• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 1982

Serum thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) was measured with a radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit (GammaDab TBG). The TBG concentration in 23 adult normals was $23.7{\pm}1.9{\mu}g/ml(mean{\pm}SD)$. The serum TBG levels of $21.6{\pm}3.5{\mu}g/ml$) in hyperthyroidism, $24.7{\pm}4.9{\mu}g/ml$ in subacute thyroiditis, $20.7{\pm}7.0{\mu}g/ml$ in liver cirrhosis and $22.6{\pm}3.7{\mu}g/ml$ in sick patient were not significantly different from normals. The levels of $31.8{\pm}5.9{\mu}g/ml$ in hypothyroidism, $36.2{\pm}5.1{\mu}g/ml$ in pregnancy (p<0.01, p<0.001) and $29.3{\pm}6.1{\mu}g/ml$ in molar pregnancy (p<0.01) were significanty higher that in normals. In various cases without thyroid dieases (euthroid group), the TBG concentration correlated with the value for Amerlex $T_3$ (r=0.816) though there was curvilinear relationship. This relationship was altered in hyperthyroidism, subacute thyroiditis and molar pregnancy in which sera were overloaded with thyroxine $(T_4)$ so that concentration of unoccupied binding sites on TBG (free TBG concentration) were more decreased than expected from normal TBG concentrations. Hypothyroidism was also separated from the curvilinear relationship in euthyroid group indicating that free TBG concentrations were more increased relative to slightly increased TBG concentrations. Measurement of the TBG concentration was considered useful in the diagnosis of TBG defiency, in differentiating molar pregnancy from hyperthyroidism and for correct understanding the hormone binding in liver dieases and other nonthyroidal illness.

• 대한방사성의약품학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.54-60
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• 2019

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) imaging plays an important role in surgery of patients with breast cancer and melanoma. In this study, avidin (Av), a tetrameric protein glycosylated with mannose and N-acetylglucosamine molecules, was labeled with $^{64}Cu$ and then evaluated for LN imaging. $^{64}Cu$-Labeled $NeutrAvidin^{TM}$ (NAv), a non-glycosylated form of Av, was used for comparison. 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-conjugated Av and NAv were prepared from the corresponding proteins and DOTA-NHS ester, which were then labeled with copper-64 and purified using PD-10 columns. The numbers of DOTA molecules conjugated to Av and NAv were 4.9 and 3.3, respectively. [$^{64}Cu$]Cu-DOTA-conjugated Av and NAv were prepared in 93% and 73% radiochemical yields, respectively. In vitro serum stability study showed that copper-64 remained stable on all radiotracers for 24 h (>97%). MicroPET/CT images showed that high radioactivity was accumulated in LNs within 15 min after footpad-injection of radiotracers. Tissue distribution data of mice demonstrated significantly higher uptake in the popliteal (PO) LN than lumbar (LU) LN for $^{64}Cu$-labeled Av (relative % ID/g excluding the injection sites: 66.2% and 26.0%, respectively) compared with those of $^{64}Cu$-labeled NAv (43.0% and 49.2%, respectively). The results of this study suggest that mannose molecules on Av enabled the radiotracer to retain in the first LN after mouse footpad-injection.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.32-42
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• 2019

