• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2008

The self-organizing feature map(SOFM) among a number of neural network uses a randomized small valued initial weight vectors, selects the neuron whose weight vector best matches input as the winning neuron, and trains the weight vectors such that neurons within the activity bubble are moved toward the input vector. On the other hand, the modified method in this research uses a predetermined initial weight vectors of the 1-dimensional string, gives the systematic input vector whose position best matches obstacles, and trains the weight vectors such that neurons within the activity bubble are move toward the opposite direction of input vector. According to simulation results one can conclude that the method using string and the modified neural network is useful tool to mobile robot for the global path planning.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.75-96
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• 1998

복강내장을 지배하는 감각신경세포체 및 신경섬유의 표지부위를 관찰하기 위하여 복강내장을 부위별(위, 십이지장, 공장, 회장, 맹장, 오름결장, 내림결장)로 나누어 2.5% WGA-HRP $30{\mu}l$와 0.5% CTB $20{\mu}l$를 장막과 근육층 사이의 4부위에 나누어 주입하였다. 그 후 48-96시간의 생존시간이 경과한 후 뇌줄기, 척수신경절과 미주신경절에서의 감각신경섬유와 신경세포체의 표지부위를 면역조직화학 염색법과 HRP 조직화학 기법으로 관찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. WGA-HRP에 표지된 감각신경섬유는 위와 맹장에서만 관찰되었으며, CTB에 표지된 감각신경섬유는 복강내장의 모든 장기에서 관찰되었다. 2. 복강내장을 지배하는 감각신경섬유는 뇌줄기내 좌우 고립로핵의 교질부, 교질부의 등쪽내측부, 교차연결부, 내측부, 넷째뇌실벽, 맨아래구역의 앞쪽경계 및 중심관의 등쪽 정중선인 교차연결부에 국소적으로 강하게 표지되었다. 3. 척수신경절에서 위 (stomach)에 분포하는 감각신경세포체는 좌우 관계없이 $T_2$에서 $L_1$까지 여러 신경절에 표지되었으며 이 중 좌우 $T_{8-9}$부위에 가장 많이 표지되었다. 4. 십이지장에서의 척수신경절에 표지된 감각 신경세포체는 좌우 $T_6-L_2$부위에 표지되었으나 다른 장기에 비하여 표지된 감각신경세포체의 수는 적었다. 5. 공장에서의 척수신경절에 표지된 감각신경세포체는 좌우 $T_6-L_2$부위에 표지되었다. 가장 많이 표지된 부위는 좌측 $T_{12}$ 부위였으며, 우측은 $T_{13}$ 부위에 표지되었다. 6. 회장에서의 척수신경절에 표지된 감각신경세포체는 좌우 $T_6-L_2$부위였다. 가장 많이 표지된 부위는 좌측에서 $T_{11}$부위였고, 우측에서 $L_1$부위였다. 7. 맹장에서의 척수신경절에 표지된 감각신경 세포체는 좌측은 $T_7-L_2$부위였으며 우측은 $T_6-L_1$부위였다. 가장 많이 표지된 부위는 좌측은 $T_{11}$이었으며, 우측은 $T_{11-12}$에 표지되었다. 8. 오름결장에서 척수신경절에 표지된 감각신경세포체는 좌측은 $T_7-L_2$부위에 표지되었고 우측은 $T_9-L_4$부위에 표지되어 좌우측 표지부위의 차이를 보였다. 가장 많이 표지된 부위는 좌측은 $T_9$이었으며, 우측은 $T_{11}$에 표지되었다. 9. 내림결장에서 척수신경절에 표지된 감각신경 세포체는 좌측은 $T_9-L_2$부위에 표지되었고 우측은 $T_6-L_2$부위에 표지되었다. 가장 많이 표지된 부위는 좌측은 $T_{13}$이었으며, 우측은 $L_1$에 표지되었다. 10. 복강내장을 지배하는 좌우 미주신경절에 표지된 감각신경세포체는 위에서 가장 많이 표지되었으며 위를 제외한 나머지 장기에서는 표지된 감각신경세포체의 수는 위에 표지된 수보다 적었다. 이상의 결과로 흰쥐의 복강내장을 지배하는 감각신경섬유의 뇌줄기내 표지영역은 좌우 고립로 핵의 교질부, 교질부의 등쪽내측부, 교차연결부, 내측부, 넷째뇌실벽, 맨아래구역의 앞쪽경계 및 중심관의 등쪽 정중선인 교차연결부였으며, 감각신경세포체의 표지영역은 미주신경절과 척수신경절 $T_2-L_4$ 부위였음을 알 수 있었다. 위를 제외한 나머지 장기들에서는 $T_6-L_4$부위에 표지되었으나 소장에서 대장으로 갈수록 가장 많이 표지된 부위는 원위부 가슴신경절에서 근위부 허리신경절쪽으로 이동하는 경향을 보였다.

