• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.131-153
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• 2002

An information technology revolution is sweeping the world driven by digitalization and tremendous popularity of the Internet. Electronic commerce and trade is the mainstream of this trend, and realization of a cyberspace without physical, spatial, and time restraints has led radical structural changes in international trade. Northeast Asia including Korea, China and Japan is becoming more important as a core economic region in terms of economic growth, intra-regional trade in particular. The introduction to electronic trade system and networks would playa vital role in speeding up trade of commodities, service and information etc. Therefore the study aims to examine a scheme to facilitate international trade in Northeast Asia by establishing information infrastructures. The study begins with reviewing current situation in information infrastructure such as the number of PC, utilization ratio of internet, information network, volume of electronic commerce. It is analyzed that what kinds of obstacles to facilitating electronic trade in Northeast Asian countries in terms of physical infrastructure, institutions, regulations, technologies regarding information exchange among countries. Finally this study presents some suggestions in order to remove the problems currently existed in vitalizing electronic trade.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2013

This study considers an approach for subregional fisheries organization in Northeast Asia. The fishery resources in the Northeast Asian waters surrounding Korea are among the most productive in the world because of their extremely high biological productivity and the natural features of the sea. However, the fishery resources of the region have long been subject to heavy fishing pressures, and many stocks are now believed to be seriously depleted or even in danger of extinction because of overfishing. To move to a run sustainable fishery in Northeast Asia waters area, cooperative fisheries management between Korea, China and Japan for common resource is probably necessary. Cooperative fisheries management is likely to be more effective in fishery resources management than individual fisheries management by countries. The effects of fisheries management by regional cooperation can be divided into resource management and economical performance. Cooperative fisheries management as RFO will bring satisfactory results. Currently these jurisdictional extensions and resulting disputes over maritime space and resources were thrust upon an already transitional and unstable political environment. However, They have to have a strategic approach for RFO establishment step by step. Cooperative fisheries management using the RFO can mitigate these disputes, and cooperative bilateral fisheries arrangements have been proliferating over the past 10 years and may provide the basis for possible trust-building multilateral agreements.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.3-26
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• 2001

Competitive and reliable maritime transport services benefit the economy as a whole, and are key efficiency factors for the production of both goods and services. Although maritime transport sector is very liberalized compared to many other service sectors, certain obstacles must be overcome before full liberalization of the maritime transport can be realized. Particularly, maritime transport services in Northeast Asia are regulated by a complicated and outdated system. To remove these barkers two approaches can be used: a regional trading arrangement approach and a multilateral approach via WTO. However, multilateral efforts are not likely to be successful in achieving any concrete progress towards maritime transport liberalization in the short- to medium-term in Northeast Asia. Consequently, it may be the best to take the following two progressive approaches and to make them work towards liberalization of the maritime transport market: a bilateral approach and a trilateral approach. A gradual process of liberalization would expand the market, help operators achieve economies of scale, promote the international division of labor and specialization, enhance the effective management of shipping services, and promote the long-term interests and welfare of the user by improving service quality and diversifying services. A liberalized and integrated maritime transport market in Northeast Asia should achieve both of these long-run policy objectives by benefiting both the transport service users and the transport service providers. In order to move the maritime transport liberalization programs as quickly as possible, it is desirable to establish a "Regional Maritime Transport Liberalization Committee." We suggest it to be a Tripartite (China, Japan and Korea) Committee initially, which can later expand its membership to include other Northeast Asian countries.

• Strategy21
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• s.43
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• pp.175-199
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• 2018

Recent marine territorial disputes in the East China Sea and the South China Sea have come to us as a great threat. China, which has recently established the China Coast Guard and has rapidly developed maritime security forces, is trying to overcome the various conflict countries with its power. Japan is also strengthening intensively its maritime security forces. Since Korea, China, and Japan are geographically neighboring and sharing maritime space in Northeast Asia, there is no conflict between maritime jurisdiction and territorial rights among the countries. The struggle for initiative in the ocean is fierce among the three coastal nations in Northeast Asia. therefore, Korea needs more thorough preparation and response to protect the marine sovereignty. As the superpowers of China and Japan are confronted and the United States is involved in the balance of power in strategic purposes, the East Asian sea area is a place where tension and conflict environment exist. China's illegal fishing boats are constantly invading our waters, and they even threaten the lives of our police officers. The issue of delimiting maritime boundaries between Korea and China has yet to be solved, and is underway in both countries, and there is a possibility that the exploration activities of the continental shelf resources may collide as the agreement on the continental shelf will expire between Korea and Japan. On the other hand, conflicts in the maritime jurisdictions of the three countries in Korea, China and Japan are leading to the enhancement of maritime security forces to secure deterrence rather than military confrontation. In the situation where the unresolved sovereignty and jurisdiction conflicts of Korea, China and Japan continue, and the competition for the strengthening of the maritime powers of China and Japan becomes fierce, there is a urgent need for stabilization and enhancement of the maritime forces in our country. It is necessary to establish a new long-term strategy for enhancing the maritime security force and to carry out it. It is expected that the Korean Coast Guard, which once said that it was a model for the establishment of China's Coast Guard as a powerful force for the enforcement of the maritime law, firmly establishes itself as a key force to protect our oceans with the Navy and keeps our maritime sovereignty firmly.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.475-487
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to examine an existence of mutual interdependency in terms of military expenditure and arms imports between Northeast Asian countries such as South Korea, North Korea, China, Japan, and U.S. Recently, the mood of post cold war and intensified globalization lead to be disarmament in pursuing a policy on national defence in many countries. Since potential menace to national security has been receiving more concern rather than a direct armed clash, mutual interdependency on military spending should be fully understood. For a methodological tools, ${\beta}$ and ${\sigma}$-convergences, convergence with rational expectation, and Granger causality test are employed. Empirical evidence shows that the convergences which are evaluated by ${\beta}$, ${\sigma}$, and by a model based on rational expectation are in general revealed, and differences are more sensitive to a military decision making procedures. Granger causality, however, is not being existed. To this end, it would be concluded that the Northeast Asian countries are going with a trend in the world than forming their own tendency in this region.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.370-379
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• 2020

