• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.177-207
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• 2006

DMZ is came from the antagonism of ideology of the cold war and will of peace embodiment of Gangwon province, the only divided province in the world, at the time of opening physical distribution transportation time on ground between south and north Korea. Analyze the central plan of Gangwon province that includes Mt. Geumgang sightseeing, the Gyeongwon line and the Donghae line. As regaining the overland route with Eurasian continent that lost because of the division of Korea into north and south, We have lived as people in a island country actually for the last 60 years. we should extend the racial imagination that lean toward the ocean to the continent again. As we present the use of efficient overland distribution transportation that is endowed with the fitness of the Gangwon province's plan to make a new developing opportunity physically and mentally. we would seek the revitalization of Gangwon economy and inter Korean trade.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.14
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• pp.323-348
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• 2000

Facing the current difficulties of fisheries industry nationally and internationally, economic cooperations between South and North Korea are needed urgently. Applying the process of economic integration to fisheries sector of separated nation, cooperation processes are divided as follows; (1) indirect and direct fisheries trade, (2) reciprocal use of fishing grounds, (3) joint venture in fisheries sector, (4) free movement of production factors and common fisheries policy. Here, fisheries trade falls under economic interchange stage. Reciprocal use of fishing ground and fisheries joint venture come in economic cooperation stage. Finally. free factor movement and common fisheries policy are related with economic integration stage. This paper investigates the schemes for fisheries cooperation between South and North Korea in preparation for a unified Korea, focusing on fisheries trade. The paper is composed of 5 chapters. Chapter 2 discusses structure and characteristics of North Korea trade, and trade situation between South and North Korea. Then, the present condition of North Korea fisheries industry and fisheries trade trend between South and North Korea are presented in chapter 3. Next, chapter 4 tackles the most common problems encountered in fisheries trade between South and North Korea, and the devices and schemes to raise fisheries trade between South and North Korea. Finally, chapter 5 summarizes and concludes the research results.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.995-1001
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• 2014

When relations improve between North and South Korea, there will be demand for North Korean edible plants because of the low labor cost and similar environmental conditions. However, there is no reliable information about trace elements, metals, and metalloids in edible plants from North Korea. Selenium (Se) and germanium (Ge) have positive effects on basic human health and are therapeutical in diverse illnesses. Metal and metalloid (Cd, Pb) poisoning, on the other hand, can cause many health problems. Plants collected from North Korea had higher selenium content than those from South Korea. Although none of the collected species exceeded the permissible levels of cadmium and lead, their content in plants was significantly higher in North Korea than in South Korea. The high metal contents in plants collected from North Korea may be associated with the soil physicochemical properties as well as the accumulated amounts of elements in the soil.

• Strategy21
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• s.31
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• pp.5-26
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• 2013

