• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.267-275
• /
• 2012

본 논문은 정상풍속과 돌발풍속을 수학적으로 모델링하고 풍향에 따라 전달되는 메인축에서의 전달모멘트를 조사하여 기어박스에 전달되는 풍하중의 특성을 파악하였다. 정상풍속은 지상에서 고도가 높아짐에 따라 속도가 증가하게 설정을 하였다. 풍하중에 의해서 메인축으로 전달되는 모멘트의 평균값과 하모닉값을 풍향 입사각을 $-45^{\circ}{\sim}45^{\circ}$로 변화를 주며 특성을 파악하였다. 또한 기어 트레인의 미스 얼라인먼트를 유발시키는 굽힘 모멘트의 특성을 파악하였다. 정상풍속모델에서는 블레이드의 3배수 주파수(3X)로 하는 토크의 가진이 생기며, 바람의 방향이 $+22.5^{\circ}$일 때 수평방향의 굽힘 모멘트가 주축으로 들어가는 토크의 50%수준으로 발생하는데 이는 수평방향으로의 탄성 축 휘임을 유발하여 치가 모서리에서 물림이 발생하게 하는 원인을 제공함을 알 수 있었다. 돌발풍속의 경우, 3X, 6X, 9X를 가진 주파수로 하는 토크의 가진이 바람의 방향이 +방향으로 커질수록 하모닉항의 상대 비율이 증가하였다.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제22권6호
• /
• pp.685-701
• /
• 2016

Downbursts are of great harm to transmission lines and many towers can even be destroyed. The downburst wind field model by Chen and Letchford was applied, and the wind loads of two typical transmission towers in inland areas and littoral areas were calculated separately. Spatial finite element models of the transmission towers were established by elastic beam and link elements. The wind loads as well as the dead loads of conductors and insulators were simplified and applied on the suspension points by concentrated form. Structural analysis on two typical transmission towers under normal wind and downburst was completed. The bearing characteristics and the failure modes of the transmission towers under downburst were determined. The failure state of tower members can be judged by the calculated stress ratios. It shows that stress states of the tower members were mainly controlled by 45 degree wind load. For the inland areas with low deign wind velocity, though the structural height is not in the highest wind velocity zone of downburst, the wind load under downburst is much higher than that under normal wind. The main members above the transverse separator of the legs will be firstly destroyed. For the littoral areas with high deign wind velocity, the wind load under downburst is lower than under normal wind. Transmission towers are not controlled by the wind loads from downbursts in design process.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.299-309
• /
• 2020

In this study, wind data such as speeds, loads and potential of Muğla which is located in the southwest of Turkey were statistically analyzed. The wind data which consists of hourly wind speed between 2010 and 2013 years, was measured at the 10-meters height in four different ground stations (Datça, Fethiye, Marmaris, Köyceğiz). These stations are operated by The Turkish State Meteorological Service (T.S.M.S). Furthermore, wind data was analyzed by using Log-Normal and Gamma distributions, since these distributions fit better than Weibull, Normal, Exponential and Logistic distributions. Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and the coefficients of the goodness of fit (R²) were also determined by using statistical analysis. According to the results, extreme wind speed in the research area was 33 m/s at the Datça station. The effective wind load at this speed is 0.68 kN/㎡. The highest mean power densities for Datça, Fethiye, Marmaris and Köyceğiz were found to be 46.2, 1.6, 6.5 and 2.2 W/㎡, respectively. Also, although Log-normal distribution exhibited a good performance i.e., lower AD (Anderson - Darling statistic (AD) values) values, Gamma distribution was found more suitable in the estimation of wind speed and power of the region.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국신재생에너지학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.387-390
• /
• 2007

Recently the diameter of the 5MW wind turbine reaches 126m, and the tower height is nearly the same with the wind turbine diameter. The blade will experience periodic inflow oscillation due to blade rotation inside the ground shear flow region, that is, the inflow velocity is maximum at uppermost position and minimum at lowermost position. In this study we compare the aerodynamic data between two inflow conditions, i.e, uniform flow and normal wind profile. From the computed results all of the relative errors for oscillating amplitudes increased due to the ground shear flow effect. Especially My at hub and $F_x$, $M_y$, $M_z$ at LSS increased enormously. It turns out that the aerodynamic analysis including the ground shear flow effect must be considered for fatigue load analysis.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.367-382
• /
• 2007

A nonlinear numerical method was developed to assess the stability of suspension bridge catwalks under a wind load. A section model wind tunnel test was used to obtain a catwalk's aerostatic coefficients, from which the displacement-dependent wind loads were subsequently derived. The stability of a suspension bridge catwalk was analyzed on the basis of the geometric nonlinear behavior of the structure. In addition, a full model test was conducted on the catwalk, which spanned 960 m. A comparison of the displacement values between the test and the numerical simulation shows that a numerical method based on a section model test can be used to effectively and accurately evaluate the stability of a catwalk. A case study features the stability of the catwalk of the Runyang Yangtze suspension bridge, the main span of which is 1490 m. Wind can generally attack the structure from any direction. Whenever the wind comes at a yaw angle, there are six wind load components that act on the catwalk. If the yaw angle is equal to zero, the wind is normal to the catwalk (called normal wind) and the six load components are reduced to three components. Three aerostatic coefficients of the catwalk can be obtained through a section model test with traditional test equipment. However, six aerostatic coefficients of the catwalk must be acquired with the aid of special section model test equipment. A nonlinear numerical method was used study the stability of a catwalk under a yaw wind, while taking into account the six components of the displacement-dependent wind load and the geometric nonlinearity of the catwalk. The results show that when wind attacks with a slight yaw angle, the critical velocity that induces static instability of the catwalk may be lower than the critical velocity of normal wind. However, as the yaw angle of the wind becomes larger, the critical velocity increases. In the atmospheric boundary layer, the wind is turbulent and the velocity history is a random time history. The effects of turbulent wind on the stability of a catwalk are also assessed. The wind velocity fields are regarded as stationary Gaussian stochastic processes, which can be simulated by a spectral representation method. A nonlinear finite-element model set forepart and the Newmark integration method was used to calculate the wind-induced buffeting responses. The results confirm that the turbulent character of wind has little influence on the stability of the catwalk.

