• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.4835-4848
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• 2020

The recent expansion of the digital content market is increasing the technical demand for various facial image transformations within the virtual environment. The recent image translation technology enables changes between various domains. However, current image-to-image translation techniques do not provide stable performance through unsupervised learning, especially for shape learning in the face transition field. This is because the face is a highly sensitive feature, and the quality of the resulting image is significantly affected, especially if the transitions in the eyes, nose, and mouth are not effectively performed. We herein propose a new unsupervised method that can transform an in-wild face image into another face style through radical transformation. Specifically, the proposed method applies two face-specific feature loss functions for a generative adversarial network. The proposed technique shows that stable domain conversion to other domains is possible while maintaining the image characteristics in the eyes, nose, and mouth.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2004

This paper proposes a new method for facial feature extraction, and the method could be used to normalize face images for 3D face recognition. 3D images are much less sensitive than intensity images at a source of illumination, so it is possible to recognize people individually. But input face images may have variable poses such as rotating, Panning, and tilting. If these variances ire not considered, incorrect features could be extracted. And then, face recognition system result in bad matching. So it is necessary to normalize an input image in size and orientation. It is general to use geometrical facial features such as nose, eyes, and mouth in face image normalization steps. In particular, nose is the most prominent feature in 3D face image. So this paper describes a nose feature extraction method using 3D nasal masks that are similar to real nasal shape.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.180-188
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• 1994

This study was designed to investigate qualitatively whether respirators now being used in workplaces tit workers iflfaces well or not. Leak sites were determined after exposing the subjects to fluorescent aerosol and were analyzed by gender, brand and manufacturing nation. The results were as follows ; 1. Among those leak sites which were classified into four areas(nose, cheek, lip and chin), test aerosol was mostly deposited on the nose and the cheek areas. 2. The mean number of leak sites observed from the female subjects were 2.3 while the number were 2.2 from the male subjects. The most frequently observed leak site was nose and followed by chin, lip and cheek in descending order of frequency. 3. Among different brands of respirators, different leak sites were observed. Test subjects wearing the Sand N brands were more heavily exposed than those of wearing the D and M brands. 4. No significant difference of the number of leak sites were found between Korean-made and American-made masks. However, the most frequent leak site observed for the Korean-made ones was the nose area while it was the chin area for the American-made ones. 5. Analyses of 97 leak sites by shape showed that 27(27.8%) were point types, 54(55.7%) diffuse types and 16(16.5%) streamline types. 6. Test subjects indicated that the facepieces of Korean-made respirators were harder and smaller in size than those of American-made one. The most comfortable respirator selected was the respirator by the N Co. and the most uncomfortable one was the respirator by the D Co. This study suggests that many half-mask respirators now being used in the workplaces may not fit to workers well. Therefore, when selecting respirators, employers are advised to test respirators if they fit to workers well. And manufacturers are recommended to produce effective and comfortable respirators tested qualitatively and quantitatively not only in the laboratory but also in the field.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.124-130
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• 2005

In the microsurgical era, replantation with microvascular anastomosis is considered as the most superior method in aspects of texture, color, shape in case of nose amputation. There are some reported cases of replantation in nose amputation historically, but most of them are composite graft cases rather than microvascular anastomosis. Only a few cases of successful nasal replantation with microvascular anastomosis have been reported due to the reason that the size of vessels is usually very small and identifying suitable vessels for anastomosis is difficult. Microanastomosis of artery and microanastomosis of vein are ideal in replantation, but identifying suitable veins is often difficult. Without venous anastomosis, resolving the venous congestion remains to be a problem. We can carry out arteriovenous shunt if we can find two arteries in amputee. However, the smaller the size of amputee is, the more difficult it is to find two arteries. Instead of arteriovenous shunt, we can try external venous drainage(frequently swab, pin-prick, stab incision, IV or local heparin injection, dropping, apply of heparin-soaked gauze, use of medical leech). Here, we present three cases of replantation with microscopical arterial anastomosis (one angular artery, two dorsal nasal arteries) and external venous drainage (stab incision, application of medical leech and heparin-soaked gauze) even though the size of amputee may be as small as $1.5{\times}1.0cm$. In all cases, surgical outcomes were excellent in cosmetic and functional aspects. This report describes successful replantation by microvasular anastomosis in case that suitable veins are not found.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 1999

The laboratory datas are for local scour depth measurement at vertical-wall abutment. These include the data to demonstrate the effects of local scour depth of abutment nose shape, alignment angle, flow depth and flume slope. The pattern of local scour were measured and analyzed the abutments which are rectangular, sharp, chamfered rectangular and ablong nose shapes. The experiments were carried out with varing the flume slope and alignment algle increasing flow depth every step in 1cm for four abutment types on the live-bed scour conditions. The flume slope and alignment angle were varied in five cases : for latter 30 $^{\circ}$, 60 $^{\circ}$, 90 $^{\circ}$, 120 $^{\circ}$ and 150 $^{\circ}$, for former 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2%. The maximum scour depths were analyzed for the shaped of abutment nose with rectangular, ablong, chamfered rectangular and sharp in order. The results of the experiments show that the scour depth varies not only with abutment nose shapes and alignment angle but also with the flow depth and flume slope.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.57 no.5 s.114
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• pp.151-165
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• 2007

