• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.103-115
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate ethical ability among paramedic students by analyzing their moral intelligence and whistle-blowing intention. Methods: Data from 117 paramedic students were collected from September 7 - 14, 2015. The questionnaire measured the level of moral intelligence (7 components, 41 items) and whistle-blowing intention (8 items) of paramedic students. Results: The mean score of moral intelligence was 3.07 (${\pm}0.28$) and that of whistle-blowing intention was 3.13 (${\pm}0.42$). Moral intelligence and whistle-blowing intention showed a significantly positive correlation with each other (r = .328, p <.001). Conclusion: It is desirable to introduce moral education contents and methods for paramedic students in order to enhance their moral intelligence and whistle-blowing intention.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.65-78
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the mediating effect of self-efficacy between loneliness and life satisfaction among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This study administered a questionnaire survey of 282 college students enrolled in universities located in K area. Structural equation modeling analysis was utilized to examine the relationships of variables. The questionnaire included the life satisfaction, loneliness, and self-efficacy scales. Results: The results showed that loneliness had a negative correlation with life satisfaction and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy had a positive correlation with life satisfaction. The study confirmed that loneliness had a partial mediating effect on life satisfaction through self-efficacy. Conclusion: The study discussed ways of enhancing the life satisfaction of university students, the implications of the study findings, and suggestions for future research.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.768-781
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• 1996

The problem of care of patients and families with Alzheimer's disease has become a conscious raising social policy issue in Korea. The government of the Republic of Korea has become cognizant of the situation and has begun searching for ways to remedy it. Thus, there is a need for a comprehensive under-standing of the situation in which patients and their families are struggling and the enormous problems of care. With a realization of the urgent need, this study was done to investigate the situation and the care needs of families with patients with Alzheimer's Disease, and to compare the effectiveness of services utilized by the families in terms of cost and effects on patient's conditions and on family live. The Subjects for the study were 29 families with hospitalized patients, 25 families utilizing hospital outpatient clinics, 14 families utilizing day care facilities, and 16 families with homebound patients. A total of 84 families were interviewed by four trained interviewers using structured and semistructured questionnaires. The data produced from these interviews included : the patient's stage of Alzheimer's disease, patient's bizarre behavior, hours spent on patient care per day, family burden and quality of life, direct and indirect costs encountered in the care of patients, and the families' evaluation of the effectiveness of the services received. The data were analyzed to determine the relationships between family charactersistics, patient's conditions and services utilization. The effectiveness of each of the service entities was assessed through families evaluation and hoped for service and comparisons were made between services in terms of the cost-effectiveness ratios. After initial comparison of cost-effectiveness ratios, further analysis was done to compare between groups for incremental effectiveness for each incremental unit of cost to determine the most cost-effective service entities. The findings of the study are as fellows : 1. The choice of living arrangement and the types of services are a function of the stage of Alzheimer's condition and the economic status of the family. 2. Comparision of the cost of care showed that most expenses were encountered in by families with hospitalization, families using outpatient services, and families using day care services in that order. The least expense was involved in the care of homebound patients. The economic burden felt by families was in the same order as expenses. 3. The average number of hours spent on daily patient care was 9.9 hours for the outpatient clinic users, 9.7 hours for homebound patients, and 5.4 hours for day care users. 4. There were significant differences in the patient's conditions (CDRL), bizarre behaviors and the families's burden by living arrangement and /or types of service. However, no significant difference was found between groups in the family's quality of life. 5. The families rated the services of day care center as most effective for the care of the patients and families, except for a few families who had experienced some improvement in the patient's conditions. The outpatient clinic users expressed psychological comforts mainly in that the patient was being taken care of. For those hospitalized patients, families expressed the comfort of being relieved of the burden of care and that the patient is being professionally cared for. Form the analysis of the costs, hours of patient care, patient's bizarre behaviors, family's quality of life and burdens, and family's evaluation of services, it is concluded that up to the mid stage of Alzheimer's condition, the utilization of day care center services is found to be the most cost-effective, and toward the end stage of the Alzheimer's disease, it is hoped that there will be a establishment of long term or short term in-patient facilities for the protection of patients and preservation of the integrity of families for less cost. Thus. it was concluded that the family centered system of care is the most effective for Korea with systematic support systems developed for the care of patients and their families according to the needs of families as the patient's condition deteriorates.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.4
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• pp.5-29
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• 1995

