• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2019

Small intestine has a structure called villi that increases the mucosal surface area for nutrient absorption. Intricate and tight epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are required for villi development. These interactions are regulated by signaling molecules, physical forces, and epithelial deformation. Signaling molecules include hedgehog (Hh), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt ligands. The Hh ligand is expressed from the epithelium and binds to the underlying mesenchymal cells, resulting in aggregation into mesenchymal clusters. The clusters express BMP and Wnt ligands to control its size and spacing between clusters. The clusters then form villi. Despite the fact that the villi formation is studied extensively, we do not have a complete understanding. In addition, the recent study shows there is a great relationship between the overexpression of the Hh signal and development of cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, signaling between epithelial and mesenchymal cells and their physical interactions will be discussed on this review.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.143-151
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of iron and selenium intakes on utilization of manganese in rats fed adequate, 2-fold, 4-fold iron and adequate, high selenium for 6 weeks. There was no difference feed intake across iron and selenium containing diet groups. Body weight gain in 2-fold iron and high selenium group(MFeHSe) was significantly higher than those in other groups. Serum iron level was increased with iron increment, and liver iron content was decreased with selenium supplementation. Selenium and manganese contents in tissues were decreased with iron increment. In the case of manganese balance, manganese excretion through feces was significantly increased as iron intake was increased. However, retention and apparent absorption of manganese were not significantly affected by dietary iron. From these results, it could be suggested that the supplementations of iron and selenium affected the manganese utilization. Therefore, it must be considered interaction with various minerals in micro-nutrient supplementations.

• 약학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.331-338
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• 2003

A butyrolactone ester of cefazolin (CFZ-BTL) was synthesized by the esterification of cefazolin (CFZ) with $\alpha$-bromo-${\gamma}$-butyrolactone. The synthesis was confirmed by the spectroscopic analysis. The CFZ-BTL was more lipophilic than the CFZ when assessed by n-octanol/water partition coefficients at various pH. The CFZ-BTL itself did not show any antimicrobial activity in vitro, but after oral administration of CFZ-BTL to rabbits, exerted significant anti-microbial activity in serum samples when measured by the inhibion zone method in nutrient agar plates, due to conversion of CFZ-BTL to an active metabolite, probably CFZ, in the body. The CFZ-BTL was also converted into CFZ as confirmed by in vitro incubation study, with tissue homogenates (liver, blood and intestine) of rabbits. The liver showed the fastest conversion rate, probably via the hydrolysis mechanism. In vivo metabolism of CFZ-BTL to CFZ was also confirmed in vivo serum samples by HPLC. The oral bioavailability of CFZ-BTL in rabbits was 1.6-fold increased when compared to CFZ, resulting from followed by enhanced lipophilicity increased passive absorption in the intestine.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.8-13
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• 1980

일본형품종과 원녹교잡수칭품종의 근부특성을 알기 위하여 진흥과 수원258호를 공논하여 발근이 거의 완료되는 출수기를 중심으로 근부특성을 조사한 결과 수원258호는 진흥에 비해 1차근수가 적고 1차근 평균근장도 짧으나 2, 3근의 분지세근 발달이 현저하며 근선단부위의 활력도 높아 양수분의 흡수기능상 유리한 근계를 가친 것으로 보였다.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.60-67
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• 2019

Protein is a major nutrient of food and has long been studied for nutritional and utility value. Among them, rice protein is attracting attention because of its hypoallergenic characteristics and nutritional value. Rice proteins are divided into endosperm protein and bran protein depending on their location. The two proteins differ in their nutritional characteristics and applications. The endosperm protein is an insoluble protein and has an advantage of digestion and absorption. Rice bran protein dissolves well in water. Its amino acid value is high enough to be comparable to that of soy protein, and it has strong antioxidant ability. Rice protein is a healthy vegetable protein because of its health and hypoallergenic properties. It has been widely used in children's or patients' food, and recently for muscle supplement and health food. Rice protein is considered to be a very effective and useful material as it has been discovered so far.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.137-145
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• 2024

