• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.127-139
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• 2015

The purpose of this research is to reevaluate the success factors and significance of the battle through the analysis of the only successful Chuncheon district battle during the defense combat in the early part of the Korean War on June 25, 1950. The research results are the matters that are analyzed from the viewpoint of the armed forces of the Republic of Korea, focusing intensively on the successful aspect of the early defense combat against North Korean army's surprise invasion of the South and on the battle that thwarted the North Korean army's intensive surprise attack intention. This research attempts to reanalyze the Chuncheon District Battle in connection with the Kim Il-sung's strategic course of action in consideration of the operation plan of North Korean invasion of the South. In other words, it is to reanalyze the enemy tactics in connection with North Korean army's plan of invasion of the South. The fact that the 6th Division of the armed forces of the Republic of Korea destroyed the North Korean army's operations plans that were in accordance with Kim Il-sung's strategic plans has more significance than a simple tactical success. The Chuncheon District Battle should be reevaluated as the "decisive battle" which went beyond a successful early defense combat in a Chuncheon region, and which fundamentally defeated North Korean army's war plan itself by thwarting the Kim Il-sung's strategic plan.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.37-52
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• 2011

This study investigates patterns of the alignment of the accentual peaks in bisyllabic words of the CVNCV, CVNV, and CVNNV structures in North Kyungsang Korean. Based on the tonal alignment, patterns of the F0 pitch excursion are discussed relative to one another. Issues are addressed concerning how the tonal targets are aligned, and how the tonal specifications of nasals in postvocalic, intervocalic, and prevocalic environments are supplied in the LH, HL, and HH classes. Tonal specification of nasals in various environments is accounted for by extension of the L target, displacement of the pitch peak, and interpolation between two tonal targets, depending on the tonal class. The results in this study provide preliminary evidence that the categorical alignment of the tonal targets is implemented by simply checking the presence or absence of a nasal before or after the nucleus vowel on the segmental string, without reference to the constituency of the nasal in the syllable structure. However, the prosodic structure has a key role to play in explaining speaker-dependent variations in the tonal alignment. Sensitivity to tautosyllabicity has an effect on the shape of the F0 contour, and disparity in the patterns of the pitch excursion is represented as a function of syllable structure correlated with segmental composition of the nasal.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.43-52
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• 1996

This paper deals with the nature and function of intensification in Korean in a wider scope of intensification which was not paid proper attention including intensification in the initial position as well as middle position. Unobserved new areas of intensification in the initial position are paid more attention like sound split of polysemy e.g. (s'eda), (kyongk'i) by means of intensification and north Korean application of intensification on (wonsu) and intensification of borrowed English. The recent phenomenon of ‘gwua’ intensification is experimented on two groups of people, young students and old people beyond 65 years old by means of sociolinguistic analysis. The result shows that its intensification is a form of student violent power and a mark of extreme solidarity among activist students. Thirty three university students(male 16, female 17) are asked to explained to write the meanings(feelings or when to use, etc.) of the words which have normal form and intensified forms. The results show intensification attaches the meaning of ‘emphasis,’ to bring the extremely polarized emotion: samll to the smallest, exact to the perfect exactness, bad to the worst feeling. Four words are being split to express different meaning with the word intensified. In conclusion, the nature of so called saisiot(t) e.g. intensification is voiceless tensed pause and its functions are the polarization of the original meaning of the word, sound split of polysemy and attachment of social values by intensification.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.87-95
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• 2004

Economic development is remarkable in Asia and progress of industrialization of NIES, ASEAN, and China in East Asia has increased the international physical distribution in this area. However, an imbalance of trade becomes severe in these areas. The imbalance is especially big in the Asia-North America route and the Japan-China route. The imbalance in the Asia -North America liner route is 5.04 million TEUS in 2002.The transportation ratio of loaded containers between China and Japan route is approximately 3:1 in 2000. In other words, it means that the transportation of loaded containers from China to Japan is 3, the transportation of loaded containers from Japan to China is I. The imbalance at a port is generally obtained by subtracting export loaded container cargo volume from import container cargo volume. However, the imbalance and the empty containers at the port are not always same. Then, in order to evaluate rationalization and efficiency of maritime container transportation, we introduce the amount of empty containers at a port as an evaluation index. However, the past data of the amount of handling empty containers have a lot of lacking portions. Then, it is necessary to estimate the past amount of empty containers in order to grasp the amount of empty containers historically. So, we construct the model that estimates the amount of empty containers using the imbalance of main port statistics in Japan.

