• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Organic fertilizers in watermelon cultivation are widely used to supply nutrient and organic matter. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of application rate of organic fertilizer on the watermelon growth and soil chemical properties in greenhouse METHODS AND RESULTS: The organic fertilizers used in this experiment were mixed expeller cake (MEC) and mixed organic fertilizer (MOF). The treatments were conducted with 4 levels (1.0 N, 0.7 N, 0.5 N and 0.3 N) on the basis of soil testing nitrogen fertilization (STNF) using MEC or MOF as the basal dressing, and using chemical fertilizers (CF) as the additional dressing on the rest of STNF. These fertilizations were compared to CF 1.0 N (0.3 N as the basal and 0.7 N as the additional dressing) and non fertilization (NF). The leaf area of watermelon in treatment 0.5 N and 0.3 N using MEC or MOF was similar to CF treatment. The absorbed nutrient amounts by leaf, weight and sugar contents of fruit in the 0.5 N and 0.3 N treatments were higher than other treatments. In 0.5 N and 0.3 N treatments using MEC or MOF on the basis of STNF, soil chemical properties such as electrical conductivity (EC), available $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable K concentrations after experiment showed tendency to decreasing or similar level before experiment. CONCLUSION(s): These results suggest that the MEC or MOF application as the basal dressing at the 30~50% level of STNF and CF application as the additional dressing on the rest of STNF be best to maintain adequate nutrient of soil and to increase marketable yield for watermelon.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.216-224
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• 2006

To clarify the formation process and characteristics of oxygen deficient water mass in Gamak Bay, oxygen deficiency was weekly observed from 17 June to 12 September 2005. Surface water temperature was significantly lower in the outer bay than in the inner bay, whereas the bottom water temperature was higher in the central area of bay than in the outer and inner bay. The vertical stratification of water mass was strongly formed during the period, and thermocline was observed between 3 and 5m deep. The oxygen deficiency in the bottom layer began to appear at early July in the inner bay and gradually spread to the center area of the bay in early August. The mean transparency and light attenuation coefficient($K_d$) in water mass was 4.0m and 0.47, respectively. Average concentrations of nutrient and chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ in the bottom layer were significantly higher than those in surface, and those concentrations were significantly higher in the inner bay than in the outer bay. During the formation of oxygen deficiency in the bottom layer, oxygen penetration depth in the bottom sediment were extremely shallow, and oxygen consumption rate in the bottom sediment were lower than that in the area where oxygen deficient water mass disappeared. Dissolved oxygen concentrations in the bottom layer are negatively correlated with nutrient concentrations, whereas those in the surface layer did not show a significant relationship with nutrient concentrations. Elevated loss of oxygen in the bottom water mass was attributed to the increase of the oxygen consumption rates in sediments and the decomposition of organic matter by microorganism.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.161-170
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• 2017

To investigate the influence of long-term organic cultivation on soil characteristics, chemical properties of 35 soils in the national scale organically managed over 10 years were analyzed. 57% of soils which were managed by the materials containing livestock manure have higher nutrient concentration than the materials not containing livestock manure. The decomposed composts (containing livestock manure) had higher amount of $P_2O_5$, CaO, $K_2O$ than organic fertilizers (not containing livestock manure). In the results, the nutrient concentration of soils in long-term organically managed was higher than optimum range of upland soil, especially pH 6.9, available phosphorus (Av. $P_2O_5$) 744 mg/kg, exchangeable calcium $9.4cmol_c/kg$, potassium 2.51 cmolc/kg. On the other hand, more than 50% of soils had lower concentration of exchangeable magnesium than optimum range (soil nutrient distribution was unbalanced). It is suggested that farmers have to be careful to apply organic materials, especially containing livestock manure.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.269-274
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• 2013

This study is conducted to estimate the nutrient compositions and in-situ ruminal disappearancerates of roughage sources which are commonly used in South Korea. Twelve types of roughage sources are being selected based on surveys from more than 50 farms, and 12 samples from various farms and companies are collected and analyzed for their nutritive components and minerals. Two Hanwoo steers (BW $526{\pm}14$ kg) with ruminal cannula are used to investigate in situ ruminal degradability. Five roughage sources, timothy hay, alfalfa pellet, rice straw, klein grass hay and tall fescue straw, are all selected from 12 roughage sources above for further experiments. Overall, the nutrient components and minerals from the 12 roughage sources have shown low values when comparing with standard tables of feed compositions in Korea. In situ dry matter disappearance rate is recorded as high in order of klein grass, timothy, alfalfa pellet, tall fescue and rice straw. In situ crude protein disappearance rate is high in order of alfalfa pellet, klein grass, timothy, tall fescue and rice straw.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1897-1906
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• 2019