Stunting, a condition characterized by impaired growth and development in children, remains a major public health concern worldwide. Over the past decade, emerging evidence has shed light on the potential role of gut microbiota modulation in stunting. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been linked to impaired nutrient absorption, chronic inflammation, altered short-chain fatty acid production, and perturbed hormonal and signaling pathways, all of which may hinder optimal growth in children. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of existing research exploring the bidirectional relationship between stunting and the gut microbiota. Although stunting can alter the gut microbial community, microbiota dysbiosis may exacerbate it, forming a vicious cycle that sustains the condition. The need for effective preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiota to combat stunting is also discussed. Nutritional interventions, probiotics, and prebiotics are among the most promising approaches to modulate the gut microbiota and potentially ameliorate stunting outcomes. Ultimately, a better understanding of the gut microbiota-stunting nexus is vital for guiding evidence-based interventions that can improve the growth and development trajectory of children worldwide, making substantial strides toward reducing the burden of stunting in vulnerable populations.

• International Journal of Stem Cells
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2024

With the activity of intestinal stem cells and continuous turnover, the gut epithelium is one of the most dynamic tissues in animals. Due to its simple yet conserved tissue structure and enteric cell composition as well as advanced genetic and histologic techniques, Drosophila serves as a valuable model system for investigating the regulation of intestinal stem cells. The Drosophila gut epithelium is in constant contact with indigenous microbiota and encounters externally introduced "non-self" substances, including foodborne pathogens. Therefore, in addition to its role in digestion and nutrient absorption, another essential function of the gut epithelium is to control the expansion of microbes while maintaining its structural integrity, necessitating a tissue turnover process involving intestinal stem cell activity. As a result, the microbiome and pathogens serve as important factors in regulating intestinal tissue turnover. In this manuscript, I discuss crucial discoveries revealing the interaction between gut microbes and the host's innate immune system, closely associated with the regulation of intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation, ultimately contributing to epithelial homeostasis.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.854-859
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• 2015

본 시험은 배양액 내 pH 변화에 따른 이온과 EC의 모형을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 배양액 내 $HPO_4{^{-2}}$와 $H_2PO_4{^-}$의 변량에 따른 pH가 변하는데, pH 4.0-5.0은 EC의 변량이 상승하고, pH 5.0-7.0은 EC의 변량이 완만하고, pH 7.0-8.0은 다시 상승하였다. 배양액 내 다량원소의 변량을 보면, pH가 상승할수록 K, Ca, N, P의 이온 농도도 증가하는데, 특히 K과 P의 변량이 크게 나타났다. 반면 Mg와 S의 변량은 일정하게 유지되었다. 배양액의 IBM(ion balance model)에 따른 분석에서, EC의 변량은 크게 변하지 않고, 이온의 균형점이 a분면에서 d분면으로 이동하면 pH가 상승하면서 음이온 보다 양이온이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 pH 변량이 높을수록 EC 중앙선으로부터 멀어져 배양액의 이온 불균형이 증가되었다. $HPO_4{^{-2}}$와 $H_2PO_4{^-}$의 변량에 대한 K와 Ca의 당량비 보정은 pH가 증가할수록 K는 감소하지만 Ca는 증가하였고, EC 변량의 영향보다 큰 것으로 나타났다. K와 Ca의 당량비 보정에 따른 pH 변량은 0.97의 이차 다항식 상관모형을 나타냈다. 본 연구를 통해 인산염의 구배에 따른 pH, 이온, EC의 변량에 대하여 pH 변량 모형이 구명되었다.

