에 대한 연구도 이루어져야 한다. 사료, 분뇨, 토양, 그리고 물을 함께 분석하는 동물농업의 발전을 필요하며 적당한 전문가의 이용이 필요하다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.51-60
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• 2005

Pot greenhouse experiments were carried out to attempt to increase the salinity tolerance of one of the most popular legume of the world; cowpea; by using dual inoculation of an Am fungus Glomus clarum and a nitrogen-fixer Azospirillum brasilense. The effect of these beneficial microbes, as single- or dual inoculation-treatments, was assessed in sterilized loamy sand soil at five NaCl levels ($0.0{\sim}7.\;2ds/m$) in irrigating water. The results of this study revealed that percentage of mycorrhizal infection, plant height, dry weight, nodule number, protein content, nitrogenase and phosphatase activities, as well as nutrient elements N, P, K, Ca, Mg were significantly decreased by increasing salinity level in non-mycorrhized plants in absence of NFB. Plants inoculated with NFB showed higher nodule numbers, protein content, nitrogen concentration and nitrogenase activities than those of non-inoculated at all salinity levels. Mycorrhized plants exhibited better improvement in all measurements than that of non-mycorrhized ones at all salinity levels, especially, in the presence of NFB. The concentration of $Na^+$ was significantly accumulated in cowpea plants by rising salinity except in shoots of mycorrhizal plants which had $K^+/Na^+$ ratios higher than other treatments. This study indicated that dual inoculation with Am fungi and N-fixer Azospirillum can support both needs for N and P, excess of NaCl and will be useful in terms of soil recovery in saline area.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.213-223
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• 2008

The increasing area of abandoned rice fields could provide new opportunities for wetland restoration in Asia. However, it is unknown how quickly or completely abandoned rice fields will recover from agricultural disturbances. We assessed water quality and plant community succession in abandoned rice fields with different hydrology in a mountain valley to understand the effects of hydrological regime on recovery. Water level, soil redox potential, water quality, plant composition, and primary production were measured. The sites, coded as D6, N13, and N16, had been recovering for 6, 13, and 16 years by 2006. N13 and N16 have been recovering naturally whereas D6 has been drained with a nearby dike and was tilled in 2001. The typical hydroperiods of D6, N13, and N16 were no surface water, permanently flooded, and seasonally flooded, respectively. The major change in vegetation structure of both D6 and N13 was the replacement of herbaceous species by woody species. Drawdown accelerated this change because Salix koreensis grew better in damp conditions than in flooded conditions. Phragmites japonica reduced plot-level plant species richness. The removal efficiency of $NH_4-N$, $NO_3-N$, and $PO_4-P$ from water varied seasonally, ranging between -78.8 to 44.3%, 0 to 97.5%, and -26.0 to 44.4%, respectively. In summary, abandoned rice fields quickly became suitable habitat for native wetland plant species and improved regional water quality. Variation among our sites indicates that it is likely possible to manage abandoned rice fields, mostly through controlling hydrology, to achieve site-specific restoration goals.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.365-370
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• 2014

The intrinsic concepts of the three yin and three yang diseases in is unclear yet in spite of considerable controversy. In order to answer these problems, the structures of pathological transmission and anatomical terms used in the text were analyzed first. On these structural bases, the theoretical background and differential therapeutic principles of three yin and three yang disease classification. The organic structures frequently used in the text were heart, stomach, pancreas, blood chamber and urinary bladder, and the important regions in the transmission were chest, flank, epigastrium, abdomen, hypogastrium, groin on the other hand. When a host is invaded by extrinsic pathogen, an affinity is formed between the two based on the similarity of epidermal density condition and nutrient-defense features and existing disorders in the body. And then the symptoms show in 3 stages with 6 patterns in the general infective diseases. The initial stage is the period that the syndrome is limited in the external flesh area, and it mainly corresponds with taiyang bing besides the other exterior patterns of 3 yang and 2 yin bing. The middle stage is to the climax after the end of initial stage and it corresponds with mainly yangming bing including shaoyang and taiyin bing. In the terminal stage, the host gradually falls into exhaustive step or recovery phase, corresponding with shaoyin and jueyin bing. Conclusively, these dual meanings of three yang and yin should be a first guide and principle of treatment against various infective diseases.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2006

