• 한국작물학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.245-249
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• 1995

보리, 밀, 등을 수확기에 보면 미열이삭이 생기는데 이 미열이삭의 수가 품종간에 차이를 나타내는 것인가 하는 문제와 그렇다면 그의 유전력은 어떠하며 다른 형질들과의 상관은 어떻게 나타날 것인가에 대한 조사를 한 결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 보리의 미열이삭수는 찰보리가 평균 6도로서 제일 많았고 조강보리와 새올보리가 평균 1도로서 제일 적어 품종간차가 뚜렷하였다. 2. 밀의 미열이삭수도 탑동밀이 3.6도로서 제일 많았고 조광이 1.4도로서 제일 적어 품종간차가 분명하였다. 3. 보리의 미열이삭수의 유전력은 0.85로서 상당히 높았으며 밀은 0.65로서 보리보다는 약간 낮았으나 두 작물 모두 비교적 높은 유전력을 나타내었다. 4. 보리의 미열이삭수는 절간수와 고도의 유의성이 있는 상관을 나타내었고, 지엽장과도 유의성이 있는 상관을 나타내었으나 다른 형질들과는 상관이 낮거나 부의 상관을 나타내었다. 5. 말의 미열이삭과 절간수와의 사이에는 유의성있는 부의 상관을 나타내었고 미열이삭과 다른 형질들 사이에는 상관이 없었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 1997

In this experiment, gene actions were analysized for seven barley parents in order to obtain basic information on their genetic improvement by diallel crosses. The results obtained were summarized as follows. In analysis of variance, additive, dominant, maternal and reciprocal effects were observed significantly for culm length, tiller number, number of spiked per plant, culm diameter, awn length, leaf width, number of grains per spike, and 1000 grain weight. Over-dominance was shown by Vr-Wr graphic analysis in five characters such as tiller number, number of spikes per plant, length of flag leaf, number of grains per spike, and 1000 grain weight, and partial dominance in four characters such as culm length, culm diameter, awn length, and leaf width. Component of genetic varience analyzed for four characters such as culm diameter, awn length, length of flag leaf, and leaf width showed that additive effects were higher than dominant effects. Culm length, tiller number, number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike, and 1000 grain weight showed dominant effects higher than additive effects. The narrow-sense heritability for awn length, leaf width, and number of grains per spike showed high values as more than 0.62, while broad-sense heritability for culm length, number of spikes per plant, culm diameter, awn length, leaf width, number of grains per spike, and 1000 grain weight showed high values as more than 0.65.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.727-743
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• 2019

This paper presents a pulse-width modulation strategy to eliminate the common mode voltage (CMV) with reduced CMV spikes in multilevel inverters since a high CMV magnitude and its fast variations dv/dt result in bearing failure of motors, overvoltage at motor terminals, and electromagnetic interference (EMI). The proposed method only utilizes the zero CMV states in a space vector diagram and it is implemented by a carrier-based pulse-width modulation (CBPWM) method. This method is generalized for odd number levels of inverters including neutral-point-clamped (NPC) and cascaded H-bridge inverters. Then it is extended to the over-modulation mode. The over-modulation mode is implemented by using the two-limit trajectory principle to maintain linear control and to avoid look-up tables. Even though the CMV is eliminated, CMV spikes that can cause EMI and bearing current problems still exist due to the deadtime effect. As a result, the deadtime effect is analyzed. By taking the deadtime effect into consideration, the proposed method is capable of reducing CMV spikes. Simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2001

The amygdala is known as a site for inducing analgesia, but its action on the trigeminal nucleus has not been known well. Little information is available on the effect of dynorphin on NMDA receptor-mediated electrophysiological events in the trigeminal nucleus. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the single neuron spikes at the trigeminal nucleus caused by the amygdala and the action of dynorphin on the trigeminal nucleus. In the present study, extracellular single unit recordings were made in the dorsal horn of the medulla (trigeminal nucleus caudalis) and the effects of microiontophoretically applied compounds were examined. When [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Glys5-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO, 10-25 mM), a ${\mu}-opioid$ receptor agonist, was infused into the amygdala, the number of NMDA-evoked spikes at the trigeminal nucleus decreased. However, the application of naloxone into the trigeminal nucleus while DAMGO being infused into the amygdala increased the number of spikes. Low dose (1 mM) of dynorphin in the trigeminal nucleus produced a significant decrease in NMDA-evoked spikes of the trigeminal nucleus but the NMDA-evoked responses were facilitated by a high dose (5 mM) of dynorphin. After the ${\kappa}$ receptors were blocked with naloxone, dynorphin induced hyperalgesia. After the NMDA receptors were blocked with AP5, dynorphin induced analgesia. In conclusion, dynorphin A exerted dose-dependent dual effects (increased & decreased spike activity) on NMDA-evoked spikes in the trigeminal nucleus. The inhibitory effect of the dynorphin at a low concentration was due to the activation of ${\kappa}$ receptors and the excitatory effect at a high concentration was due to activation of NMDA receptors in the trigeminal neurons.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.113-118
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• 2006