• 화훼연구
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.36-43
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• 2008

나리의 상자재배시 재식밀도, 배지 및 양액농도가 생육에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 재식밀도가 나리의 맹아에 미치는 영향은 14, 18 및 22구 처리가 1일 정도 맹아가 빨랐고, 개화는 22구 처리에서 가장 빨랐고 6구 식재처리가 가장 늦어 재식밀도가 높을수록 개화가 빠른 경향을 보였다. 재식밀도가 높을수록 초장생장이 증가되어 절화장이 길었으나 절화중, 화수 등 절화품질은 재식밀도가 낮을수록 증가하였다. 블라스팅이나 생리장해도 22, 18 및 14구순으로 재식밀도가 높을수록 발생율이 증가되었다. 구고, 구폭, 구중, 인편수, 인편중 모두 22구 처리를 제외한 모든 처리에서 정식전보다 우수한 결과를 나타냈으며 재식밀도가 높아질수록 구근비대가 좋지 않았고 부패율도 증가하였다. 배지성분 변화는 구근 정식전에 비해 pH는 모든 처리에서 낮아졌으며, 재식밀도가 높을수록 더욱 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었다. P, K, Ca, Mg 성분은 정식 전에 비해 높아졌으나, K와 Ca 성분은 재식밀도가 높을수록 오히려 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 절화품질은 왕겨+코이어(1:1, v/v)배지가 우수하였으나 다른 배지와 큰 차이는 없었다. 또한 절화 후 구근 비대에서는 나리전용배지, 펄라이트+피트모스(1:1, v/v)배지에서 우수한 결과를 보였으며, 부패율은 왕겨+코이어(1:1, v/v)배지가 가장 높게 나타났다. 화뢰 출현기부터 절화기까지 양액농도별 처리에서 원시 1배액 처리가 절화장, 절화중, 화수 등 절화품질이 가장 좋았으며, 개화는 무처리, 원시 1/3배액 처리 순으로 농도가 낮을수록 개화가 빨랐다. 절화 시 양액 농도별 엽분석 결과 처리농도가 높을수록 N와 K의 흡수율이 높게 나타났으며, Ca와 Mg도 농도가 높을수록 증가추세를 보였으나 P는 모든 처리에서 흡수율이 가장 낮았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.46-54
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of eucalyptus (E. Camaldulensis) crude oils (EuO) supplementation on voluntary feed intake and rumen fermentation characteristics in swamp buffaloes. Four rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes, body weight (BW) of $420{\pm}15.0$ kg, were randomly assigned according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were untreated rice straw (RS) without EuO (T1) and with EuO (T2) supplementation, and 3% urea-treated rice straw (UTRS) without EuO (T3) and with EuO (T4) supplementation. The EuO was supplemented at 2 mL/h/d in respective treatment. Experimental animals were kept in individual pens and concentrate mixture was offered at 3 g/kg BW while roughage was fed ad libitum. Total dry matter and roughage intake, and apparent digestibilites of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber were improved (p<0.01) by UTRS. There was no effect of EuO supplementation on feed intake and nutrient digestibility. Ruminal pH and temperature were not (p>0.05) affected by either roughage sources or EuO supplementation. However, buffaloes fed UTRS had higher ruminal ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen as compared with RS. Total volatile fatty acid and butyrate proportion were similar among treatments, whereas acetate was decreased and propionate molar proportion was increased by EuO supplementation. Feeding UTRS resulted in lower acetate and higher propionate concentration compared to RS. Moreover, supplementation of EuO reduced methane production especially in UTRS treatment. Protozoa populations were reduced by EuO supplementation while fungi zoospores remained the same. Total, amylolytic and cellulolytic bacterial populations were increased (p<0.01) by UTRS; However, EuO supplementation did not affect viable bacteria. Nitrogen intake and in feces were found higher in buffaloes fed UTRS. A positive nitrogen balance (absorption and retention) was in buffaloes fed UTRS. Supplementation of EuO did not affect nitrogen utilization. Both allantoin excretion and absorption and microbial nitrogen supply were increased by UTRS whereas efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was similar in all treatments. Findings of present study suggested that EuO could be used as a feed additive to modify the rumen fermentation in reducing methane production both in RS and UTRS. Feeding UTRS could improve feed intake and efficiency of rumen fermentation in swamp buffaloes. However, more research is warranted to determine the effect of EuO supplementation in production animals.