• 국제물리치료학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.846-851
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• 2015

This neurological damage accelerates the infection reaction of cells and apoptosis at the time of reperfusion after ischemia occurs. BCL-2/BCL-2 allogeneic begeminum has a function of suppressing the apoptosis of cells, and thus it is inferred that the susceptibility of cells to apoptosis is determined by the amount of allogeneic begeminum present which is determined based on the amount of BAX. Ischemia was induced in SD mice by occluding the common carotid artery for 5 minutes, after which blood was re-perfused. NEES was applied to acupuncture points, at 12, 24, and 48 hours post-ischemia on the joksamri, Hapgok. Protein expression was investigated through BAX antibody immuno-reactive cells in the cerebral nerve cells and Western blotting. The results were as follows: In the present study as well, as a result of observation of the change in the number of the BAX reaction cells after the inducement of GI, there was the aspect of most of the BAX reaction cells being observed in the corpus striatum area of the GI group 24 hours after the inducement of ischemia. This revealed the same results as those of previous studies in which the change in the number of BAX reaction cells occurred in all areas while ischemia was in progress. The change in the expression of BAX protein after 24 hours showed that there was a very significant reduction in the NEES group compared to the GI group (p<.01). As a result, a greatest amount of change in the number of BAX immunoreactive cells related to apoptosis 24 hours after ischemia appeared in the NEES group. This study that ischemia increases the expression of BAX that induces apoptosis. Thus, it is determined that ischemia is the main cause of the apoptosis of neurons, and this study reveals that low frequency needle electrode electrical stimulation has the effect of blocking the apoptosis of neurons by reducing protein related to the apoptosis of cells that has increased after ischemia has occurred.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제60권4호
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• pp.862-870
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• 2011

In this paper, we introduce a new topology of Radial Basis Function-based Polynomial Neural Networks (RPNN) that is based on a genetically optimized multi-layer perceptron with Radial Polynomial Neurons (RPNs). This study offers a comprehensive design methodology involving mechanisms of optimization algorithms, especially Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering method and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms. In contrast to the typical architectures encountered in Polynomial Neural Networks (PNNs), our main objective is to develop a design strategy of RPNNs as follows : (a) The architecture of the proposed network consists of Radial Polynomial Neurons (RPNs). In here, the RPN is fully reflective of the structure encountered in numeric data which are granulated with the aid of Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering method. The RPN dwells on the concepts of a collection of radial basis function and the function-based nonlinear (polynomial) processing. (b) The PSO-based design procedure being applied at each layer of RPNN leads to the selection of preferred nodes of the network (RPNs) whose local characteristics (such as the number of input variables, a collection of the specific subset of input variables, the order of the polynomial, and the number of clusters as well as a fuzzification coefficient in the FCM clustering) can be easily adjusted. The performance of the RPNN is quantified through the experimentation where we use a number of modeling benchmarks - NOx emission process data of gas turbine power plant and learning machine data(Automobile Miles Per Gallon Data) already experimented with in fuzzy or neurofuzzy modeling. A comparative analysis reveals that the proposed RPNN exhibits higher accuracy and superb predictive capability in comparison to some previous models available in the literature.

