• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2016

Background: Position of the facial foramina is important for regional block and for various maxillofacial surgical procedures. In this study, we report on anthropometry and morphology of these foramina using three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) data. Methods: A retrospective review was performed for all patients who have undergone 3D-CT scan of the facial skeleton for reasons other than fracture or deformity of the facial skeleton. Anthropometry of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina (SOF, IOF, MF) were described in relation to facial midline, inferior orbital margin, and inferior mandibular margin (FM, IOM, IMM). This data was analyzed according to sex and age. Additionally, infraorbital and mental foramen were classified into 5 positions based on the anatomic relationships to the nearest perpendicular dentition. Results: The review identified 137 patients meeting study criteria. Supraorbital foramina was more often in the shape of a foramen (62%) than that of a notch (38%). The supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina were located 33.7 mm, 37.1 mm, and 33.7 mm away from the midline. The mean vertical distance between IOF and IOM was 13.4 mm. The mean distance between MF and IMM was 21.0 mm. The IOF and MF most commonly coincided with upper and lower second premolar dentition, respectively. Between the sex, the distance between MF and IMM was significantly higher for males than for female. In a correlation analysis, SOF-FM, IOF-FM and MF-FM values were significantly increased with age, but IOF-IOM values were significantly decreased with age. Conclusion: In the current study, we have reported anthropometric data concerning facial foramina in the Korean population, using a large-scale data analysis of three-dimensional computed tomography of facial skeletons. The correlations made respect to patient sex and age will provide help to operating surgeons when considering nerve blocks and periosteal dissections around the facial foramina.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.13-16
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• 2001

Purpose : To evaluate the types of the fibrous scar formation around graft after ACL reconstruction. Materials and Methods : Between Nov 1997 and Jun. 1999, the second look arthroscopy was performed on 15 knees of 14 patients. We evaluated the changes around graft and measured the tunnel position that the tibial tunnel position as a percentage along the length of the tibial plateau from the anterior-to-posterior as seen on a lateral radiograph and the femoral tunnel position as a percentage along Blumensaat's line from anterior-to-posterior as seen on a lateral radiograph. Results : The tibial tunnel position was from $27\%\;to\;58\%(mean\;41\%)$ and the femoral tunnel position was from $58\%\;to\;83\%(mean\;76\%)$, so the tunnel position was ideal in almost cases. By arthroscopic findings, the grafts were not impinged in all cases and tile fibrous scar was formed between intercondylar notch and graft in almost cases except 3 cases. The types of fibrous scar formation were 6 cases of fibrillated fiber and 5 cases of fibrous nodule and 1 case of fibrous band. Conclusion : There was no impingement on graft in all cases and various types of fibrous scars were formed around grafts.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.75 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2013

Background: In cancer cells, autophagy is generally induced as a pro-survival mechanism in response to treatment-associated genotoxic and metabolic stress. Thus, concurrent autophagy inhibition can be expected to have a synergistic effect with chemotherapy on cancer cell death. Monensin, a polyether antibiotic, is known as an autophagy inhibitor, which interferes with the fusion of autophagosome and lysosome. There have been a few reports of its effect in combination with anticancer drugs. We performed this study to investigate whether erlotinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, or rapamycin, an mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, is effective in combination therapy with monensin in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Methods: NCI-H1299 cells were treated with rapamycin or erlotinib, with or without monensin pretreatment, and then subjected to growth inhibition assay, apoptosis analysis by flow cytometry, and cell cycle analysis on the basis of the DNA contents histogram. Finally, a Western blot analysis was done to examine the changes of proteins related to apoptosis and cell cycle control. Results: Monensin synergistically increases growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by rapamycin or erlotinib. The number of cells in the sub-$G_1$ phase increases noticeably after the combination treatment. Increase of proapoptotic proteins, including bax, cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and decrease of anti-apoptotic proteins, bcl-2 and bcl-xL, are augmented by the combination treatment with monensin. The promoters of cell cycle progression, notch3 and skp2, decrease and p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, accumulates within the cell during this process. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that concurrent autophagy inhibition could have a role in lung cancer treatment.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.9.1-9
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• 1982

