• Title/Summary/Keyword: Normalized Cross-Correlation

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Robust and Reversible Image Watermarking Scheme Using Combined DCT-DWT-SVD Transforms

  • Bekkouch, Souad;Faraoun, Kamel Mohamed
    • Journal of Information Processing Systems
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    • v.11 no.3
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    • pp.406-420
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    • 2015
  • We present a secure and robust image watermarking scheme that uses combined reversible DWT-DCT-SVD transformations to increase integrity, authentication, and confidentiality. The proposed scheme uses two different kinds of watermarking images: a reversible watermark, $W_1$, which is used for verification (ensuring integrity and authentication aspects); and a second one, $W_2$, which is defined by a logo image that provides confidentiality. Our proposed scheme is shown to be robust, while its performances are evaluated with respect to the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), normalized cross-correlation (NCC), and running time. The robustness of the scheme is also evaluated against different attacks, including a compression attack and Salt & Pepper attack.

"Pansori" Joint Assumption using Neural Network (인공신경망을 이용한 판소리 마디추정)

  • Park, Keunho;Seo, Kyoung-suk;Lee, Joonwhoan
    • Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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    • 2014.11a
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    • pp.975-977
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    • 2014
  • 본 논문에서는 판소리 자동채보에 중요한 요소인 '합'과 '궁'의 위치 즉 마디를 인공신경망과 히스토그램을 이용하여 추정한다. 기존의 합과 궁을 추정하는 방법으로는 NCC(Normalized Cross Correlation)를 이용한 대표치 추정 윈도우와 칼만 필터를 이용하였다. 하지만 대표치 추정 윈도우를 구성하는 과정에서 단순히 15개의 특징벡터 각각의 평균을 이용하기 때문에 분별력이 떨어지고, 마디위치를 보정하는 과정에서 칼만 필터를 사용하면 전체음원이 길이가 짧을 경우 오차가 발생할 가능성이 크다. 본 논문에서 제안한 마디 추정 알고리즘은 장단별로 최대 90%이상의 정확도로 마디를 추정할 수 있다.

An Iterated Optical Flow Estimation Method for Automatically Tracking and Positioning Homologous Points in Video Image Sequences

  • Tsay, Jaan-Rong;Lee, I-Chien
    • Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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    • 2003.11a
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    • pp.372-374
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    • 2003
  • The optical flow theory can be utilized for automatically tracking and positioning homologous points in digital video (DV) image sequences. In this paper, the Lucas-Kanade optical flow estimation (LKOFE) method and the normalized cross-correlation (NCC) method are compared and analyzed using the DV image sequences acquired by our SONY DCRPC115 DV camera. Thus, an improved optical flow estimation procedure, called 'Iterated Optical Flow Estimation (IOFE)', is presented. Our test results show that the trackable range of 3${\sim}$4 pixels in the LKOFE procedure can be apparently enlarged to 30 pixels in the IOFE.

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Fiducial mark alignment using distance transform (거리변환을 이용한 fiducial 마크 정렬 알고리즘)

  • Cui, Xue-Nan;Park, Eun-Soo;Choi, Hyo-Hoon;Kim, Hak-Il
    • Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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    • 2010.06c
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    • pp.442-446
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    • 2010
  • 본 논문에서는 거리변환 기반의 정밀한 fiducial 마크 정렬 알고리즘을 제안한다. 거리변환은 물체의 중심에 가중치를 가지는 특성이 있는데 이는 AOI 공정에서 에칭, 이동과 같은 다양한 요소들로부터 획득되는 타겟영상에 대하여 강인하게 물체의 중심으로 매칭할 수 있도록 한다. 제안한 방법은 우선 입력 타겟영상에 대하여 이진화를 진행하고, 다음 모델과 타겟영상에 대하여 거리변환을 이용하여 거리특징을 추출하고, 추출된 모델과 타겟영상에 대한 거리특징을 NCC(Normalized Cross Correlation)를 이용하여 매칭한 후, 매칭 스코어에 대하여 Sub-pixel 분석을 진행하여 sub-pixel 레벨의 정확도를 가지도록 한다. 실험결과로부터 제안한 거리특징을 이용한 매칭 알고리즘이 기존의 픽셀 밝기 값을 이용한 매칭보다 강인하고 정확하게 매칭됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