Background: There have been much efforts to develop the proper and realistic machine Quality Assurance (QA) reflecting on real Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) plan. In this work we propose and test a special VMAT plan of plan-class specific (pcsr) QA, as a machine QA so that it might be a good solution to supplement weak point of present machine QA to make it more realistic for VMAT treatment. Materials and Methods: We divided human body into 5 treatment sites: brain, head and neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. One plan for each treatment site was selected from real VMAT cases and contours were mapped into the computational human phantom where the same plan as real VMAT plan was created and called plan-class specific reference (pcsr) QA plan. We delivered this pcsr QA plan on a daily basis over the full research period and tracked how much MLC movement and dosimetric error occurred in regular delivery. Several real patients under treatments were also tracked to test the usefulness of pcsr QA through comparisons between them. We used dynalog file viewer (DFV) and Dynalog file to analyze position and speed of individual MLC leaf. The gamma pass rate from portal dosimetry for different gamma criteria was analyzed to evaluate analyze dosimetric accuracy. Results and Discussion: The maxRMS of MLC position error for all plans were all within the tolerance limit of < 0.35 cm and the positional variation of maxPEs for both pcsr and real plans were observed very stable over the research session. Daily variations of maxRMS of MLC speed error and gamma pass rate for real VMAT plans were observed very comparable to those in their pcsr plans in good acceptable fluctuation. Conclusion: We believe that the newly proposed pcsr QA would be useful and helpful to predict the mid-term quality of real VMAT treatment delivery.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.77-85
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• 2022

Background: After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) accident, a model was developed to estimate the external exposure doses for residents who were expected to return to their homes after evacuation orders were lifted. However, the model's accuracy and uncertainties in parameters used to estimate external doses have not been evaluated. Materials and Methods: The model estimates effective doses based on the integrated ambient dose equivalent (H^*(10)) and life patterns, considering a dose reduction factor to estimate the indoor H^*(10) and a conversion factor from H^*(10) to the effective dose. Because personal dose equivalent (H_p(10)) has been reported to agree well with the effective dose after the FDNPS accident, this study validates the model's accuracy by comparing the estimated effective doses with H_p(10). The H_p(10) and life pattern data were collected for 36 adult participants who lived or worked near the FDNPS in 2019. Results and Discussion: The estimated effective doses correlated significantly with H_p(10); however, the estimated effective doses were lower than H_p(10) for indoor sites. A comparison with the measured indoor H^*(10) showed that the estimated indoor H^*(10) was not underestimated. However, the H_p(10) to H^*(10) ratio indoors, which corresponds to the practical conversion factor from H^*(10) to the effective dose, was significantly larger than the same ratio outdoors, meaning that the conversion factor of 0.6 is not appropriate for indoors due to the changes in irradiation geometry and gamma spectra. This could have led to a lower effective dose than H_p(10). Conclusion: The estimated effective doses correlated significantly with H_p(10), demonstrating the model's applicability for effective dose estimation. However, the lower value of the effective dose indoors could be because the conversion factor did not reflect the actual environment.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.1476-1484
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• 2023

Laboratory experiments and point monitoring of reservoir sediments have proven that stable sulfate reduction (SSR) can lower the concentrations of toxic metals and sulfate in acidic groundwater for a long time. Here, we hypothesize that SSR occurred during in situ leaching after uranium mining, which can impact the fate of acid groundwater in an entire region. To test this, we applied a sulfur isotope fractionation method to analyze the mechanism for natural attenuation of contaminated groundwater produced by acid in situ leaching of uranium (Xinjiang, China). The results showed that δ³⁴S increased over time after the cessation of uranium mining, and natural attenuation caused considerable, area-scale immobilization of sulfur corresponding to retention levels of 5.3%-48.3% while simultaneously decreasing the concentration of uranium. Isotopic evidence for SSR in the area, together with evidence for changes of pollutant concentrations, suggest that area-scale SSR is most likely also important at other acid mining sites for uranium, where retention of acid groundwater may be strengthened through natural attenuation. To recapitulate, the sulfur isotope fractionation method constitutes a relatively accurate tool for quantification of spatiotemporal trends for groundwater during migration and transformation resulting from acid in situ leaching of uranium in northern China.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.268-273
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• 2016