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) deficiency on intestinal pH value, digestive enzyme activity, morphology, nutrient utilization, and gene expression of NaPi-IIb in meat ducks from 1 to 21 d of age. Methods: A total of 525 one-d-old Cherry Valley ducklings were fed diets (with 7 pens of 15 ducklings, or 105 total ducklings, on each diet) with five levels of nPP (0.22%, 0.34%, 0.40%, 0.46%, or 0.58%) for 21 d in a completely randomized design. Five experimental diets contained a constant calcium (Ca) content of approximately 0.9%. Body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed to gain ratio (F:G) were measured at 14 and 21 d of age. Ducks were sampled for duodenum and jejunum digestion and absorption function on 14 and 21 d. Nutrient utilization was assessed using 25- to 27-d-old ducks. Results: The results showed ducks fed 0.22% nPP had lower (p<0.05) growth performance and nutrient utilization and higher (p<0.05) serum Ca content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. When dietary nPP levels were increased, BW (d 14 and 21), BWG and FI (all intervals), and the serum phosphorus (P) content linearly and quadratically increased (p<0.05); and the jejunal pH value (d 14), duodenal muscle layer thickness (d 14), excreta dry matter, crude protein, energy, Ca and total P utilization linearly increased (p<0.05); however, the serum ALP activity, jejunal $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity, and duodenal NaPi-IIb mRNA level (d 21) linearly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that ducks aged from 1 to 21 d fed diets with 0.22% nPP had poor growth performance related to poor intestinal digestion and absorption ability; but when fed diets with 0.40%, 0.46%, and 0.58% nPP, ducks presented a better growth performance, intestinal digestion and absorption function.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.1246-1254
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• 2024

Objective: The goal of the current study was to investigate the impact of various concentrations of xylanase in energy-deficient corn-based diets on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and digesta viscosity in broilers from 7 to 35 days of age. Methods: A total of 280 seven-day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to one of the five dietary treatments following a completely randomized design with 8 replicates and 7 birds per cage. The treatments were: i) positive control (PC, without xylanase); ii) NC-1 (80 kcal/kg ME reduced from PC); iii) NC-2 (100 kcal/kg ME reduced from PC); iv) NCX-1 (NC-1 + 2,000 U/kg xylanase); and v) NCX-2 (NC-2 + 3,000 U/kg xylanase). Body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were determined weekly to evaluate growth performance. One bird per pen was sacrificed for ileal digesta collection to determine the viscosity and digestibility of energy, dry matter, crude protein on days 24 and 35, however breast and leg meat samples were obtained for proximate analysis (moisture, crude protein, fat, and ash) on day 35. Results: Birds fed diets supplemented with xylanase regardless of the amount had higher (p<0.05) body weights, daily gains, and improved feed efficiency compared to NC diets all throughout the experimental period. Feed intake was not affected (p>0.05) by the addition of xylanase. Moreover, lowered (p<0.05) viscosity of the ileal digesta were observed upon xylanase inclusion in the diets compared to the birds fed NC diets on day 24. Ileal nutrient digestibility and meat proximate composition were not affected (p>0.05) by xylanase. Conclusion: The present study indicated that the xylanase at 2,000 U/kg and 3,000 U/kg levels compensates for the 80 kcal/kg and 100 kcal/kg dietary energy levels, respectively, without having adverse effects on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and digesta viscosity of broilers.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 2009

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of increases of nutrient level of TMR on dry matter intake, digestibility, nitrogen and energy balance in growing dairy goats (Saanen). Twelve growing dairy goats weighing 17.5kg were randomly assigned to one of four TMRs; low energy-low crude protein (CP) TMR (control; A), high energy-low CP TMR (B), low energy-high CP TMR (C) and high energy-high CP TMR (D). The content of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and CP in the control diet were 67% and 11%. The TDN content of the high energy TMR was 73.7% and the CP content of the high CP TMR was 13%. Dry matter intake was highest in D, and significantly higher in B than in C (p<0.05). Digestibility for dry matter and cell contents increased in proportion to dry matter intake. NDF digestibility was higher in D than in A, while ADF digestibility was higher in A and C than in B, but was not significant. Digestible nitrogen, apparently digested nitrogen and retained nitrogen were correlated with intake, and significantly higher in B than in C (p<0.05). Digestible energy and metabolizable energy were highest in D, and significantly higher in B than in C (p<0.05). Therefore, the present results showed that D or B were better than C for high intake, digestibility, nitrogen and energy utilization.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2016