• Economic Analysis
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.70-119
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• 2021

This paper analyzes the changes in financial reform during the Kim Jong-un era based on North Korean literature. We find that North Korea has systematically and functionally separated the central bank from commercial banks since the Kim Jong-un era began. In addition, enterprises have been allowed to withdraw cash from bank accounts and make inter-enterprise cash payments. In other words, nowadays non-cash currencies with passive money can partially serve as active money with purchasing power. With the systematic and functional separation of the central bank and the commercial bank, the issuance of the central bank changed to a money supply method through the commercial bank, and changes in the currency distribution structure have allowed commercial bank's credit creation function to be implemented. This means that the banking system and the monetary·payment system of the socialist planned economy are changing in the way of the market economy. Reforms in the financial sector are believed to have been necessary to support changes in the economic system and to restore the function of the public financial sector. These changes have progressed in terms of the level of reform, but they are still considered similar to the period of the former Soviet Union's Perestroika or to the early period of China's reform and opening. Although North Korea's financial reform is superior in terms of enacting the banking law, it is insufficient in terms of realizing the functions of commercial banks. In addition, it is assessed that institutional constraints such as maintaining a planned economy, and the lack of confidence in public finances limit the effectiveness and development of the financial system. It should be noted that these results are based on literature published in North Korea. In other words, there is a limit in the fact that such recent changes have been carried out on a trial basis in some areas, or have been carried out in a full-scale manner with a blueprint, since Kim Jong-un's inauguration.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.15-24
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• 1994

The goal of impact studies (e.g., as mandated by NEPA in the USA) is to ensure that the full implications of development proposals (ecologic, economic, and social) are taken into account before decisions are made and projects are allowed to proceed. In other words, the aim is to ensure that impact assessment is integrated into planning and policy processes. Today. nearly 25 years after the enactment of NEPA, it is appropriate to inquire regarding the extent of progress toward such integration. This paper examines the role of impact assessment in planning and policy processes with specific reference to resource development projects in the Great Plains region of the USA. The author gives special attention to the socioeconomic impacts associated with energy resource extraction and conversion projects and the role of impact assessment in project evaluation, in local and regional planning, and in state policy development.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.261-280
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• 2009

This study focuses on providing the pedagogical implications of stress in English pronunciation teaching since stress is one the most important characteristic factors in English pronunciation (Bolinger, 1976; Brown, 1994; Celce-Murcia, Brinton & Goodwin, 1996; Kreidler, 1989). The author investigated stress production regarding in terms of duration, pitch, and intensity by a group of native speakers of English and a group of low-proficiency South Kyungsang Korean college students for their pre-test. For both of the pre- and post-test, the same stimuli, which consisted of a one-syllable word, two two-syllable words, three three-syllable words, and three four-syllable words, were used along with the various sentence positions: isolation, initial, medial, and final. Soft ware programs, ALVIN and Praat, were used to record and analyze the data. Since Celce-Murcia et al. (1996), Klatt (1975), and Ladefoged (2001) treat duration of the stressed syllable more significantly than other factors, pitch and intensity, with respect to the listener's point of view, the author developed a special method of teaching English stress using a traditional Korean drum to emphasize duration. In addition, the results from the native speakers' production showed that their main strategy to realize stress was through lengthening stressed syllables. After six weeks of stress instruction using the drum, the production of the native speakers and the SK Korean participants from the pre- and post-test were compared. The results from the post-test indicated that the participants showed great improvement not only in duration but also in pitch after the stress instruction. Pitch improvement was unexpected but well-explained by the statement that long vowels receive accent in loan word adaptation in North Kyungsang Korean. The results also showed that the Korean participants' pitch values became more even in their duration values for each syllable as the structure of the word or the sentence became more complex, due to their dependency upon their L1.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.45
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• pp.220-254
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• 2009

Presidential TV debates serve as an important instrument for the general viewers to evaluate the candidates’ character, to examine their policy, and finally to make an important political decisions to cast ballots. Every words candidates utter in the course of entire election campaign exert influence of a certain significance by delivering their ideas and by creating clashes with their respective opponents. This study focuses on the conceptual venue, coined as ‘stasis’ by ancient rhetoricians, in which the clashes take place, and examines the words selection made by each candidates, the manners in which they form stasis, call for evidence, educate the public, and finally create a legitimate form of political argumentation. The study applied computer based content analysis using KrKwic and UCINET software to analyze semantic networks among the candidates. The results showed three major candidates, namely Lee Myung Bak, Jung Dong Young, and Lee Hoi Chang, displayed separate patterns in their use of language, by selecting the words that are often neglected by their opponents. Apparently, the absence of stasis and the lack of speaking mutual language significantly undermined the effects of debates. Central questions regarding issues of North Korea failed to meet basic requirements, and the respondents failed to engage in effective argumentation process.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2009