Background: This study was a long-term evaluation of $^{137}Cs$ and $^{90}Sr$ activity concentrations in seawater samples from the East Sea, Korea, in order to establish current activity levels. Results and long-term monitoring trends will be useful in the future monitoring of environmental radioactivity. Materials and Methods: Surface seawater samples were collected quarterly from Guryongpo and Jangho in the East Coast between 1998 and 2010 and the quarterly deep seawater samples were collected from three sites in the sea adjacent to Ulleung-do between 2012 and 2015. The activity concentrations of $^{137}Cs$ were measured using a gamma-spectrometer. The activity concentrations of $^{90}Sr$ and $^{90}Y$ in a radioactive equilibrium state were measured using a gas flow proportional counter. Results and Discussion: We found the annual average activity concentrations of $^{137}Cs$ in the surface seawater was $1.66-2.89mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in Guryongpo and $1.68-2.43mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in Jangho. The annual average activity concentrations of $^{90}Sr$ in the surface seawater was $0.83-1.98mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in Guryongpo and $0.82-1.57mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in Jangho. The annual average activity concentrations of $^{137}Cs$ in the deep seawater sites were $1.51-1.73mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, $1.19-1.60mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and $0.87-1.15mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in TH, JD, and HP. The annual average activity concentrations of $^{90}Sr$ in the same deep seawater sites were $1.00-1.94mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, $0.82-1.26mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, and $0.79-1.32mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$. The effective half-life was calculated by analyzing change over time in the activity concentration in the surface seawater. The effective half-life of $^{137}Cs$ was $15.3{\pm}0.1years$ in Guryongpo and $102{\pm}3years$ in Jangho. The effective half-life of $^{90}Sr$ was $28.3{\pm}4.3years$ in Guryongpo and $16.6{\pm}0.1years$ in Jangho. The ratio of the average activity concentration ($^{137}Cs/^{90}Sr$) was 1.72 in the surface seawater, which is similar to the reported ratio of the global radioactive fallout. The ratio in the deep seawater was 1.24, which is somewhat low compared to the global ratio (1.6, 1.8). Conclusion: Activity concentrations of $^{137}Cs$ and $^{90}Sr$ in the seawaters of the East Sea were similar to the previously reported activity levels in the East Sea and northwestern Pacific as a result of global radioactive fallout following atmospheric nuclear weapon tests.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.207-217
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• 1995

토양의 중금속 침출에 사용되고 있는 7종의 단일 침출액간의 침출정도 및 상호관계를 Cd, Zn, Cu 및 Pb별로 구하고 각 중금속의 경시적 변화에 따른 함량 및 형태변화를 조사하기 위하여 아연 광산 주변의 논토양과 아연광산의 영향이 거의 없을 것으로 보이는 농공단지 주변의 논토양에 대하여 단일 침출 및 연속 침출을 수행하였다. 단일 침출액으로는 0.1M HCl, 0.1M $HNO_3$, 1M $NH_4OAc$ (pH 7.0), 0.05M EDTA, 0.001M DTRA (pH 7.3), 0.1M $NH_4Ox$ 및 4M $HNO_3$을 사용하였으며 연속침출은 증류수, 0.5M $KNO_3$, 0.5M NaOH, 0.05M EDTA, 4M $HNO_3$의 순으로 침출을 수행하였다. Cd 및 Zn의 경우 각 침출액간의 상호관계식의 상관관계가 매우 높아 중금속 농도의 상호 추정이 가능하였으나 Cu, Pb는 그렇지 못하였다. 아연 광산 주변 논토양을 대상으로 행한 연속침출 결과, 주 존재 형태는 Cd, Zn, Cu 및 Pb 모두 황화물/잔류태였다. Cd의 경우 치환태, Cu의 경우 유기태, 그리고 Pb의 경우는 탄산염태의 함유율이 상대적으로 높았다. 단 Zn의 경우 황화물/잔류태의 함유율이 79% 이상으로 매우 높았다. 각 중금속의 함량 변화는 12년 동안 모두 뚜렷히 감소 하였으나, 형태별 함유율은 거의 변화지 않았다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.172-184
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• 2021

