• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.629-636
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• 2011

Objective: The aim of this study is developing an elderly automatic showering system by optimizing nozzle position and angle of water injection on ergonomics approach. Background: The elderly living in nursing home or hospital were increased by an aging population. Helping the elderly on showering is so hard. In addition, the existing showering/bathing systems are not effective because shower pattern of the elderly and washed range of nozzle were not considered. Method: Firstly, basic specification were determined by anthropometric approach. Secondly, position of nozzle and angle of water injection were determined through observation of elderly behavior on showering. And, finally, they were optimized by washing test and showering simulation. Results: On showering importance of body parts were able to analysis through observation of elderly behavior. The position of nozzle and angle of water injection was able to optimize by showering simulation. The automatic showering system was developed by considering their results. Conclusion: The most important technology of developing a showering system is the determining position of nozzle and angle of water injection, number of nozzle. It was developed by applying its results through user centered-research. Application: The user centered-research of developing products was able to apply directly to develop automatic bath, showering products etc. Further more it was available to apply senior friendly products.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.187-202
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• 2020

The exhaust nozzle serves back pressure of Pulse detonation combustor, so combustion chamber gets sufficient pressure for propulsion. In this context recent researches are focused on influence of nozzle effect on single cycle detonation wave propagation and propulsion performance of PDE. The effects of various nozzles like convergent-divergent nozzle, convergent nozzle, divergent nozzle and without nozzle at exit section of detonation tubes were computationally investigated to seek the desired propulsion performance. Further the effect of divergent nozzle length and half angle on detonation wave structure was analyzed. The simulations have been done using Ansys 14 Fluent platform. The LES turbulence model was used to simulate the combustion wave reacting flows in combustor with standard wall function. From these numerical simulations among four acquaint nozzles the highest thrust augmentation could be attained in divergent nozzle geometry and detonation wave propagation velocity eventually reaches to 1830 m/s, which is near about C-J velocity. Smaller the divergent nozzle half angle has a significant effect on faster detonation wave propagation.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.38-44
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• 2022

Plasma density in semiconductor fabrication equipment becomes higher to achieve the improved the throughput of the process, but the increase of surface corrosion of the ceramic coated chamber wall has been observed by the increased plasma density. Plasma chamber wall coating with aerosol deposition prefer to be firm and uniform to prevent the potential creation of particle inside the chamber from the deformation of the coating materials, and the aerosol discharge nozzle is a good control factor for the deposited coating condition. In this paper, we investigated the design of the nozzle of the aerosol deposition to form a high-quality coating film. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study was employed to minimize boundary layer effect and shock wave. The degree of expansion, and design of simulation approach was applied to found out the relationship between the divergence angle and nozzle length as the key parameter for the nozzle design. We found that the trade-off tendency between divergence angle and nozzle length through simulation and quantitative analysis, and present the direction of nozzle design that can improve the uniformity of chamber wall coating.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.617-625
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• 2003

Effects of Injector nozzle geometry and operating pressure conditions such as opening pressure, ambient pressure. and injection pressure on the transient fuel spray behavior have been examined by experiments. In order to clarify the effect of internal flow inside nozzle on the external spray, flow details Inside model nozzle and real nozzle were alto investigated both experimentally and numerically. for the effect of injection pressures, droplet sizes and velocities were obtained at maximum line pressure of 21 MPa and 105 MPa. Droplet sizes produced from the round inlet nozzle were larger than those from the sharp inlet nozzle and the spray angle of the round inlet nozzle was narrower than that from the sharp inlet nozzle. With the increase of opening pressure, spray tip penetration and spray angle were increased at both lower ambient pressure and higher ambient pressure. The velocity and size profiles maintained similarity despite of the substantial change in injection pressure, however, the increased injection pressure produced a higher percentage of droplet that are likely to breakup.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.60-65
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• 2004

Numerical simulations and experiments have been carried out to investigate the effect of fuel injection nozzles on the combustion and NOx formation processes in a medium-speed marine diesel engine. Spray visualization experiment was performed in the constant-volume high-pressure chamber to verify the numerical results on the spray characteristics such as spray angle and spray tip penetration. Time-resolved spray behaviors were captured by high-speed digital camera and analyzed to extract the information on the spray parameters. Spray and combustion phenomena were examined numerically using FIRE code. Wave breakup and Zeldovich models were adopted to describe the atomization characteristics and NOx formation processes. Numerical results were verified with experimental data such as cylinder pressure, heat release rate and NOx emission. Finally, the effects of fuel injection nozzles on the engine performance were investigated numerically to find the optimum nozzle parameters such as fuel injection angle, nozzle hole diameter and number of nozzle holes. From this study, the optimum fuel injection nozzle (nozzle hole diameter, 0.32 mm, number of nozzle holes, 8 and fuel injection angle, $148^{\circ}$) was selected to reduce both the fuel consumption and NOx emission. The reason for this selection could be explained from the highest fuel-air mixing in the early phase of injection due to the longest spray tip penetration and the highest heat release rate after $19^{\circ}$ ATDC due to the increased injection duration.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.126-133
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• 2008