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Stereo Correspondence Using Graphs Cuts Kernel (그래프 컷 커널을 이용한 스테레오 대응)

  • Lee, Yong-Hwan;Kim, Youngseop
    • Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.70-74
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    • 2017
  • Given two stereo images of a scene, it is possible to recover a 3D understanding of the scene. This is the primary way that the human visual system estimates depth. This process is useful in applications like robotics, where depth sensors may be expensive but a pair of cameras is relatively cheap. In this work, we combined our interests to implement a graph cut algorithm for stereo correspondence, and performed evaluation against a baseline algorithm using normalized cross correlation across a variety of metrics. Experimental trials revealed that the proposed descriptor exhibited a significant improvement, compared to the other existing methods.

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Improved depth evaluation using Epipolar geometry (Epipolar geometry를 활용한 개선된 depth 평가 방법)

  • Seong-Min Kim;Jong-Ki Han
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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    • 2022.11a
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    • pp.99-102
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    • 2022
  • 실재하는 물체나 장소를 디지털 카메라나 휴대폰 카메라로 여러 장 촬영하여 얻은 2차원 이미지 데이터셋으로부터 3차원 영상을 얻기 위해서 이미지를 이루는 각 pixel의 depth 정보를 얻는 것은 필수적인 과정이다. 주어진 이미지에서 depth 정보를 얻기 위해 Shuhan Shen은 PatchMatch 알고리즘을 활용하는 것을 제안하였다. 그 이후 PatchMatch 기반의 알고리즘은 널리 사용되며 우수한 성능을 보이고 있다. PatchMatch 기반의 알고리즘을 사용해 depth를 추정하는 과정에서 depth와 법선 벡터를 Zero-mean Normalized Cross Correlation(ZNCC)를 사용해 평가한다. 하지만, ZNCC는 depth를 평가하려는 pixel의 주변 pixel들의 밝기 값 혹은 색상 값의 분포를 사용하기 때문에 밝기 값이나 색상 값의 변화가 적은 texture-less region에서는 신뢰성이 떨어진다. 본 논문에서는 이 문제를 epipolar geometry를 활용한 기하학적 정보를 이용하여 개선하고자 한다.

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FPGA implementation of NCC-based real-time stereo matching processor (FPGA를 이용한 NCC기반의 실시간 스테레오 매칭 프로세서 구현)

  • Kim, Byeong-Jin;Bae, Sang-Min;Koh, Kwang-Sik
    • Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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    • 2011.11a
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    • pp.322-325
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    • 2011
  • 스테레오 비전 시스템에서 전통적인 매칭 알고리즘으로 SAD(Sum of Absolute Differences), SSD(Sum of Squared Differences), NCC(Normalized Cross Correlation) 등 다양한 알고리즘이 존재한다. 그러나 하드웨어로 실시간 처리를 위한 시스템을 구현하기 위해서는 리소스가 한정 되어있다는 제약 때문에 많은 연구에서 SAD 혹은 RT(Rank Transform), CT(Census Transform)를 많이 사용하게 된다. FPGA 내부에는 BRAM(Block RAM)과 MAC(multiply-accumulator)인 DSP슬라이스가 이미 존재한다. 본 논문에서는 BRAM과 DSP로직을 활용해서 전통적인 매칭 알고리즘 중에서 연산기 사용이 가장 많은 NCC를 FPGA로 실시간 처리 가능한 하드웨어 구조를 제안한다.