• 대한전기학회논문지:시스템및제어부문D
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2004

In this paper, we propose competitive fuzzy polynomial neurons-based advanced Self-Organizing Neural Networks(SONN) architecture for optimal model identification and discuss a comprehensive design methodology supporting its development. The proposed SONN dwells on the ideas of fuzzy rule-based computing and neural networks. And it consists of layers with activation nodes based on fuzzy inference rules and regression polynomial. Each activation node is presented as Fuzzy Polynomial Neuron(FPN) which includes either the simplified or regression polynomial fuzzy inference rules. As the form of the conclusion part of the rules, especially the regression polynomial uses several types of high-order polynomials such as linear, quadratic, and modified quadratic. As the premise part of the rules, both triangular and Gaussian-like membership (unction are studied and the number of the premise input variables used in the rules depends on that of the inputs of its node in each layer. We introduce two kinds of SONN architectures, that is, the basic and modified one with both the generic and the advanced type. Here the basic and modified architecture depend on the number of input variables and the order of polynomial in each layer. The number of the layers and the nodes in each layer of the SONN are not predetermined, unlike in the case of the popular multi-layer perceptron structure, but these are generated in a dynamic way. The superiority and effectiveness of the Proposed SONN architecture is demonstrated through two representative numerical examples.

• BMB Reports
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.234-239
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• 2020

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures and caused by various factors and mechanisms. Malfunction of the olfactory bulb is frequently observed in patients with epilepsy. However, the morphological changes in the olfactory bulb during epilepsy-induced neuropathology have not been elucidated. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the expression of parvalbumin (PV), one of the calcium-binding proteins, and morphological changes in the rat main olfactory bulb (MOB) following pilo-carpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). Pilocarpine-induced SE resulted in neuronal degeneration in the external plexiform layer (EPL) and glomerular layer (GL) of the MOB. PV immunoreactivity was observed in the neuronal somas and processes in the EPL and GL of the control group. However, six hours after pilocarpine administration, PV expression was remarkably decreased in the neuronal processes compared to the somas and the average number of PV-positive interneurons was significantly decreased. Three months after pilocarpine treatment, the number of PV-positive interneurons was also significantly decreased compared to the 6 hour group in both layers. In addition, the number of NeuN-positive neurons was also significantly decreased in the EPL and GL following pilocarpine treatment. In double immunofluorescence staining for PV and MAP2, the immunoreactivity for MAP2 around the PV-positive neurons was significantly decreased three months after pilocarpine treatment. Therefore, the present findings suggest that decreases in PV-positive GABAergic interneurons and dendritic density in the MOB induced impaired calcium buffering and reciprocal synaptic transmission. Thus, these alterations may be considered key factors aggravating olfactory function in patients with epilepsy.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.173-181
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• 2009

One of the most extensively studied populations of multipotent adult stem cells are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs derived from the human umbilical cord vein (HUC-MSCs) are morphologically and immunophenotypically similar to MSCs isolated from bone marrow. HUC-MSCs are multipotent stem cells, differ from hematopoietic stem cells and can be differentiated into neural cells. Since neural tissue has limited intrinsic capacity of repair after injury, the identification of alternate sources of neural stem cells has broad clinical potential. We isolated mesenchymal-like stem cells from the human umbilical cord vein, and studied transdifferentiation-promoting conditions in neural cells. Dopaminergic neuronal differentiation of HUC-MSCs was also studied. Neural differentiation was induced by adding bFGF, EGF, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in N2 medium and N2 supplement. The immunoreactive cells for $\beta$-tubulin III, a neuron-specific marker, GFAP, an astrocyte marker, or Gal-C, an oligodendrocyte marker, were found. HUC-MSCs treated with bFGF, SHH and FGF8 were differentiated into dopaminergic neurons that were immunopositive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibody. HUC-MSCs treated with DMSO and BHA rapidly showed the morphology of multipolar neurons. Both immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of a number of neural markers including NeuroD1, $\beta$-tubulin III, GFAP and nestin was markedly elevated during this acute differentiation. While the stem cell markers such as SCF, C-kit, and Stat-3 were not expressed after neural differentiation, we confirmed the differentiation of dopaminergic neurons by TH/$\beta$-tubulin III positive cells. In conclusion, HUC-MSCs can be differentiated into dopaminergic neurons and these findings suggest that HUC-MSCs are alternative cell source of therapeutic treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.272-278
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• 2002

To investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Herba Chelidoniie, the extracts of Herba Chelidoniie treated in arthritic rat model. Complete Freund,s Adjuvant(CFA) were injected in the subcutaneous tissue of left foot paw of rats to induce arthritis. Herba Chelidonii extracts(HC) was administered immediately into the peritoneal cavity after CFA injection for 12 days. The immunohistochemical stainings for calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) and substance P in the L4, L5 and L6 spinal dorsal horn and ganglia were done, and the paw swelling was measured with a micrometer and the blood leukocytes were counted. The results were as follows : The paw swelling of HC treated group was significantly decreased in 12th day after CFA injection compare to control group. The change of differential leukocytes counts of HC treated group increased the ratio of lymphocytes, and decreased the ratio of neutrophils compare to control group. The extent of CGRP immunoreactive nerve fiber of dorsal horn of HC treated group was weakly stained compare to control group. The number of CGRP immunoreactive neurons of L6 spinal cord of HC treated group was significantly decreased compare to control group. The extent of substance P immunoreactive nerve fiber of dorsal horn of He treated group was weakly stained compare to control group. The number of substance P immunoreactive neurons of L4, L5 and L6 spinal cord of HC treated group was significantly decreased compare to control group. These experimental results suggest that Herba Chelidonii extracts reduce the number of CGRP and substance P immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibers of spinal dorsal horns and ganglia, and decrease paw swelling in arthritic rat model, which may be closely related to analgesic and antiinflammatory effects of Herba Chelidonii.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2004

Nitric oxide (NO) system has been implicated in a wide range of physiological functions in the nervous system. However, the role of NO in regulating the neural activity in the gustatory zone of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) has not been established. The present study was aimed to investigate the role of NO in the gustatory NTS neurons. Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing about 50 g, were used. Whole cell patch recording and immunohistochemistry were done to determine the electrophysiological characteristics of the rostral gustatory nucleus of the tractus solitaries and distribution of NO synthases (NOS). Neuronal NOS (nNOS) immunoreactivity was strongly detected along the solitary tract extending from rostral to caudal medulla. Resting membrane potentials of NTS neurons were $-49.2{\pm}2\;mV$ and action potential amplitudes were $68.5{\pm}2\;mV$ with a mean duration measured at half amplitude of $1.7{\pm}0.3\;ms$. Input resistance, determined from the response to a 150 ms, -100 pA hyperpolarizing current pulse, was $385{\pm}15\;M{\Omega}$, Superfusion of SNAP or SNP, NO donors, produced either hyperpolarization (68%), depolarization (5%), or no effect (27%). The hyperpolarization was mostly accompanied by a decrease in input resistance. The hyperpolarization caused by SNAP or SNP increased the time to initiate the first action potential, and decreased the number of action potentials elicited by current injection. SNP or SNAP also markedly decreased the number of firing neural discharges of the spontaneous NTS neural activity under zero current. Superfusion of L-NAME, a NOS inhibitor, slightly depolarized the membrane potential and increased the firing rate of NTS neurons induced by current injection. ODQ, a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, ameliorated the SNAP-induced changes in membrane potential, input resistance and firing rates. 8-Br-cGMP, a non-degradable cell-permeable cGMP, hyperpolarized the membrane potential and decreased the number of action potentials. It is suggested that NO in the gustatory NTS has an inhibitory role on the neural activity of NTS through activating soluble guanylate cyclase.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.497-505
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• 2012

To determine the effects of Banggihwanggi-tang(BGHGT) on obesity, the obesity-related factors[gastrin, calcitonin gene related peptide(CGRP), serotonin, ghrelin, obestatin, glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1), insulin, orexin, leptin] were investigated in the stomach, pancreas, brain of mice by immunohistochemical(IHC) methods for 4 weeks. The change of body weight was more reduced in BGHGT administered group than that of control group. The IHC density of the gastrin and CGRP positive cells on pylorus was higher in BGHGT administered group than that of control group. The number of ghrelin immunoreactive cells on stomach was lower in BGHGT administered group than that of control group. The IHC of GLP-1 positive cells did not observe in the stomach of BGHGT administered groups. The IHC density of GLP-1 in the pancreas was lower in BGHGT administered group than that of control group. The IHC density of insulin positive cells in the pancreas was lower in BGHGT administered group than that of control group. The IHC density of orexin positive neurons in the diencephalon was slightly higher in BGHGT administered group than that of control group. The IHC density of NPY and leptin positive neurons was slightly higher in BGHGT administered group than that of control group. The IHC density of serotonin positive neurons was higher in BGHGT administered group than that of control group. Therefore, we conclude that BGHGT activates appetite inhibitor through appetite related enteroendocrine cells and neuropeptides in stomach, pancreas and brain, and this activation may also be responsible for the inhibition of feeding behavior.