In the primary sensory neuron of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN), the peripheral axon supplies a large number of annulospiral endings surrounding intrafusal fibers encapsulated in single muscle spindles while the central axon sends only a few number of synapses onto single ${\alpha}-motoneurons({\alpha}-MNs)$. Therefore, the ${\alpha}-{\gamma}$ linkage is thought to be very crucial in the jaw-closing movement. Spike activity in a ${\gamma}-motoneuron\;({\gamma}-MN)$ would induce a large number of impulses in single peripheral axons by activating many intrafusal fibers simultaneously, subsequently causing an activation of ${\alpha}-MNs$ in spite of the small number of synapses. Thus, the activity of ${\gamma}-MNs$ may be vital for modulation of jaw-closing movements. Independently of such a spindle activity modulated by ${\gamma}-MNs$, somatic depolarization in MTN neurons is known to trigger the oscillatory spike activity. Nevertheless, the trafficking of these spikes arising from the two distinct sources of MTN neurons is not well understood. In this short review, switching among multiple functional modes of MTN neurons is discussed. Subsequently, it will be discussed which mode can support the ${\alpha}-{\gamma}$ linkage. In our most recent study, simultaneous patch-clamp recordings from the soma and axon hillock revealed a spike-back-propagation from the spike-initiation site in the stem axon to the soma in response to a somatic current pulse. The persistent $Na^+$ current was found to be responsible for the spike-initiation in the stem axon, the activation threshold of which was lower than those of soma spikes. Somatic inputs or impulses arising from the sensory ending, whichever trigger spikes in the stem axon first, would be forwarded through the central axon to the target synapse. We also demonstrated that at hyperpolarized membrane potentials, 4-AP-sensitive $K^+$ current ($IK_{4-AP}$) exerts two opposing effects on spikes depending on their origins; the suppression of spike initiation by increasing the apparent electrotonic distance between the soma and the spike-initiation site, and the facilitation of axonal spike invasion at higher frequencies by decreasing the spike duration and the refractory period. Through this mechanism, the spindle activity caused by ${\gamma}-MNs$ would be safely forwarded to ${\alpha}-MNs$. Thus, soma spikes shaped differentially by this $IK_{4-AP}$ depending on their origins would reflect which one of the two inputs was forwarded to the target synapses.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.266-275
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• 1997

지모는 야생에서 수집하여 순화재배하고 있는 약용작물로서 근경을 주로 이용하고 있으며 주성분은 사포닌으로서 발한, 진통, 이뇨 등의 약리작용이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 시험은 전국 각지에서 수집한 지모 재래종 20계통의 작물학적 특성조사로 수집 재래종간 유연관계(類緣關係)를 밝혀 지모의 재래종을 분류하고자 하였다. 1. 화경수, 화축장 등과 같은 화경기관에 관련된 특성들의 변이가 엽장, 근경길이 등 지상부 또는 지하부에 관련된 특성들의 변이 보다 높았다. 2. 지상부 생육이 왕성할수록 화경장, 화경수등 생식기관도 잘 발달되었으나 화경의 발달은 엽의 엽록소함량과 부의 상관관계 를 나타내었다. 3. 지하부 특성은 업의 생육특성보다 화경관련 형질과 상호 관련성 이 높았다. 4. 중심 연결법에 의한 군집 분석결과 크게 2 group으로 분류되었는데 A group은 B group에 비하여 엽수, 화경수가 많고 화경장, 화경직경이 길고 굵으며 지상부 건물중이 무거운 등 지상부 생육이 왕성하였다. 5. A group은 잎의 크기, 화축장 및 화경직경에 의하여 다시 2개군으로 분류되었고 B group은 엽수, 화경수, 지상부 건물중 등에 의하여 2개군으로 분류 되었다.

