• Health Policy and Management
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.129-147
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• 2003

This study is to grasp a trend of profitability classified by characteristics of hospitals and to analyze related factors. Subjects are 145 hospitals which have gotten the standardization audit by Korean Hospital Association during 1998-200l. Profitability was measured in the aspect of operation profit rate with operating margin to gross revenue as proxy variables. Independent variables were classified by general factors (ownership, number of beds, period of establishment, competition), financial factors (liabilities to total assets, current ratio, fixed ratio, total asset turnover, inventories turnover), and factors related to patient treatment (average length of stay, bed occupancy rate, new outpatient ratio, admission ratio of outpatients, number of patients per specialist, personnel costs per adjusted inpatient, administrative costs per adjusted inpatient). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis model was used in this study. As a result of hierarchical multiple regression analyzation of operating margin to gross revenue, adjustive $R^2$ of general factors was relatively more powerful. The factors had significant effect on operating margin to gross revenue were ownership(+), number of beds(+), competition(+), current ratio(+), fixed ratio(+), total asset turnover(+), personnel costs per adjusted inpatient(-).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.266-274
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• 2010

The purposes of this study were to evaluate on the importance about the possible remedies for improvement of sanitation management by foodservice manager and to compare dietitians' opinion and that of administrators about theirs. A questionnaire survey was performed by 282 dietitians and 56 administrators, who were involved at foodservice facilities in Daegu and Gyeongbuk from March 7 to March 9 in 2007. According to the results of the importance evaluation analysis about the remedies for improvement of sanitation management, there were significant differences between dietitians and administrators in the means of 6 items such as "remodeling of hygiene equipment and facilities", "improvement of dietitians' food safety knowledge", "self-operated management of foodservice operation", "enforcement of cooperation between the CEO or administrators and dietitians", "development of food safety education program for foodservice workers", "increasing of foodservice operating budget". In all of them, the dietitians' evaluation scores were significantly higher than that of administrators. In addition, four factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis. According to the results of one-way ANOVA, operating, education, and policy support sector showed that significant differences across type of foodservice, frequency of meals served, number of meals served per day, dietitians' education level and career. On the other hand, supervision sector showed that significant differences across number of meals served per day and dietitians' employment type. In conclusion, in order to increase the quality of sanitation in the foodservice operation, we should increase sanitation performance and enforce the food-safety education for foodservice workers. In addition, government should increase the policy support.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.23
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• pp.79-108
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• 1995

Government Publications are published to keep records of governmental activities and performances. In a rapidly changing information-oriented society, it is badly required for the operation system of government publications and a library to be effectively managed with government publications for satisfying 'right to know' of people and improving the obligation of government to 'let people know.' Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to analyze such five research items as the situation of the publication and distribution of, government publications, the operation system of the publications in library, the number of publications regarding secondary information sources for the publications, and the legal deposit of the publications in the National Library, in order to proceed with a subject as to how much the government publication is satisfying 'right to know' of people. The research findings were suggested as follow : 1) Despite the fact that the publication of government publications has been gradually increased every year in numbers and kinds, it is unfortunately pointed out that the publications, distributions and sellings of them were not well organized and systematic. That is, the government publications had not been published more than 1.47% of all publications in number. Moreover, more than the half of the publications were non-periodically or annually published. To make the matter worse, it was not easy to get an access to the publications because of the publications not to be sold. 2) It a n.0, ppears that people could not use the publications efficiently because the library and administrative document office did not pay sufficient attention to public relations for all sorts of government publications. Not only that, there were not enough numbers of publications regarding such secondary information sources as bibliography, index and catalog. A speedy searching capacity for the information gave rise to another serious problem which the government publications could not be effectively used. 3) It is legally stated that all sorts of government publication should be deposited to the National Libraries. However, the law was not properly put into force because of lack of understanding of government agencies about the law.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2022

Background: The surgical strategy for single-stage resection of primary colorectal cancer (CRC) and synchronous pulmonary metastases remains a matter of debate. Methods: Perioperative data of patients who underwent single-stage resection of primary CRC and synchronous pulmonary metastases were compared to those of patients who underwent 2-stage resections. The demographic data, number of metastases, type of pulmonary and colorectal resections, operation time, blood loss, postoperative complications, morbidities, mortality, medical costs, and length of hospital stay were analyzed. Results: Twenty-two patients underwent single-stage resection of primary CRC and pulmonary metastases, while 27 patients underwent 2-stage resection. Tumor size and the number of pulmonary metastases were not significantly different between the 2 groups. The extent of pulmonary metastasectomy and abdominal procedures were similar in both groups, as was the thoracic surgical approach (video-assisted thoracic surgery vs. thoracotomy). However, open laparotomy was performed more frequently in the 2-stage group than in the single-stage group (p=0.045), which also had a longer total anesthetic time (p=0.013). The operation time, medical costs, estimated blood loss, complication rates, and severity were similar in both groups, but the length of hospital stay was shorter in the single-stage group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Single-stage colorectal and pulmonary resection shortened the overall hospital stay, with no significant changes in operation time, medical costs, hospital mortality, and morbidity. Therefore, single-stage resection could be a good surgical strategy in selected patients.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.153-157
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• 2001

Operation conditions for the generation of an HF laser driven by fluorine-hydrogen combustion were discussed by mc:asuring the intensities of excited HF* molecules. Optimum injection quantities of fluorine gas for the generation of fluorine atoms was two times the injection mole number of hydrogen fuel. Slit nozzles with two dimensional configuration were used for the production of excited HF* molecules. When the injection mole number of secondary hydrogen gas is 1.3 times the injection mole number of fluorine gas, the fluorescence intensities of excited HF* molecules show maximum values. alues.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.137-147
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• 2007

Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion systems can be broadly divided for the process applied to 4-stroke and 2-stroke engines. The former process is often referred to as simply HCCI combustion and the latter process as Active Thermo-Atmosphere Combustion (ATAC). The region of stable engine operation tends to differ greatly between the two processes. In this study, it was shown that the HCCI combustion process of a 4-stroke engine, characterized by the occurrence of autoignition under a high compression ratio, a lean mixture and wide open throttle operation, could be simulated by operating a 2-stroke engine at a higher compression ratio. On that basis, a comparison was made of the combustion characteristics of high-compression-ratio HCCI combustion and ATAC, characterized as autoignited combustion in the presence of a large quantity of residual gas at a low compression ratio and part throttle. The results showed that one major difference between these two combustion processes was their different degrees of susceptibility to the occurrence of cool flame reactions. Compared with high-compression-ratio HCCI combustion, the ignition timing of ATAC tended not to change in relation to different fuel octane numbers. Furthermore, when internal EGR was applied to high-compression-ratio HCCI combustion, it resulted in combustion characteristics resembling ATAC. Specifically, as the internal EGR rate was increased, the ignition timing showed less change in relation to changes in the octane number and the region of stable engine operation also approached that of ATAC.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.46-49
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• 2006

Extinction limits and combustion temperatures in heat-recirculating excess enthalpy reactors employing both gas-phase and catalytic reaction have been examined previously, with and emphasis Reynolds number (Re) effects and possible application to microscale combustion devices. However, Re is not the only parameter needed to characterize reactor operation. In particular, the use of a fixed reactor size implies that residence time and Re cannot be adjusted independently. To remedy this situation, in this work geometrically similar reactors of different physical sizes were tested with the aim of independently determining the effects of Re and Da. It is found that the difference between catalytic and non-catalytic combustion limits narrow as scale decreases. Moreover, to assess the importance of wall thermal conductivity, reactors of varying wall thickness were studied. From these results the effect of scale on microscale reactor performance and implications for practical microcombustion devices are discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 1997

Fuzzy simulation predicts the behaviors of real system based on a model by qualitative reasoning methods and simulates the representation of ambiguous values on the real system variables using the theory of fuzzy sets. During the simulation, however, unnecessary behaviors due to the fuzzy representation are created, and the number of states of system variables changing temporally in the time axis is drastically increased. In this paper, we present a new algorithm which eliminates the spurious behaviors from the great number of result values due to the results of the fuzzy operation, and reduces the number of the states by transforming the complex state transition rules. This paper also shows the easy implementation of the simulation by using the existing package while it is difficult on the PC due to the complexities of the calculation.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.163-170
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• 2011

Analysis of load on major parts of the tractor power drive line is critical for efficient and optimum design of a tractor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate severeness of the tractor PTO driving axle during rotary tillage operation. First, S-N (stress vs. number of cycle) curve of a PTO driving gear was obtained through the fatigue life test using a PTO dynamometer. Second, PTO severeness was evaluated during rotary tillage operation. Torque measurement system was constructed with strain-gauge sensors to measure torque of a PTO axle, an I/O interface to acquire the sensor signals, and an embedded system to calculate severeness. The severeness of PTO was analyzed using measured torque data during rotary tillage. In the PTO gear life fatigue test, breakage time and bending stress of the gear were measured by tooth widths and torque change during the fatigue life test. The S-N curve showed a good linear relationship between bending stress and number of cycle (life) with a coefficient of determination of 0.97. For PTO severenss evaluation, rotary tillage operations were conducted at two PTO rotational speeds (level-1, level-2) under different paddy and upland field sites with different soil conditions. Results of averaged relative severeness for PTO level-1 and PTO level-2 were 1.96 and 3.34, respectively, at paddy field sites, and they were 1.36 and 2.51, respectively, at upland field sites. The results showed that the PTO driving axle experienced more severe load during rotary tillage at paddy fields than at upland sites, and relative severeness was greater at the higher PTO rotational speed under all of the soil conditions.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.330-334
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• 2013

Background Ultrasound-aided fixation is a recently developed alternative method of treatment of zygomatico-maxillary (ZM) fracture, and it can resolve the problems of excessive torsion force and subsequent fractures of screws. We conducted this study to evaluate the clinical usefulness of ultrasound-aided fixation as compared with the conventional fixation method using a drill and an expander in patients with ZM fracture. Methods We conducted a retrospective study in 35 patients with ZM fracture who had been treated at our hospital during a period ranging from March of 2008 to December of 2010. We divided them into two groups: an ultrasound-aided fixation group, comprising 13 patients who underwent ultrasound-aided fixation (SonicWeld Rx, KLS Martin), and a conventional group, comprising 22 patients who underwent conventional fixation (Biosorb FX, Linvatec Biomaterials Ltd.). We compared such variables as sex, direction, age at operation, follow-up period, operation duration, number of fixed holes, and time to discharge between the two groups. Results The ultrasound-aided fixation reduced the operation duration by about 30 minutes as compared with that of conventional fixation. There was no significant difference in follow-up period, number of fixed holes, or time to discharge between the two groups. Furthermore, there were no complications in either group. Conclusions The ultrasound-aided fixation of fractured ZM bone using an absorbable implant system is safe and effective in promptly reducing the bone fracture and providing satisfactory cosmetic outcomes over time.