Objective: Vanin1 (VNN1) is a pantetheinase that can catalyze the hydrolysis of pantetheine to produce pantothenic acid and cysteamine. Our previous studies showed that VNN1 is specifically expressed in chicken liver. In this study, we aimed to investigate the roles of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor α (PPARα) and miRNA-181a-5p in regulating VNN1 gene expression in chicken liver. Methods: 5'-RACE was performed to identify the transcription start site of chicken VNN1. JASPAR and TFSEARCH were used to analyze the potential transcription factor binding sites in the promoter region of chicken VNN1 and miRanda was used to search miRNA binding sites in 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of chicken VNN1. We used a knock-down strategy to manipulate PPARα (or miRNA-181a-5p) expression levels in vitro to further investigate its effect on VNN1 gene transcription. Luciferase reporter assays were used to explore the specific regions of VNN1 targeted by PPARα and miRNA-181a-5p. Results: Sequence analysis of the VNN1 promoter region revealed several transcription factor-binding sites, including hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α), PPARα, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α. GW7647 (a specific agonist of PPARα) increased the expression level of VNN1 mRNA in chicken primary hepatocytes, whereas knockdown of PPARα with siRNA increased VNN1 mRNA expression. Moreover, the predicted PPARα-binding site was confirmed to be necessary for PPARα regulation of VNN1 gene expression. In addition, the VNN1 3'UTR contains a sequence that is completely complementary to nucleotides 1 to 7 of miRNA-181a-5p. Overexpression of miR-181a-5p significantly decreased the expression level of VNN1 mRNA. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that PPARα is an important transcriptional activator of VNN1 gene expression and that miRNA-181a-5p acts as a negative regulator of VNN1 expression in chicken hepatocytes.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.214-221
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• 2008

목적 : 융합 SPECT/CT가 기존 SPECT에 비해 병소의 해부학적 위치를 정확히 판단할 수 있는지 정성 평가하고, CT 감쇠 보정이 SPECT 영상에 미치는 효과를 알아보아 SPECT/CT의 유용성을 제시하고자 한다. 실험재료 및 방법 : 1. 융합 영상의 평가 : 2008년 1월(月)부터 8월(月)까지 Precedence 16 혹은 Symbia T2에서 $^{131}I$-MIBG, Bone, $^{111}In$-Octreotide, Meckel 게실, Parathyroid MIBI 등을 SPECT/CT 시행한 환자를 대상으로 하였고, SPECT/CT영상을 융합한 것과 하지 않은 것을 비교하여 정성 평가하였다. 2. 감쇠보정의 평가 : Symbia T2로 2008년 6월에서 8월까지 $^{201}Tl$ 심근 검사를 한 환자 38명을 대상으로 Cedars-Sinai의 QPS를 이용하여 산출하였다. Ant, Inf, Lat, Septum, Apex로 5개부분으로 분류하고, 각 부분에 대한 관류의 상태를 백분율로 산출했다. CT AC와 Non AC를 평균${\pm}$표준편차로 각 부분에 대한 관류 상태를 비교하고 차이를 분석하였다. 결과 : 1. 융합 영상의 평가 : 에너지가 높은 $^{131}I$ SPECT의 경우 병소와 주위 조직 간의 섭취율 차이로 인해 (주위 조직이 saturation 됨) 병소의 위치 파악이 어려웠으나 CT로 융합한 결과 해부학적 위치를 정확히 평가할 수 있었다. 또한 멕켈게실이나 $^{111}In$과 같이 장이나 장기쪽에 질환을 찾는 경우에는 그 우수성이 더욱 뛰어 났다. Bone SPECT/CT는 척추간의 구별을 확실히 할 수 있어 임상의가 정확한 결과를 제시하는데 도움을 준다. 2. 감쇠 보정의 평가 : 감쇠 보정 전후의 관류 백분율의 차이가 Ant, Lat에서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었으나(p>0.05), Inferior, Apex, Septum에서는 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 차이를 보이는 값 중 Inferior Wall에서 CT AC perfusion : $76.84{\pm}6.52%$, Non AC perfusion : $68.58{\pm}7.55%$로 CT 보정에 의한 차이가 $8.26{\pm}4.95%$로 가장 크게 측정되었다(t=10.29, p<0.01). 결론 : SPECT에 CT가 부착되면서 병변의 기능적 활성도를 나타내는 분자학적 영상은 물론 병변의 해부학적 위치 정보를 보다 정확하게 확인할 수 있게 되었다. 이것은 비정상적 부위를 찾아내는 것에 그치지 않고 복잡한 인체 부위에서 정상군과 비정상군을 분리하는데 많은 도움을 주게 되었다. 따라서 임상의는 하나의 검사 영상으로 진단과 치료계획을 동시에 시행할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 감쇠가 잘 되는 흉곽 부위 안에 있는 심근 검사에는, CT로 보다 정확한 감쇠 보정을 할 수 있기 때문에 SPECT 검사 시 관심부위의 관류 상태를 더욱 신뢰할 수 있어 치료 예후의 정당성을 입증할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.90-94
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• 2013