Excessive application of nutrient supplement on the upland soil may increase the amount of discharge to surrounding water systems. The chemical fertilizer (CF), cow manure compost (CMC), and pig manure compost (PMC) are used as a nutrient supplement for cultivation of red pepper. Rice straws are widely used as a soil covering material in order to reduce weed occurrence, to protect soil moisture, and to supply organic matter in upland soil. This study was conducted to evaluate the furrow covering effect with rice straw on nutrient discharge in upland soil used for red pepper cultivation. The experimental plots of nutrient supplement were consisted of CF, CMC, and PMC and the amount of nutrient application were as recommended amount after soil test for red pepper cultivation. Each nutrient supplement treatment plot has no furrow covering (CFC) as a control and furrow covering with rice straw (FCS), respectively. Furrow covering with rice straw (FCS) of CF treatment and CMC treatment reduced the amount of T-N(total nitrogen) discharge by $1.4kg\;ha^{-1}$, $2.1kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, compared to control. While the amount of T-P(total phosphorus) discharge of the furrow covering with rice straw of CF, CMC, and PMC increased by $2.1kg\;ha^{-1}$, $2.1kg\;ha^{-1}$, and $0.2kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, compared to control. The phosphorus and nitrogen content of straw were 0.4 % and 0.3 % respectively. In addition, in three week the phosphorus was eluted from the straw which soaked in distilled water. Thus, it was assumed that T-P discharging originated from rice straw which applied as a furrow covering material. The furrow covering with rice straw reduced weed occurrence compared to control. But production of fresh red pepper was not influenced significantly by furrow covering with rice straw. In conclusion, excessive furrow covering with rice straw could induce T-P discharge from upland soil used for red pepper cultivation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the appropriate amount of rice straw as a furrow covering material.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.396-403
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the growth of grafted cucumber seedlings in biodegradable paper pot trays influenced by seedling age, nutrient management before transplanting, and night temperature after transplanting. Grafted cucumber seedlings in paper pot trays were supplied with different nutrient solution concentrations of 0.5 x full strength (S) (EC $0.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$), 1.0S(EC $1.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$), 2.0S(EC $3.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$) two times a week until transplanting. 26, 33, 40, and 47 day-old cucumber grafted seedlings were transplanted and grown at three levels of night temperature (10, 15, and $25^{\circ}C$) during ten days. Increasing nutrient solution concentration enhanced the shoot length, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight, and relative growth rate of seedlings. With increasing seedling age, the differences in growth were greater among nutrient treatments. The dry matter percentage increased with the seedling age, but was lower with higher nutrient concentration. The specific leaf area showed the opposite results. In cucumbers transplanted at 26- or 33-day seedling ages, night temperature did not affect the growth at ten days after transplanting. However, the growth of 40 or 47 day-old seedling decreased at $10^{\circ}C$. Compared with $25^{\circ}C$, the dry weight of cucumbers transplanted at 40- or 47-day seedling ages was depressed by 58% or 71%, respectively, at $10^{\circ}C$. Accordingly, it was concluded that the optimum nutrient solution concentrations and seedling age for the production of grafted cucumber seedlings in biodegradable paper pot trays can be 1.0S and about 30 days, respectively, and night temperature should be maintained at the range of $15-25^{\circ}C$ for promoting the growth after transplanting.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.955-962
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation characteristics in sheep fed diets containing four substitution levels of E. ulmoides leaves for rice straw. For the experiment, they were given a basal diet consisting of rice straw and concentrate at a 3:7 ratio (DM basis). The treatments were designed as a 4$\time$4 Latin square design with four sheep (50.2$\pm$1.6 kg body weight). Sheep were allotted in one of four treatments, which were designed to progressively substitute Eucommia ulmoides for 0, 3, 5 and 10% of rice straw in the basal diet. The digestibility of crude fat was significantly (p<0.05) improved by 12.5 to 17.5% in 3% and 5% air dried Eucommia ulmoides leaves compared with that in control. The digestibility of crude fiber in the 3, 5 and 10% treatments was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the control. Dry matter intake was highest (p<0.05) in sheep fed 10% air dried E. ulmoides). Retained nitrogen in the 3, 5 and 10% treatments was increased up to 97%, 173% and 192%, respectively, compared to that in control (p<0.05). Organic matter utilization was higer in 3% and 5% treatments than control (p<0.05). Purine derivatives and microbial nitrogen synthesis were significantly increased by the dietary substitution of 5 % E. ulmoides leaves (p<0.05) compared with control and the 3% treatment. Ruminal concentration of total-VFA was significantly (p<0.05) higher in sheep fed all levels of air dried Eucommia ulmoides than those of control. It is concluded that air-dried E. ulmoides leaves given to ruminants can increase nutrient digestibility and palatability and improve ruminal fermentation. Therefore, the 5 and 10% substitution of E. ulmoides for roughage are highly recommended to be used in practice.