• 한국항공우주학회지
• /
• 제44권5호
• /
• pp.391-398
• /
• 2016

본 연구에서는 난류 유입조건을 갖는 수평축 풍력터빈 블레이드의 공력 하중에 대해 초점을 맞추어 연구하였다. 난류모델은 풍속과 방향에 대한 변동을 포함하며, 그 특성은 난류 강도와 표준편차로 표현된다. IEC61400-1에서는 정상 난류 모델과 정상 풍속 측면도에 대해서 피로해석을 수행하도록 규정하고 있다. 이를 위해 공력 최적설계 절차를 통해 얻어낸 MW급 수평축 풍력터빈 블레이드 허브와 저속 회전축에 대한 공력하중 해석을 수행한다. 공력하중 성분은 수치적인 절차를 통해 얻어내며 이를 블레이드 회전 특성을 고려하여 해석적으로 검토하였다. 난류 조건을 고려했을 때의 최대 추력과 토크의 변동치는 난류 조건을 고려하지 않았을 때의 값들에 비해 5~8 배 더 큰 값을 보였다. 따라서 난류 조건을 반영한 하중 해석은 풍력터빈 블레이드의 구조설계에 있어서 필수적임을 확인하였다.

• 한국유체기계학회 논문집
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.14-21
• /
• 2015

Design lifetime of a wind turbine is required to be at least 20 years. The most important step to ensure the deign is to evaluate the loads on the wind turbine as accurately as possible. In this study, extreme design load of a offshore wind turbine using Garrad Hassan (GH) Bladed and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) FAST codes are calculated considering structural dynamic loads. These wind turbine aeroelastic analysis codes are high efficiency for the rapid numerical analysis scheme. But, these codes are mainly based on the mathematical and semi-empirical theories such as unsteady blade element momentum (UBEM) theory, generalized dynamic wake (GDW), dynamic inflow model, dynamic stall model, and tower influence model. Thus, advanced CFD-dynamic coupling method is also applied to conduct cross verification with FAST and GH Bladed codes. If the unsteady characteristics of wind condition are strong, such as extreme design wind condition, it is possible to occur the error in analysis results. The NREL 5 MW offshore wind turbine model as a benchmark case is practically considered for the comparison of calculated designed loads. Computational analyses for typical design load conditions such as normal turbulence model (NTM), normal wind profile (NWP), extreme operation gust (EOG), and extreme direction change (EDC) have been conducted and those results are quantitatively compared with each other. It is importantly shown that there are somewhat differences as maximum amount of 18% among numerical tools depending on the design load cases.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소음진동공학회 2010년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.124-129
• /
• 2010

Wind load characteristics is investigated for vibration analysis of wind turbine gearbox. A normal wind model assumed, of which the wind velocity is increased according to the height from ground. A blast wind model is assumed, of which the maximum velocity is located at the center and the velocity profile is normally distributed. The periodical torque and bending moments transmitted to the main shaft of wind turbine are investigated. The average values and the harmonic terms of the transmitted moments are studied on the wind direction of range $-45^{\circ}{\sim}45^{\circ}$ and the bending moment characteristics are examined, which is regarded as the main source of the misalignment of gear train.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.249-268
• /
• 2007

Past experience indicates that the majority of failures of electrical transmission tower structures occurred during high intensity wind events, such as downbursts. The wind load distribution associated with these localized events is different than the boundary layer wind profile that is typically used in the design of structures. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study represents the first comprehensive investigation that assesses the effect of varying the downburst parameters on the structural performance of a transmission line structure. The study focuses on a guyed tower structure and is conducted numerically using, as a case study, one of the towers that failed in Manitoba, Canada, during a downburst event in 1996. The study provides an insight about the spatial and time variation of the downburst wind field. It also assesses the variation of the tower members' internal forces with the downburst parameters. Finally, the structural behaviour of the tower under critical downburst configurations is described and is compared to that resulting from the boundary layer normal wind load conditions.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2018

This paper deals with the NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) 5-MW reference wind turbine. The controller which include MPPT (Maximum power point tracking) control algorithm and tower load reduction control algorithm was designed by MATLAB Simulink. This paper propose a tower damper algorithm to improve the existing tower damper algorithm. To improve the existing tower damper algorithm, proposed tower damper algorithm were applied the thrust sensitivity scheduling and PI control method. The thrust sensitivity scheduling was calculated by thrust force formula which include thrust coefficient table. Power and Tower root moment DEL (Damage Equivalent Load) was set as a performance index to verify the load reduction algorithm. The simulation were performed 600 seconds under the wind conditions of the NTM (Normal Turbulence Model), TI (Turbulence Intensity)16% and 12~25m/s average wind speed. The effect of the proposed tower damper algorithm is confirmed through PSD (Power Spectral Density). The proposed tower damper algorithm reduces the fore-aft moment DEL of the tower up to 6% than the existing tower damper algorithm.