Occupational health services in Korea have been operated as dual types : one is operated by occupational health care manager and the other is health care agency without their own personnel. The performance of occupational health service should be different due to the variety of characteristics of health care manager and workplace, qualification of health care manager. This study is to analyze performance of occupational health care services with a particular consideration of job performance shape and efficiency, based on comparing those two types of health care management to show on the basic data for the settlement of more qualitative health care management system at workplace. For this study, total 391 places in Seoul and Inchon city area ; 154 places (39.4%) managed by designated health care manager and 237 places (60.6%) by the agency with their commission are selected as research samples. Tools for data collection are questionnares that have been investigated during the period of 20 September 1993-20 December 1993. Those data are compared with percentiles, mean, standard deviation and B/C ratio using SPSS PC program. Conclusions observed from the tests and each comparison could be summerized as follows : 1. Occupational health care have been accomplished at workplaces with designated people than with agencies people, and coverage rate of the occupational health care services has differences, due to management types. The reason of these results is due to visit only one or two times monthly by the agencies, while their own health care manager obsess, at the workplaces all the times. 2. Most of the expense for environmental control of all health care services expenditures shows that there is almost no fundamental improvement because more expenses are needed for procuring personal protective equipment and measuring work environment instead of environmental improvement. 3. It is investigated how much the cost of occupational health care services needs per worker, and calculated how much the cost needs per service hour per worker. The results from this show that the cost of occupational health services at workplaces with their own managers used less than the cost of health care agencies, eventually the former gives better services with less cost than the latter. 4. Benefit/Cost ratio is also produced by total benefit/total cost. The result from the above way reads 4.57 as a whole, while their own manager having workplaces reads 4.82 and the agencies do l.56. Even if their own manager performing workplaces spent more cost, this system produces more benefit than the agencies management. 5. The B/C ratio for medical organization such as local clinic, health care center and pharmacy shows more than or equal to at the workplaces controlled by the agencies. It is inferred that benefit would be much less than the cost used, with so being inefficient. 6. It is assumed that the efficiency ratio of health education is equal to reduction rate of workers medical organization visit. Estimated reduction rate 5%, 10%, 15%, show that the efficiency ratio of health education have an effect on producing benefits. It is estimated that more benefit can be produced if more qualitative education will be provided for enhancing health care efficiency. 7. Results of this study cannot be generalized because there are large scale of deviation in case of workplaces with less than 300 full time workers, but B/C ratio reads 2.69 as a whole and 3.25 at workplaces with their own health care manager are higher than 1.63 at the workplaces manged by the agencies. Finally, all the benefit concerning health care services could not be quantified, measured and shown on the value of money. This is a reason that a considerable part of benefits are so underestimated. This is also thought that measurement tools should be developed for measuring benefits of health care services with a comprehensive quantification. in the future. It is also expected that efficiency of occupational health care services should be investigated using cost-effectiveness analysis.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.95-120
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• 2006

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the structure of cost-sharing for oriental medical services in the national health insurance. Out-of-pocket payment in ambulatory oriental medical care is a co-payment of KRW3,000 up to total expenses of KRW15,000, and co-insurance rate of 30% thereafetr. The empirical analysis based on medial claims data shows that the frequency of medical claims for outpatient care are mostly concentrated just below a total expenses of KRW15,000, and it decreases beyond a total expense of KRW15,000, while it rebounds between KRW17,000${\sim}$20,000. This means the current co-payment(KRW3,000) in oriental medical services should be applied up to a total payment of KRW17,000${\sim}$20,000, or the level of co-payment should be adjusted upward to KRW45,000 in order to be consistent in cost-sharing, between co-payment and co-insurance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.144-157
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• 2013