To determine the amount of phytate in rice grains from various cultivars, two methods were employed and compared in respect of the accuracy and conveniency. Phytate in rice samples was extracted with HCl, and then the extracts were subjected to an anion-exchange column. Finally, the phytate in eluate was quantitated using two methods: one method is based on the complex formation between ferric ion and sulfosalicylic acid in the presence of phytate, and the other is the prior acid digestion of phytate sample, followed by the colorimetric determination of liberated phosphorus. Although two methods showed similar values of phytate in rice samples, the former method is simpler and more precise than the latter. Moreover, the former is more reliable for the samples with lower phytate levels. Especially, the dilution condition of rice sample before anion exchange column separation was important for the recovery of phytate in rice samples. Based on the former method, the amount of phytate in rice of various cultivars was estimated to range from 7.3 mg/g to 12.4 mg/g rice. This method would be useful for the determination of phytate in crop samples with a lower level of phytate, one of anti-nutrients in some agricultural plants.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1819-1825
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• 2008

Degradation and glucose production from wood chips of white pine (Pinus strobus) and tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) by several white rot fungi were investigated. The highest weight losses from 4 g of wood chips of P. strobus and L. tulipifera by the fungal degradation on yeast extract-malt extract-glucose agar medium were 38% of Irpex lacteus and 93.7% of Trametes versicolor MrP 1 after 90 days, respectively. When 4 g of wood chips of P. strobus and L. tulipifera biodegraded for 30 days were treated with cellulase, glucose was recovered at the highest values of 106 mg/g degraded wood by I. lacteus and 450 mg/g degraded wood by T. versicolor. The weight loss of 10 g of wood chip of L. tulipifera by T. versicolor on the nutrient non-added agar under the nonsterile conditions was 35% during 7 weeks of incubation, and the cumulative amount of glucose produced during this period was 239 mg without cellulase treatment. The activities of ligninolytic enzymes (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and laccase) of fungi tested did not show a high correlation with degradation of the wood chips and subsequent glucose formation. These results suggest that the selection of proper wood species and fungal strain and optimization of glucose recovery are all necessary for the fungal pretreatment of woody biomass as a carbon substrate.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.1281-1287
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• 2017

Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) is considered to have therapeutic potential for various diseases, including cancers; however, the high expression of biologically active recombinant human BMP-4 (rhBMP-4) needed for its manufacture for therapeutic purposes has yet to be established. In the current study, we established a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cell line overexpressing rhBMP-4 as well as a production process using 7.5-l bioreactor (5 L working volume). The expression of the mature rhBMP-4 was significantly enhanced by recombinant furin expression. The combination of a chemically defined medium and a nutrient supplement solution for high expression of rhBMP-4 was selected and used for bioreactor cultures. The 11-day fed-batch cultures of the established rhBMP-4-expressing rCHO cells in the 7.5-L bioreactor produced approximately 32 mg/l of rhBMP-4. The mature rhBMP-4 was purified to homogeneity from the culture supernatant using a two-step chromatographic procedure, resulting in a recovery rate of approximately 55% and a protein purity greater than 95%. The N-terminal amino acid sequences and N-linked glycosylation of the purified rhBMP-4 were confirmed by N-terminal sequencing and de-N-glycosylation analysis, respectively. The mature purified rhBMP-4 has been proved to be functionally active, with an effective dose concentration of $EC_{50}$ of 2.93 ng/ml.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.1015-1026
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to determine amino acid and protein contents of brown and milled non-glutinous rice of 13 cultivars in Korea. Protein contents of MRs (milled rices) were in order of Haepum (7.27%) > Hanareum No. 4 (7.14%) > Odae (6.84%). Protein contents of BRs (brown rices) were in order of Haepum (7.68%) > Odae (7.63%) > Hanareum No. 4 (7.60%). The amino acid content was the highest in Haepum (MR 5.76%, BR 6.49%), followed by Haedeul (MR 5.71%, BR 6.30%), and Odae (MR 5.63%, BR 6.29%). The essential amino acid contents of non-glutinous rices were in order of Haepum (MR 2.34%, BR 2.57%) > Haedeul (MR 2.31%, BR 2.48%) > Odae (MR 2.20%, BR 2.56%). The contents of amino acid and protein in BRs were considerably higher than those in MRs. Protein and most of amino acid contents were higher in Haepum than the other cultivars. The certificated reference material (CRM) 1849a (infant/adults nutritional formular) from National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) was used as the test sample to determine the precision and accuracy of the analytical method. The regression analyses revealed good correlations (correlation coefficient), greater than 0.99. The recovery values of the amino acids ranged from 93.17 to 99.59%. The limit of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.01 - 0.07 mg·100 g^-1 and the limit of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 0.03 - 0.21 mg·100 g^-1 for all analytes.