The authors have measured various dimensions of the larynx of twenty adult cadavers. (male; 13, female; 7) The result were as follows, 1) Transverse diameter between the greater horns of the hyoid bone; M.52.58mm, F.43.07mm. 2) Transverse diameter between the lesser horns of the hyoid bone; M.36.20mm, F.30.20mm. 3) Transverse diameter of the thyroid cartilage; M.50.58mm, F.42.58mm. 4) Transverse diameter of the cricoid cartlage; M.30.14mm, F.26.94mm. 5) Distance from the lower margin of the hyoid bone to the thyroid notch; M.12.83mm, F.10.92mm. 6) Distance from the lower margin of the thyroid cartilage to the lower margin of the cricoid cartilage; M.16.40mm, F.10.26mm. 7) Distance from the upper margin of the thyroid cartilage to the lower margin of the cricoid cartilage; M.34.65mm, F.34.61mm. 8) Anteroposterior diameter of the cricoid cartilage; M.25.32mm, F.20.01mm. 9) Transverse diameter of the epiglottis; M.29.32mm, F.22.08mm. 10) Vertical diameter of the epiglottis; M.35.90mm, F.27.90mm. 11) Transverse diameter between the cuneiform tubercles; M.17.69mm, F.13.52mm. 12) Length of the vocal fold; M.11.61mm, F.10.40mm. 13) Transvers diameter of the vocal fold; M.18.62mm, F.18.27mm. 14) Distance from the upper margin of the epiglottis to the vocal fold; M.42.45mm, F.34.52mm. 15) Anteroposterior length of the vocal fold; M.19.25mm, F.10.70mm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.132-140
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• 1991

The aim of this study was saving of chromium and nickel content in the austenitic stainless steels, SUS 316 and SUS 321. By control of primary solidification mode, new austenitic stainless steels with good weldability, high toughness and corrosion resistance could be developed. The main results obtained were as follows; 1. Hot crack resistance of laboratory melts was good and higher than imported austenitic stainless steel. 2. Cryogenic and room temperature toughness of laboratory melts were high and laboratory melts M-7 to M-9 showed very high toughness than SUS321 imported stainless steel. 3. Intergranular corrosion resistance of laboratory melts was higher than imported stainless steels, SUS316 and SUS321. 4. By this concept of controlling primary solidification mode, could save expensive alloy additives, chromium and nickel.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.357-364
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• 2002

The resistance curves (R-curves) for 381 m crack extension of CLWL-DCB specimens had been determined. The average velocities of the crack extension measured with strain gages were 0.70 and 55 ㎜/sec. The measured rotation angle of the notch faces showed the existence of the singularity at least before 171 and 93 mm crack extensions for the 0.70 and 55 ㎜/sec crack velocities, respectively. The maximum slopes of the R-curves occurred between 25 and 89 ㎜ crack extensions for 0.70 ㎜/sec crack velocity and between 51 and 127 ㎜ crack extensions for 55 ㎜/sec crack velocity During the maximum slopes of the R-curves, the micro-crack localization can be expected, and faster crack velocity may form longer micro-cracking and micro-crack localizing zones. The fracture resistance of 0.70 ㎜/sec crack velocity reached a roughly constant maximum value of 143 N/m at 152 ㎜ crack extension, while that of 55 ㎜/sec crack velocity increased continuously to 245 N/m at 254 ㎜ crack extension and then decreased to the value of 0.70 ㎜/sec crack velocity. The R-curve of 55 ㎜/sec crack velocity was similar to that of the small size three-point bend test, and it showed that small size specimen or fast crack velocity could cause more brittle behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.630-636
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• 2006

Scale down of semiconductor gate pattern will make progress centrally line width into transistor according to the high integration and high density of flash memory semiconductor. Recently, the many researchers are in the process of developing research for using the ONO(oxide-nitride-oxide) technology for the gate pattern give body to line breadth of less 100 nm. Therefore, etch rate and etch profile of the line width detail of less 100 nm affect important factor in a semiconductor process. In case of increasing of the platen power up to 50 W at the ICP etcher, etch rate and PR selectivity showed good result when the platen power of ICP etcher has 100 W. Also, in case of changing of HBr gas flux at the platen power of 100 W, etch rate was decreasing and PR selectivity is increasing. We founded terms that have etch rate 320 nm/min, PR selectivity 3.5:1 and etch slope have vertical in the case of giving the platen power 100 W and HBr gas 35 sccm at the ICP etcher. Also notch was not formed.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.991-1002
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• 2023

Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the underlying gene regions responsible for productive, phenotypic or adaptive traits in different ecological types of Tibetan sheep and the discovery of important genes encoding valuable traits. Methods: We used whole-genome resequencing to explore the genetic relationships, phylogenetic tree, and population genetic structure analysis. In addition, we identified 28 representative Tibetan sheep single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genomic selective sweep regions with different traits in Tibetan sheep by fixation index (Fst) and the nucleotide diversity (θπ) ratio. Results: The genetic relationships analysis showed that each breed partitioned into its own clades and had close genetic relationships. We also identified many potential breed-specific selective sweep regions, including genes associated with hypoxic adaptability (MTOR, TRHDE, PDK1, PTPN9, TMTC2, SOX9, EPAS1, PDGFD, SOCS3, TGFBR3), coat color (MITF, MC1R, ERCC2, TCF25, ITCH, TYR, RALY, KIT), wool traits (COL4A2, ERC2, NOTCH2, ROCK1, FGF5, SOX9), and horn phenotypes (RXFP2). In particular, a horn-related gene, RXFP2, showed the four most significantly associated SNP loci (g. 29481646 A>G, g. 29469024 T>C, g. 29462010 C>T, g. 29461968 C>T) and haplotypes. Conclusion: This finding demonstrates the potential for genetic markers in future molecular breeding programs to improve selection for horn phenotypes. The results will facilitate the understanding of the genetic basis of production and adaptive unique traits in Chinese indigenous Tibetan sheep taxa and offer a reference for the molecular breeding of Tibetan sheep.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.23-36
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• 2010

The Cat Ba Islands in Hai Phong City, northern Vietnam, consist of a large limestone island with a maximum height of 322 m above sea level and 366 small limestone islets with a total area of about $180\;km^2$. The islands are relicts of karst limestone mountains that became submerged during the Holocene transgression 7000 - 8000 year ago. The combination of the longtime karst process and recent marine processes in the monsoonal tropical zone has created a very diversity landscape on the Cat Ba Islands that can be divided into 3 habitat types with 16 forms. The first habitat type is the karst mountains and hills, including karst mountains and hills, karst valleys and dolines, karst lakes, karst caves, and old marine terraces. The second habitat type is the limestone island coast, including beaches, mangrove marshes, tidal flats, rocky coasts, marine notch caves, marine karst lakes, and bights. The third habitat type is karst plains submerged by the sea, including karst cones (fengcong) and towers (fengling), bedrock exposed on the seabed, sandy mud seabed, and submerged channels. Like the landscape, the biodiversity is also high in ecosystems composed of scrub cover - bare hills, rainy tropical forests, paddy fields and gardens, swamps, caves, beaches, mangrove forests, tidal flats, rocky coasts, marine krast lakes, coral reefs, hard bottoms, seagrass beds and soft bottoms. The ecosystems on the Cat Ba Islands that support very high species biodiversity include tropical evergreen rainforests, soft bottoms; coral reefs, mangrove forests, and marine karst lakes. A total of 2,380 species have been recorded in the Cat Ba Islands, included 741 species of terrestrial plants; 282 species of terrestrial animals; 30 species of mangrove plants; 287 species of phytoplankton; 79 species of seaweed; 79 species of zooplankton; 196 species of marine fishes; 154 species of corals; and 538 species of zoobenthos. Many of these species are listed in the Red Book of Vietnam as endangered species, included the white-headed or Cat Ba langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus), a famous endemic species. Human activities have resulted in significantly changes to the landscape end ecosytems of the Cat Ba islands; however, many natural aspects of the islandsd have been preserved. For this reason, the Cat Ba Islands were recognized as a Biological Reserved Area by UNESCO in 2004.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.211-215
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• 1998

Soil loss and runoff were investigated in a small watershed located in Sangeo-ri, Yeoju-eup, Yeoju-gun, Kyonggi-do. The watershed with the area of 35 ha consists of forest, grassland, uplands and mulberry. V-notch type water tank. flow-meter, automatic water sampler and rain gauge were installed at the main outlet stream. Out of $1.037.9Mg\;35ha^{-1}$ of total annual rainfall. 17.9% was lost via run-off. The total amount of soil eroded was $152.2Mg\;35ha^{-1}$, of which $78.6Mg\;35ha^{-1}$ was suspended load and $73.6Mg\;35ha^{-1}$ ha was sediment load. The soil losses under different land uses were $16.02Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for upland annual Crops. $2.69Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for mulberry field, $0.58Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for grassland and $0.55Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for forest. The predicted soil loss by Universal Soil Loss Equation was approximately 20% underestimated in forest, grassland and uplands, and 32% underestimated in mulberry field.