PET/CT 영상에서 인공물은 정량성을 저하시키는 원인이 된다. 여러 인공물 중 방사성의약품 주사 시 주사오류로 인해 발생할 수 있는 열소는 그 주변부에 인공물을 발생시켜 영상의 질을 저하시킬 뿐 아니라 정량평가의 정확도를 저하시킨다. 본 연구에서는 영상의 재구성시 표시시야(Display Field of View, DFOV)의 중심이동법을 이용하여 주사부위에 발생한 열소부위를 제거하고 정량평가에 미치는 영향을 평가해 보고자 한다. GE Discovery STE 16 (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA) 장비에 1994 NEMA 모형을 이용하였다. 모형에 0.005 MBq/mL의 $^{18}F-FDG$를 채우고 모형주변에 열소대 배후방사능의 농도비가 200:1이 되도록 열소를 만들어 모형외곽에 인위적으로 두었다. 영상획득 후 DFOV의 중심 위치를 이동하여 열소부위가 DFOV로부터 벗어나도록 영상을 재구성한 후 적용 전, 후를 비교하였다. 영상에 대한 평가는 열소의 영향을 받지 않은 부위에서 DFOV 중심이동 전, 후의 배후방사능의 평균 표준섭취계수와 표준편차를 산출하여 재구성에 의한 영향을 비교, 평가하였다. 또한 인공물이 발생한 부위에 관심영역을 설정하고 인공물의 발생 전, 후의 평균 표준섭취계수와 표준편차를 산출하여 백분율 오차를 각각 비교하였다. 모형영상 내 열소로 인한 인공물의 영향을 받지 않은 부위에서 DFOV 중심이동 법을 적용하기 전 평균 표준 섭취계수는 $0.67{\pm}0.06g/mL$이었고, 적용 후에는 $0.65{\pm}0.06g/mL$로 나타났다. 또한 영상에서 열소에 의해 발생한 인공물이 있는 부위의 평균 표준섭취계수와 표준편차는 $0.32{\pm}0.08g/mL$였으며, DFOV 중심이동을 적용한 경우는 $0.56{\pm}0.12g/mL$로 나타났다. 이 때 열소의 영향을 받은 열소 인접부위와 상대적으로 영향을 받지 않은 부위에 대한 백분율 오차는 65.3%와 97.4%로 각각 나타났다. PET/CT 영상에서 열소에 의해 발생 된 인공물은 DFOV의 중심이동법 적용 시 평균 표준섭취계수를 32.1% 향상시킬 수 있으며, 이 때 중심이동 법에 의한 다른 부위의 영향은 유의한 차이가 없음을 알 수 있다. 결과에서와 같이 방사성의약품의 주사오류 시 발생한 종 창 등으로 발생되는 인공물의 영향은 DFOV 중심이동법을 적용할 경우 보다 정확한 정량평가가 가능해지고 그로 인하여 영상의 진단적 가치를 높일 수 있을 것이다.