The South Korean society has experienced many changes since the sinking of ROKS Cheonan. The government reviewed its defense posture and adopted the 5·24 Measure in its relations with North Korea. As a result, the people of South Korea became more conscious of security situations on the Korean peninsula while North Korea's economy suffered badly. Meanwhile, the South Korean government has taken a flexible stance toward North Korea in terms of exchange and cooperation since September 2011. The flexible stance was to manage inter-Korea relations in a stable manner and relieve the hardships of the North Korean people while preserving the spirits and purposes of the 5·24 Measure. The UN Security Council adopted twenty-six resolutions and statements on North Korea since June 25, 1950. They include thirteen U.N. Security Council resolutions including those concerning nuclear weapons or missile programs, nine Presidential statements, and four press statements. Resolution 82, the first U.N. resolution on North Korea, came when the Korean War broke out. Resolution 825, the first one related to nuclear or missile programs, was adopted in response to North Korea's withdrawal from the NPT. Apart from these U.N. resolutions, the United States has imposed separate sanctions against North Korea. North Korea's nuclear weapons program can be considered in comparison with that of Iran in terms of the consequences they create for the regional security. The Security Council has adopted six resolutions on Iran so far. One should note that the resolutions on Iran have had much stronger sanctions compared to those imposed on North Korea. That is, while the North Korea case may be viewed as a more serious threat to international security from the perspective of nuclear weapons development or proliferation, tougher sanctions have been placed on Iran. There are two approaches that South Korea should take in addressing the related issues. First, we should aim to reduce the gap between sanctions imposed on Iran and North Korea. It is difficult to understand that a country with more serious problems is rewarded with lighter sanctions. We should take measures through the Security Council Sanctions Committee to make individuals and groups in North Korea that play a central role in developing nuclear weapons and missiles subject to additional sanctions. Second, we have to change. Other countries in the international community have become tired of North Korea's nuclear issue and now they look to South Korea for initiative. We should correctly understand this current situation and play a leading role within our capacity. Knowingly and unknowingly, the notion that the North Korean nuclear issue may be left to South Korea has been spread around the international community. Although the situation is grave, we should try to open a new horizon in ushering in the unification era by taking the initiative with confidence that there is a looming hope ahead of us. For these tasks, we should stop thinking in the old way that has been ossified for the last two decades. We should not be pushed around by neighboring great powers in dealing with North Korea related issues anymore; we should take the initiative with resolution that we will play our role at the center of four great powers and with confidence that we can do it. Based on the confidence that the Republic of Korea has become a country with enough capacity to take the initiative, we should establish a 'National Grand Strategy' representing South Korea's strategic vision that the unification is the ultimate solution to the problems related to North Korea's nuclear weapons program.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.124-131
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• 2013

South Korea is changing into a multi-cultural society, due to an increase in international marriage, foreign workers and transcultural immigration. In addition, the number of North Korean defectors entering South Korea has increased and now, there are approximately 25000. Therefore, this review have focused on a research that pertains to adaptation and mental health concerns of their children. Children who have immigrated themselves or whose parents have immigrated, might experience language barriers, difficulties in school adjustment, identity confusion and mental health problems. However, their academic performance and developmental status are known to be variable and be affected by socioeconomic status and their parents' educational level. Studies that evaluated the psychological problems of North Korean adolescent refugees' indicated the need for interests in both emotional and behavioral problems. The risk factors of North Korean adolescent refugees' mental health are suggested to be past traumatic experiences, long duration of defection and short period of adaptation. When mental health professionals provide assessment and treatment, they should consider the pre- and post-migration experiences & cultural background that affect the illness behaviors and attitudes toward mental illnesses. Lastly, the majority of children with multi-cultural background are still under an adolescent period and we should follow up with long-term perspectives.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.113-133
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• 2005

North Korea has stressed Information Technology in policy fostering science as Kim Jong-il has been interested in IT industry. In view of development of e-business in Northeast Asia, South Korea is to cooperate with North Korea. It is the time to look into the current situation, strategy and issues of IT in North Korea. Although North Korea is forced to select the development of IT Industry as growth engine, the problems in the IT Infrastructure are as follows:lack in communication infrastructure, lack in diversity of software, low level of hardware, limited use of internet. This paper deals with the IT Infrastructure of North Korea and IT and e-Commerce Cooperation, introduction of e-Trade between South and North Korea.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.3-35
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• 2001

$\ulcorner$The South-North Joint Declaration$\lrcorner$ of June 15, 2000 made by President Kim Dae Jung and National Defense Committee Chairman Kim Jong Il will contribute to the activation of economic exchange between south and north Korea. To realize the fundamental spirit of the South-North Joint Declaration, the authorities concerned of south and north Korea have reached an agreement titled $\ulcorner$Agreement on Settlement Procedure of Commercial Disputes$\lrcorner$ last December. In this connection, a speedy and reasonable settlement of commercial disputes arising therefrom is becoming a problem of vital importance between south and north Korea. Also, south and north arbitral institutions have to consider a possible arbitration agreement carefully to solve the disputes systematically under the Agreement, which will serve as an example for similar arrangements and possible harmonization in East-West commercial relations. A variety of dispute settlements including friendly consultations, conciliation and arbitration will be used more frequently within the framework of the bilateral agreements of governmental or non-governmental level which have been concluded in the past between socialist and capitalistic economy countries. There is a growing tendency that East-West trade parties recognize and accept the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules in their contracts. So it is advisable to use the UNCITRAL Rules in arbitrations of south and north Korea in case that the interested parties fail to agree on applicable rules. Finally it should be noted that pre-arbitral settlement called ‘joint conciliation’ should be reflected in the settlement mechanism of commercial disputes between south and north Korean parties as proved to be successful between the U.S. and China trade in the past.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1338-1346
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• 1998