The atomization characteristics of the dual air supplying two-fluid nozzle were investigated experimentally using PIV and PDA systems. The twin-fluid nozzle is composed of three main parts: the feeding injector to supply fluid that is controlled by a PWM (pulse-width modulation) mode, the adaptor as a device with the ports for supplying the carrier and assist air, and the main nozzle to produce sprays. The main nozzle has the swirler with four equally spaced tangential slots, which gives the injecting fluid an angular momentum. The swirl angle in the swirler varied with $0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$. The ratios of carrier air to assist air and ALR (total air to liquid) were 0.55 and 1.23, respectively. The macroscopic behavior of the spray was investigated using PIV system, and the AMD and SMD distributions of the sprays were measured using PDA system. As a result, the SMD distribution increases along the radial distance, and it decreases with the increase of swirl angle in swirler.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2008년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.1178-1183
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• 2008

This paper is about a study of atomizing characteristics of a Multi-Nozzle, which is an important part in a flooding water mist system for extinguishing fires broke out in ships. Comparing the results of experiments for the Single-Nozzle to that of numerical analyses, characteristics of a Multi-Nozzle can be found out. In situation of a Single-Nozzle’s, the atomizing angle was $34^{\circ}$. And in situation of Multi-Nozzle that combined with 5 single-nozzles, the atomizing angle increase to $125^{\circ}$. The effective area is 3.7 times of the former. The quality factor will reduce, if the diameter of the atomizing region of the nozzle reduces. Although the atomizing angle is reduced because of the atomizing property, the value of SMD still shows a good result.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.1024-1032
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• 2007

The flow characteristics with the impinging angles of defrost nozzle jet inside a commercial vehicle passenger compartment were investigated experimentally by using the two-dimensional duct-nozzle model. The shape of the nozzle contraction was designed according to the curved line of cubic equation to the vertical plan of the flow direction. The impinging angles, defined as the angle between nozzle axis and a vertical line to the windshield, were varied from the $0^{\circ}\;to\;80^{\circ}$. The mean velocity distributions, the half-widths, and the momentum distributions with the cases of both the free jet and the impinging jet onto the dummy windshield were measured. The impinging jet flows similarly with wall jet from $X/b_o=20$, and the impinging angle has an effect on the half-width of the impinging jet. The momentum distributions onto the windshield increased with the increase of impinging angle, and then their inflection point was observed around the impinging angle of $60^{\circ}$.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2016

A numerical study is conducted on the optical fiber coating flow in a primary coating nozzle consisting of three major parts: a resin chamber, a contraction and a coating die of small diameter. The flow is driven by the optical fiber penetrating the center of the nozzle at a high speed. The axisymmetric two-dimensional flow and heat transfer induced by viscous heating are examined based on the laminar flow assumption. Numerical experiments are performed with varying the convergent angle of nozzle contraction and the optical fiber drawing speed. The numerical results show that for high drawing speed greater than 30 m/s, there is a transition in the essential flow features depending on the convergent angle. For a large convergent angle greater than $30^{\circ}$, unfavorable multicellular flow structures are monitored, which could be associated with wall boundary-layer separation. In the regime of small convergent angle, as the angle increases, the highest resin temperature at the exit of die and the coating thickness decrease but the sensitivity of coating thickness on drawing speed and the maximum shear strain of resin on the optical fiber increase. The effects of the convergent angle are discussed in view of compromise searching for an appropriate angle for high-speed optical fiber coating.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.49-56
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• 1999

The effects of the internal flow in a D.I. Diesel injection nozzle on the atomization of a spray were analyzed experimentally. Flow visualization studies were made using a transparent acrylic model nozzle as a diesel nozzle . Water instead of disel fuel was used as the injection liquid. The geometry of the model nozzle was scaled up 10 times of the actual nozzle and the injection pressure for the model nozzle was adjusted so as to achieve a Reynolds number at the discharge hole that was the same as the actual nozzle. Experimental results show that when the needle lift was small, the high turbulence in the sac chamber generated by the high velocity seat flow made the spread angle of the spray plume large. Cavitation, which arose from the sac chamber, makes the spread angle of the spray plume large but the discharge coefficient small.