Purpose: Health management programs should provide comprehensive health services for students and staffs at schools. Health management programs are critical for helping students become adults with physically, mentally, and socially good health conditions. The aim of this study was to identify the past and present history of health management programs and health laws to help schools develop future health plans. Methods: This study was conducted by analyzing reference data collected using data from Ministry of Education and Science Technology, Korean Educational Development Institute, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and National Statistical Office as well as legal documents from the Legislative Office related to school health from 2001 to 2010. Results: Health management programs in schools included three sections: disease prevention and control, physical examinations, and prevention of communicable diseases. Disease prevention and controls consisted of obesity control, drug abuse prevention and control,and management of students' mental health. Various strategies and services were developed to improve health status of students for 10 years from 2001 to 2010. School health laws and systems have been established for disease prevention, physical examinations and communicable disease control as well, to improve students' health as well. Conclusion: The history of health management programs has a number of implications to help design future plans for school health programs and services for students and staffs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.3729-3734
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• 2015

Background: Although cervical cancer is preventable and early screening might decrease the associated mortality, challenges faced by the women and health care providers can postpone early detection. This qualitative study aimed to establish patient and provider perceptions about personal and socio-cultural barriers for cervical cancer screening in Mashhad, Iran. Materials and Methods: In the present study, which was conducted in 2012, eighteen participants, who were selected purposefully, participated in individual in-depth, semi-structured interviews, which were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using conventional content analysis and Atlas-Ti software. Results: One theme and two categories were derived from data including: cognitive/behavioral factors (lack of a community-based approach to cervical cancer, lack of awareness, wrong attitude and lack of health seeking behaviors) and socio/cultural issues (socio-cultural invasion, mismatch between tradition, modernity and religious, extra marital relationships and cultural taboos). Conclusions: Providing community based approach education programs and employing social policy are needed for preventing of cervical cancer in Iran.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.57-67
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• 2003

The purpose of the study is to propose the basic data for an aged residential building suitable for Korean environment and it is based on the outcomes of investigation on The Aged Care Residential Service in Australia including the scale and arrangement of private zone and specific characteristics of each compartment. The brief outcomes of the research are follows as. - The Aged Care Residential Services have been functionally running divided into Nursing home, Hostel and Retirement Village by the classification standard of the residential classification scale. - Single bed rooms have 75% of total residential area and the square of single bed room is about $20\textrm{m}^2$and that of two-bed room is about $31\textrm{m}^2$. - There are two types of ensuite such as one single-bed room and one ensuite and bed room for two or three persons and ensuite type. The square of ensuite varies as single is 50∼60%, single for public is 25∼30%, and double for public is 15∼20%. - Assisted bathrooms are generally located in the middle of building and it is suggested to be occupied about $1.25\textrm{m}^2$ per person. Sitting rooms are two types such as room type whose square has about $12\textrm{m}^2$ and a lounge type has $16\textrm{m}^2$.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.21-34
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• 2008

Objectives : This paper analysed the alternative methods of calculating conversion factor for oriental medicine in the National Health Insurance and estimated the conversion factor(reimbursing price level) of the oriental medical services, based on health insurance claims data and macro economic data. Methods : Comparing cost accounting method, SGR model, and index model to estimate conversion factor in the national health insurance, six empirical models were derived depending on the scope of revenue considered in financial indicators. Classifications of data and sources used in the analysis were identified as officially released by the government. Results and Conclusion : Cost accounting analysis and SGR model showed a two digit decrease in the physician fee schedule of oriental medical services in the national health insurance, while index model indicated a positive increase in the fee reimbursed. As expected, SGR model measured an overall trend of health expenditures rather than an individual financial status of medical institutions, and index model properly estimated the level of payments to oriental medical doctors. Upon a declining share of health expenditures on oriental medicine, a global budget system fixed to a flat rate of total budget could be an opportunity as well as a challenge.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.26-39
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• 2018

Purposes: The purpose of this study is to analyze the issue of interest in patient medical service of small and medium hospitals using big data. Methods: The method of this study was implemented by data mining and social network using SNS big data. The analysis tool were extracted key keywords and analyzed correlation by using Textom, Ucinet6 and NetDraw program. Findings: In the results of frequency, the network-centered and closeness centrality analysis, It was shown that the government center is interested in the major explanations and evaluations of the technology, information, security, safety, cost and problems of small and medium hospitals, coping with infections, and actual involvement in bank settlement. And, were extracted care for disabilities such as pediatrics, dentistry, obstetrics and gynecology, dementia, nursing, the elderly, and rehabilitation. Practical Implications: Future studies will be more useful if analyzed the needs of customers for medical services in the metropolitan area and provinces may be different in the small and medium hospitals to be studied, further classification studies.