North Korea has been experiencing a serious food shortage. However, the extent and magnitude of malnutrition and health problems are virturally unknown because a nationwide food and nutritional survey has never been conducted. To get a better udnerstanding of the situation., an exhaustive literature search on the health and nutritiona conditions of North Koreans was performed. We also obtained anthropometric data on 274 North Korean Defectors who are recently resettlers in the South. Some(137) measurements were taken at the time of entry to the South, and the remaining data was from the health and nutrition mail survey conducted by us on North Korean refugeee re-settlers. Health and inutritional status of North Koreans was found to be less than desirable as shown in high infant mortality rates, high mortality and morbidity rates of malnutriton-related infectious deseases, and smaller body sizes. Striking differences were noted in all of the above health and nutrition indicators between north and South Koreans. Considering the fact that North and South Koreans are homogeneous in their genetic back-ground, ours study results clearly demonstrate that the health and nutrition of North Koreas has deteriorated with the dhronic food shortage, which might have sorsened with a recent food crissi. The smaller and thinner adult stature proevailing in North Korea could play a significant negative role in the country's economy, since lower lean body mass has been associated with reduced work productivity that could hinder economic growth and development.

• School Mathematics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.43-58
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• 2003

This study intends to compare the structure of contents and the way of developing concepts in mathematics textbooks of south and those of north Korea. After thorough investigations of the textbooks from south and north Korea, the following three characteristics were identified. First, the mathematics textbooks of south Korea tends to spread out contents across several grades, while those of north Korea have a tendency of centralization in terms of locating contents Second, in the textbooks of South Korea, mathematics concepts are permeated through real world situations, and students gradually acquire those concepts mostly through activities. This is different from the approach of the north Korean textbooks in which various problems play a key role in explaining concepts. Third, the main strategy of introducing contents in the textbooks of south and that of north Korea corresponds to 'guidance' and 'explanation' respectively. Exploratory questions leading to the concepts are more emphasized in the textbooks of south Korea, on the other hand, meaningful explanations play an important role in the textbooks of north Korea.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

The dissimilarities between South and North Korea have persisted in spite of the reconciliation campaign by both countries. The situation of the cleft lip & palate of North Korea was very unclear until now. The purpose of this study is to understand all the current facts of cleft lip & palate in North Korea so that we can find ways of helping North Korea in this field of medicine. The present data and analysis are extracted from North Korean textbooks. The results are as follow. 1. In North Korea, patients with CLP are treated by oral surgeons or maxillofacial surgeons. The detailed contents about the CLP are well described in the North Korean textbooks for the dental students. 2. The terminology of CLP in North Korea has changed from time to time, but the present terminology not being so different from South Korean counterpart. So there will be no particular problems in mutual communication. 3. The main classification for CLP in North Korea originated from Kernahan & Stark's classification as is with South Korea. 4. The incidence of CLP is 1 : 1,000-1,200 in North Korea, which is lower than that of South Korea. There is, however, some difference between the North and South Korean CLP in detailed statistics. 5. We found the North Korean physicians have shown much interest in pursuing the etiology and the prevention of CLP. 6. The timing of CLP operations varied a lot in North Korea. There was recommendation by few for the operation in much late age than in South Korea. 7. The classical operation techniques of cleft lip have changed. For unilateral cleft lip Tennison-Randall method was replaced by Millard I method: and for bilateral cleft lip LeMesurier method was replaced by Veau III and Tennison methods. But for cleft palate Pushback palatoplasty has been utilized consistently.