The objective of this article is to analysis of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Fix-a-day Method (AMFDM;鍼灸擇日) shown in the Seunjeongwon-Ilgi(承政院日記). Through such inquisition, The practical application of AMFDM could be found. The authors used web database of Seunjeongwon-Ilgi(承政院日記) serviced by National Institution of Korea History. We searched the database twice. First, We check up the database using key words - '忌日', '吉日', '拘忌', '鍼', '針' and '灸'. Search words is "(忌日|吉 日|拘忌)&(鍼|針|灸)". Second, We check up the database using other key words - '瘟㾮', '爲吉', '爲受鍼吉'. 1. AMFDM was used whenever Royal Family was cared. Futhermore, Its application method was as same as medical documents said. 2. AMFDM in the Seunjeongwon-Ilgi consists of Taboo-day(忌日) and Favor-day(吉日). Taboo-day is classified into following 5 type. Weather, Moon phases, The 24 solar terms(節氣), Spirit-location(人神), KunJie-12-deity(建除十二神) and OnHuang-day(瘟㾮日). 3. Sometime contradiction was occurred when AMFDM was used. So AMFDM had the priority order. According to these's order, doctor picked up a date. 4. Doctor used AMFDM to control Interval of treatment. They thought that acupuncture treatment exhaust one's Qi(氣). Using AMFDM, they could give recovery period to patient.

• Strategy21
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• s.31
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• pp.27-56
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• 2013

The United Nations Command (UNC) and the communist North failed to reach an agreement on where the maritime demarcation line should be drawn in the process of signing a truce after the Korean War because of the starkly different positions on the boundary of their territorial waters. As a result, the Armistice Treaty was signed on July 1953 without clarification about the maritime border. In the following month, Commander of the UNC unilaterally declared the Northern Limit Line (NLL) as a complementing measure to the Armistice. Referring to this, North Korea and its followers in South Korea wrongfully argue that the NLL is a "ghost line" that was established not based on the international law. However, one should note that the waters south of the NLL has always been under South Korea's jurisdiction since Korea's independence from Japan on August 15, 1945. There is no need to ask North Korea's approval for declaring the territorial waters that had already been under our sovereign jurisdiction. We do not need North Korea's approval just as we do not need Japan's approval with regard to our sovereign right over Dokdo. The legal status of the NLL may be explained with the following three characteristics. First, the NLL is a de facto maritime borderline that defines the territorial waters under the respective jurisdiction of the two divided countries. Second, the NLL in the West Sea also serves as a de facto military demarcation line at sea that can be likened to the border on the ground. Third, as a contacting line where the sea areas controlled by the two Koreas meet, the NLL is a maritime non-aggression line that was established on the legal basis of the 'acquiescence' element stipulated by the Inter-Korea Basic Agreement (article 11) and the Supplement on the Non-aggression principle (article 10). Particularly from the perspective of the domestic law, the NLL should be understood as a boundary defining areas controlled by temporarily divided states (not two different states) because the problem exists between a legitimate central government (South Korea) and an anti-government group (North Korea). In this sense, the NLL problem should be viewed not in terms of territorial preservation or expansion. Rather, it should be understood as a matter of national identity related to territorial sovereignty and national pride. North Korea's continuous efforts to problematize the NLL may be part of its strategy to nullify the Armistice Treaty. In other words, North Korea tries to take away the basis of the NLL by abrogating the Armistice Treaty and creating a condition in which the United Nations Command can be dissolved. By doing so, North Korea may be able to start the process for the peace treaty with the United States and reestablish a maritime line of its interest. So, North Korea's rationale behind making the NLL a disputed line is to deny the effectiveness of the NLL and ask for the establishment of a new legal boundary. Such an effort should be understood as part of a strategy to make the NLL question a political and military dispute (the similar motivation can be found in Japan's effort to make Dokdo a disputed Island). Therefore, the South Korean government should not accommodate such hidden intentions and strategy of North Korea. The NLL has been the de facto maritime border (that defines our territorial waters) and military demarcation line at sea that we have defended with a lot of sacrifice for the last sixty years. This is the line that our government and the military must defend in the future as we have done so far. Our commitment to the defense of the NLL is not only a matter of national policy protecting territorial sovereignty and jurisdiction; it is also our responsibility for those who were fallen while defending the North-Western Islands and the NLL.