CONTINUOUS WELCH BOUNDS WITH APPLICATIONS

  • Krishnanagara Mahesh Krishna
    • Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.787-805
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    • 2023
  • Let (Ω, µ) be a measure space and {τα}α∈Ω be a normalized continuous Bessel family for a finite dimensional Hilbert space 𝓗 of dimension d. If the diagonal ∆ := {(α, α) : α ∈ Ω} is measurable in the measure space Ω × Ω, then we show that $$\sup\limits_{{\alpha},{\beta}{\in}{\Omega},{\alpha}{\neq}{\beta}}\,{\mid}{\langle}{\tau}_{\alpha},\,{\tau}_{\beta}{\rangle}{\mid}^{2m}\,{\geq}\,{\frac{1}{({\mu}{\times}{\mu})(({\Omega}{\times}{\Omega}{\backslash}{\Delta})}\;\[\frac{{\mu}({\Omega})^2}{\({d+m-1 \atop m}\)}-({\mu}{\times}{\mu})({\Delta})\],\;{\forall}m{\in}{\mathbb{N}}.$$ This improves 48 years old celebrated result of Welch [41]. We introduce the notions of continuous cross correlation and frame potential of Bessel family and give applications of continuous Welch bounds to these concepts. We also introduce the notion of continuous Grassmannian frames.

Sensitivity of quantitative symmetry measurement algorithms for convergent beam electron diffraction technique

  • Hyeongsub So;Ro Woon Lee;Sung Taek Hong;Kyou-Hyun Kim
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • v.51
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    • pp.10.1-10.9
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    • 2021
  • We investigate the sensitivity of symmetry quantification algorithms based on the profile R-factor (Rp) and the normalized cross-correlation (NCC) coefficient (γ). A DM (Digital Micrograph©) script embedded in the Gatan digital microscopy software is used to develop the symmetry quantification program. Using the Bloch method, a variety of CBED patterns are simulated and used to investigate the sensitivity of symmetry quantification algorithms. The quantification results show that two symmetry quantification coefficients are significantly sensitive to structural changes even for small strain values of < 1%.

Analysis of Applicability of RPC Correction Using Deep Learning-Based Edge Information Algorithm (딥러닝 기반 윤곽정보 추출자를 활용한 RPC 보정 기술 적용성 분석)

  • Jaewon Hur;Changhui Lee;Doochun Seo;Jaehong Oh;Changno Lee;Youkyung Han
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.40 no.4
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    • pp.387-396
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    • 2024
  • Most very high-resolution (VHR) satellite images provide rational polynomial coefficients (RPC) data to facilitate the transformation between ground coordinates and image coordinates. However, initial RPC often contains geometric errors, necessitating correction through matching with ground control points (GCPs). A GCP chip is a small image patch extracted from an orthorectified image together with height information of the center point, which can be directly used for geometric correction. Many studies have focused on area-based matching methods to accurately align GCP chips with VHR satellite images. In cases with seasonal differences or changed areas, edge-based algorithms are often used for matching due to the difficulty of relying solely on pixel values. However, traditional edge extraction algorithms,such as canny edge detectors, require appropriate threshold settings tailored to the spectral characteristics of satellite images. Therefore, this study utilizes deep learning-based edge information that is insensitive to the regional characteristics of satellite images for matching. Specifically,we use a pretrained pixel difference network (PiDiNet) to generate the edge maps for both satellite images and GCP chips. These edge maps are then used as input for normalized cross-correlation (NCC) and relative edge cross-correlation (RECC) to identify the peak points with the highest correlation between the two edge maps. To remove mismatched pairs and thus obtain the bias-compensated RPC, we iteratively apply the data snooping. Finally, we compare the results qualitatively and quantitatively with those obtained from traditional NCC and RECC methods. The PiDiNet network approach achieved high matching accuracy with root mean square error (RMSE) values ranging from 0.3 to 0.9 pixels. However, the PiDiNet-generated edges were thicker compared to those from the canny method, leading to slightly lower registration accuracy in some images. Nevertheless, PiDiNet consistently produced characteristic edge information, allowing for successful matching even in challenging regions. This study demonstrates that improving the robustness of edge-based registration methods can facilitate effective registration across diverse regions.