Appearance matters in society today. Women want to feel good and look their best. They do make-up, wear garment and accessory for their good looking. Doing make-up, we have to know how we are look and to consider face shape. But it is difficult to recognize face shape. Because there is no standard face shape of adult women of quantitative analysis. The purpose of this study was to offer standard face shape of adult women in Korea. Furthermore, the study was to determine and differentiate face shape of each age group to set the basic data for the Korean beauty industry. In this study, photographs of 600 Korean women, age between $20{\sim}50's$, were indirectly measured in Venus face2D program. The measurements were analyzed by statistical methods. As a result of basic statistical data analysis, the average lengths of face were 196mm, lengths of forehead-hairline between eyebrows were 62mm, lengths of eyebrow between noses were 68mm, length of nose between chin were 66mm, and width of face were 150mm. By comparing to each age group's face using ANOVA, the statistically noticeable differences were found in measurements.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.76-90
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to classify women's face types and to analyze the measurement of face types. For study, 180 adult women(aged between 20 and 29) in Pusan and Ulsan area was sampled to be measured for facial types. Data were analyzed by Frequencies, Means, Duncan's Multiple Range Test, Distinction analysis. The major results were as followed. Women's face types were classified by 6 types and there were round shape(29.4%), oblong shape(18.9%), inverted triangle shape(16.1%), square shape(13.9%), egg shape(11.7%), diamond shape(10.0%) in the subject. Phyiognomic facial height was 182.38mm, the upper face length was 59.82mm, the middle face length 60.82mm, the lower face length 61.76mm, and the index of face length to face breadth was 1.35. The face width was 134.90mm, interocular distance 34.75mm, the nose width 33.93mm, and mouth width was 43.87mm. And also, differences from those measurements like forehead breadth, face length/bizygion breadth, forehead slopper, bigonion breadth, bignathion breadth, bignathion slopper.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.157-174
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• 2013

This study aims to develop a proper face design for traditional fashion doll so that the Korean traditional doll can achieve its stand in the modern collection with the new face design based on researching documents, analyzing the examples and delivering a customer survey. The majority of dolls in traditional costume has an innocent look with inverted triangle shape face. But the inverted triangle or oval shape as well as the refined look of well balanced facial features are preferred. An oval face, elongated eyes with no double eyelid or inner double eyelid, plump lips and round and high nose are considered beautiful in the traditional figure. Based on this result, a new design is configured with an inverted triangular face with slightly plump cheeks, eyes with reduced eye, pupil and double eyelid, round nose without tuning up and small and full lower lip.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 2010

There are four kinds of diagnosis methods in oriental medicine, and viewing diagnosis(望診) is the most important method among them. There are two ways in viewing diagnosis. These are viewing shape(觀形) and inspecting color(察色). Viewing shape diagnosis includes observation on geometric curve that is made by prominence of bones or lump of flesh, and examination on symmetric disparity and balance of vertical length among three vertical section of face. Inspecting color is literally inspecting several specified region of face. By Viewing shape, we can learn about characteristic physical mechanism of individuals, and basic disposition of reaction from inside and outside infinite stimulations. On the other hand, by inspecting color, we can estimate the very present pathologic and physiologic status of the patient. the estimation is based on principle that inside body changes reveal some reflections on facial skin surface. When you diagnosis patients with inspecting color method, It is important to distinguish color delicately, and to know where to see and what to know from it. The most important and frequently mentioned regions are myong-dang(明堂), eyes(眼) and In-dang(印堂). Myong-dang(明堂) indicates nose. In-dang(印堂) indicates the space between eyebrows. Unlike myong-dang(印堂) and eyes, In-dang(印堂) is occasionally treated as a trivial region then others. But, from research on classical books of facial examination and consideration of it's locational meanings, we've learned In-dang(印堂) is very important in viewing diagnosis, because this region is crossing of the other two regions and this fact means this region expresses the spiritual status as well as physical status in one region.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.49-55
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• 2020

A goal of improving projectile is to increasing achievable range. The shape of a projectile is generally selected on the basis of combined aerodynamics and structural considerations. The choice of body, nose and boattail shape has a large effect on aerodynamic design. One of the main design factors that affect projectile configuration is aerodynamic drag. The aerodynamic drag refers to the aerodynamic force that acts opposite to the relative motion of a projectile. An investigation was made to predict the effects of nose, boattail and body shapes on the aerodynamic characteristics of projectiles using a semi-empirical technique. A parametric study is conducted which includes different projectile geometry. Performance predictions of achievable range are conducted using a trajectory simulation model. The potential of extending the range of a projectile using optimization of projectile configuration is evaluated. The maximum range increase is achieved due to the combination of optimal body shapes.