This study examined the growth characteristics and competitive advantages of Korea's tourism industry compared to other Northeast Asian countries using the Balassa Indices and Shift-Share method. The analysis results showed that the growth of Korea's tourism industry over the past decade was due mainly to external factors, such as the growth of the global economy and the expansion of the tourism sector, while the role of growth momentum of the tourism industry itself was insignificant. Employment in Korea's tourism industry has shown relatively higher increasing rates compared to the rates of the total amount of sales and value-adding. This appears to be caused by the decreased absorption of the labor force in the tourism industry due to the overall capacity of job creation. (Ed note: This sentence was unclear. Please check the edits.)The competitive advantage of Korea's tourism industry has been strengthened over the past decade, but it is still inferior to other countries. The travel account balance showed that the economic size of the Chinese tourism sector had grown rapidly over the past decade, but the competitive advantage of the sector has been weakened. On the other hand, the economic size of the Japanese tourism sector has shown sluggish growth, while its competitive advantage has been strengthened significantly.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1145-1150
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• 2004

Dust phenomenon is a critical thing in the East Asian countries. However, it is quite recent that Asian dust has drawn much attention and the scientific investigation of dust particles began. In this study, the recognition for Asian-dust in Northeast Asia region was analyzed. The survey results show that the people generally recognize the origins and seriousness of Asian dust and understand the difficulty in solving the dust related problems. However, approaches to figure out Asian dust have many difficulties and limits in scientific, economic and political points of view and more detailed road map is needed based on government policy.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1483-1497
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• 2011

The result of comparison and analysis study of institutionalization and exchange status of environmental education in South Korea, the People's Republic of China, and Japan, Northeast Asian countries that are closely related to Korea, is summarized as the following: First, this study shows that the process of environmental education institutionalization requires an instigation. For example, a specific environmental policy is established after raising awareness to modify environmental policies, as the result of aggravation of damage due to pollution. Therefor, it is the necessary process for the establishment of an environmental policy in order to proceed environmental education institutionalization. Second, even though institutionalization processes of environmental education for the three countries are considered to be very similar, differences are apparent if one carefully examines the content of environmental education for each country. In particular, South Korea, the People's Republic of China, and Japan all agree that environmental education is necessary, but differ in their ideas of main body for advocating institutionalization, as well as maintenance level of environmental education. Third, the order of establishment of environmental education institutionalization is Japan, South Korea and China and there exists about a 10 years time gap between each country. Fourth, the environmental education exchange was formed between South Korea and the People's Republic of China and between South Korea and Japan, first. Then it was enlarged to TEMM(Tripartite Environment Ministers Meeting) and TEEN(Tripartite Environmental Education Network) among three countries.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.44-64
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• 2017

Russia's push in the Asia-Pacific region stems from its interests that have the national, regional and global dimensions. In their turn, the aims of this policy are civilizational, geopolitical, economic and prospective, with a long-term outlook. In the course of their achievement, cooperation with Northeast Asia's countries will play one of the key roles owing to the factors of geographic proximity, Northeast Asia's economic potential, risk hedging and a growing influence Northeast Asia exerts upon the global development. A new cooperation paradigm between Russia and the states of Northeast Asia should be based upon establishing and cementing self-reproducing ties. This is the central aim of Russian initiatives in relations, with Japan, the Republic of Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolia and China. However, numerous obstacles ranging from Russia's absence in the regional free trade agreements and supply-production chains of value-added production to the permanent international instability generated by Pyongyang's missile-nuclear developments hamper the practical implementation of this task. Realizing the necessity to give an additional impetus to this new cooperative paradigm, Russia has to develop directions with an apparent consolidating effect. The most promising may be the establishment of a permanent security forum based upon Northeast Asia Peace and Security Mechanism chaired by the Russian Federation. The urgency of this measure and its expected support stem from the necessity to strengthen security in Northeast Asia, a task neither the US-led hub-and-spoke system nor ASE-AN-led multilateral dialogue venues have been able to resolve. The issues addressed at the security forum must include the unification of approaches to North Korean nuclear issue and producing a document specifying actions of the claimants on the disputed maritime territories in the "direct contact" situations. At the expert level, Russia has elaborated on the idea to establish such a forum outlining the spectrum of the key directions of cooperation. With the urgency in the establishment of this dialogue venue, its agenda has to be coordinated with the agendas of the existing security systems presented by the US alliances and the ASE-AN-led multilateral negotiations. The practical implementation of this initiative will strengthen security in Northeast Asia as its challenges will be resolved in the pre-emptive way based on coordinated approaches. Therefore, Russia as the Eurasian state will be one of the role players in the advent of the Asian century.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.801-812
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• 2009

Recently, the cooperation between railway operators has been increased to maximize the efficiency of Asian railway network and international tourists, especially tourists to Asian region grow rapidly. But the cooperation in the rail tourism and leisure field has not yet been promoted. Therefore, this study suggests the development strategy of Asian Rail Pass like Eurail and InetRail Pass. It discusses mainly three Northeast Asian countries, Korea, China and Japan, which are very important area as the third world trade market and high rate of personal exchange. A joint research has to be conducted to feel out the practicability and profitability for the development of Asian Rail Pass. This study will publicize the necessity of Rail Pass in Asia.