• 대한전기학회논문지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.269-278
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• 1989

When the induction motor is operated by CSI, the commutation capacitance in the CSI circuit is increased according to the increase of large capacitor system. The output voltage spikes are generated at the moment of charge and discharge of the commutation capacitor. Also, since output current comprise a great number of harmonics, torque ripples of the motor are generated, having bad effects on the motor. In this study, by adopting the 18-phase multiple high Frequency Current Source Inverter (HFCSI), torque ripples generated by the voltage spikes are mostly eliminated except the 17th and 19th harmonics. To reduce the voltage spikes comprised in the output voltage, particularly, the methods of eliminating the cause of bad effect upon the motor are proposed in this paper. In the proposed method, by using additional voltage Clamping Curcuit (VCC), it is possible to select the values of commutation capacitor energy loss in commutating, the commutating capacitor, and the capacitor in the clamping circuit.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.43-52
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• 1986

The influences of extracellular $Ca^{2+}\;and\;K^+$ upon the spike action potentials were studied in isolated uterine strips of rat. Regular, rhythmic uterine contractions were induced by the administration of oxytocin$(0.2{\sim}0.5\;I.U.)$, and recorded with force transducer. Spike action potentials were extracellularly measured by use of suction electrode, and compared with those recorded intracellularly by glass microelectrode. The results obtained were as follows : 1) The frequency and duration of spike bursts, and the number of spikes in a burst could be analyzed by use of both methods. But the absolute values of membrane potential were not measurable with the suction electrode. 2) The duration of contraction$(CD_{90};\;the\;duration\;of\;90%\;relaxation)$ was lengthened from the control 17.0 sec to 20.6 sec, in parallel with the increase of spike number from the control 21 to 26, as the increase in $Ca^{2+}$ concentration from 2 to 4 mM. 3) The amplitude and frequency of contractions were gradually decreased, simultaneously with the decrease in the number of spikes in a burst, when the $Ca^{2+}-antagonist$, verapamil was administered cumulatively. 4) The number of spikes was changed from the control 15 to 7, in cabs of the administration of ver)'low dose of verapamil$(10^{-6}\;g/l)$. 5) Increase in the numbers of spike bursts was well matched to the increase in frequency of contractions when extracellular $K^+$ was increased.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.34-44
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• 1996

보리 분얼성 isogenic line 4계통(Kindred, Morex)을 이용하여 파종양 및 결주율에 따른 주요 형질의 변화를 조사하였다. t. 다얼성 계통은 단간성 계통에 비하여 곡립의 수양은 46％, 엽면적지수 56％가 높았으나, 단간성 계통은 정립률이 69％ 천립중은 27％가 높았다. 2. 단단성 계통은 출수기가 4∼8일, 성숙기는 2∼3일 빨랐다. 3. 곡립수양은 수수에 따른 직선회귀에 잘 적용되어 수수의 기여도가 매우 컷다. 4. 결주율이 증가함에 따라서 1수입수 및 천립중이 다소 증가하나 수수의 감소로 곡립의 수양이 현저히 감소되었다. 5. 반면에 결주율이 증가될 때 정립률, 엽의 광합성능 및 분얼수가 증가하였다. 6. 분얼성 isogenic line이 재해에 의해서 결주가 발생시 수수가 곡립의 수양을 좌우하였다. 7. 단간성 인자의 도입, 육종 및 보급을 위해선 이들 동질유전자 계통을 포장에 다년간 반복 실험하여 보다 정밀한 평가가 이루어져야 한다.

• Plant Resources
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.54-59
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between yearly variations of weather elements and productivity in rice. In addition, coefficients of correlation among yield and yield components were used to find out the relationships between weather elements and productivity. Coefficients of variance (C.V.) of air temperature mean was considerable with 25％, but the variation by duration of sunshine was small in May. Culm length and number of spikes were great with c.v. of 21.5, 16.4％, respectively. Coefficients of correlation between temperatures of cultivation in May and yield were positive correlations. Coefficients of correlation between precipitation and sunshine of cultivation period from Oct. to May and yield were negative correlations. Coefficients of correlation amount the culm length, number of spikes, 1,000 grains wt. of seed, and yield were positively significant at the level of 1 ％, respectively.