• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.955-970
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this observational study was to identify and analyze the patterns to compare the characteristics of asthma patients. Methods: The subjects were 40 asthma patients who had satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were divided into deficiency syndrome and excess syndrome groups, and cold syndrome and heat syndrome groups. Their quality of life was measured by the quality of life questionnaire for adult Korean asthmatics (QLQAKA) and VAS. Heart rate variability (HRV) was measured, and the degree of obesity was evaluated by body mass index (BMI). Hematological, biochemical, and immunoglobulin (Ig) E laboratory tests were included. Results: Based on pattern identification, the 40 asthma patients could be divided into two categories of groups: 1) the deficiency syndrome (N=18) and the excess syndrome (N=22) groups: 2) the cold syndrome (N=35) and the heat syndrome (N=5) groups. The mean value of HF differed significantly between the deficiency and excess syndrome groups. The mean value of IgE in blood tests of asthmatics was greater than four times the reference value. For BMI, the subjects were classified into three groups: normal weight (N=12), overweight (N=12), and obese (N=16). Conclusions: Development of a more accurate asthma-specific pattern identification tool could play a crucial role in asthma control. In addition, good control of asthma can improve the quality of life. Obesity is one of the factors associated with asthma exacerbation.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.112-121
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• 1997

본 논문에서는 잡음에 강한 음성 인식기를 위한 모델 파라미터 변환 방식에 관하여 살펴보았다. 모델 파라미터 변환에 있어서 잡음에 대한 어떠한 통계 모델도 사용하지 않고 각 단어 단위로 수행되어 실시간 음성 인식이 가능하도록 하였다. Parallel model combination(PCM)은 본 논문에서 제안한 방법과의 성능 비교를 위하여 cepstrum 영역에서 구현되었다. 본 논문에서 제안한 PCM 방법은 modified PCM(MPMC)라 하며, 이 방법은 각 hidden Markov mode(HMM)의 state별로 평균적인 가우시안 믹스처(Gaussian mixture)의 변화률과 개별적인 변화률간에 결합지수를 이용하여 평균을 재조정한다. 또한, vector Taylor series 근사화를 이용한 모델 파라미터 변환을 위하여 cepstrum 영역에서의 환경모델 예측을 위한 expectation-maximization(EM) 해를 유도하여 구현하였다. 본 논문에서 구현된 알고리즘들의 성능 위해 HMM 인식기를 이용한 화자독립 고립단어 인식을 수행하였다. 시용된 잡음은 가우시안 백색 잡음과 주행중에 녹음된 자동차 잡음이며, 각 잡음울 signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)별로 사용하였다. 잡음의 모델은 1 state HMM으로 단어시작 3 프레임(frame)을 이용하여 만들어졌다. 인식 결과는 VTS 접근방식을 이용하였을 경우 매우 우수한 인식률을 나타내었으며, MPMC의 경우도 기존의 PMC보다 인식률이 향상되었다. 특히, 영차 VTS의 경우는 단순히 평균만을 조정하였음에도 불구하고 PMC와 MPMC보다 인식률이 우수하게 나타났다.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제31호
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• pp.7-24
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 경호경비현장에서 이루어지고 있는 실제적인 경호경비원들의 장시간 경계근무 중 발생하는 하는 생체리듬의 변화를 알아보기 위해 K대학교 경호학과 학생 9명을 대상으로 실제 경계근무와 같은 형태로 180분간 경계근무를 실시하였다. 30분 간격으로 HRV(Heart rate variability)를 통하여 심박동 변이도와 자율신경검사를 실시 한 결과 심박동 변이도 HRT과 SDNN은 유의한 차이가 없어 180분간의 경계근무 시간 동안 안정적으로 유지 하였다. 자율신경계의 전체적인 활성정도를 반영하는 TP는 안정시 보다 90분과 120분에 유의(p<.05)한 차이로 높게 나타났다. 또한 120분 이후에는 유의한 감소하여, 120분 이상의 경계근무에서는 자율신경계의 활성도가 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. VLF, LF, HF 모두 유의한 차이는 아니지만 120분에 감소하는 경향을 보여 TP 변화에 영향을 주었다. 교감신경과 부교감신경의 균형도를 나타내는 LF/HF ratio는 경계근무 30분에 유의하게(p<.05)높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 경계근무 120분 이후에는 집중력이 감소하는 것으로 사료되며, 경계근무 시작 30분 까지는 근무시작으로 인한 긴장감과 흥분감이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.305-310
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• 1983

화동미사질식양토(華東微砂質埴壤土)의 침투속도(浸透速渡)에 대한 변이성(變異性)이 표준통계학적(標準統計學的) 방법(方法)과 지질통계학적(地質統計學的) 방법(方法)인 Variogram에 의해 연구(硏究)되었다. 지질통계학적(地質統計學的) 개념(槪念)인 지역(地域) 변수(變數) 이론(理論)으로 관측치(觀測値)에 대한 공간변이성(空間變異性)이 기술(記述)되었고 구조분석(構造分析)된 후 Kriging을 위한 최적(最適)의 표본추출수(標本抽出數)와 그 거리(距離)를 결정(決定)할 수 있도록 장방형(長方型)의 $2{\times}3m$ Grid 형태(形態)로 표본추출(標本抽出)하여 수행(遂行)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 표본(標本)에 대한 산술평균(算術平均)값과 표준편차(標準偏差) 값이 각각(各各) 3.56, 0.67cm/day이었으며 변이계수(變異係數)는 18.93%로서 관측치(觀測値)는 거의 정규분포(正規分布)를 나타내었다. 2. Sill값을 갖는 선형(線型)의 평균(平均) Variogram을 선정(選定)한 결과(結果) Nugget효과(效果)를 보였으며 그 범위(範圍)는 7.4m이었다. 3. Variogram의 구조분석(溝造分析) 결과(結果) 공시지역(供試地域) 표본수(標本數) 96과 같은 결과(結果)를 가져올 수 있고 최적표본수(最適標本數)는 8~10이었다. 4. Kriging값과 Kriging분산(分散)을 계산(計算)하는데 필요(必要)한 이론적(理論的)인 Variogram함수(函數)의 계수(係數)는 Nugget 효과(效果) 0.444cm/day, 선형(線型) Variogram의 기울기 0.003cm/day, 그리고 이웃간 거리(距離) h=7.4m이었다.

• 대기
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.183-198
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to summarize the tropical cyclone (TC) activity of 2008 over the western North Pacific including the verification of the official track and intensity forecast errors of these TCs. The TC activity - frequency, Normalized Typhoon Activity (NTA), and life span - was lower than 58-year (1951-2008) average. 22 tropical cyclones of tropical storm (TS) intensity or higher formed in the western North Pacific and the South China Sea in 2008. The total number is less than 58-year average frequency of 26.4. Out of 22 tropical cyclones, 11 TCs reached typhoon (TY) intensity, while the rest 11 TCs only reached severe tropical storm (STS) and tropical storm (TS) intensity - six STS and five TS storms. One typhoon KALMAEGI (0807) among them affected the Korea peninsula. However, no significant impact - casualty or property damage - was reported. On average of 22 TCs in 2008, the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) official track forecast error for 48 hours was 229 km. There was a big challenge for individual cyclones such as 0806 FENGSHEN and 0817 HIGOS presenting significant forecast error, with both intricate tracks and irregular moving speed. The tropical cyclone season in 2008 began in April with the formation of NEOGURI (0801). In May, four TCs formed in the western North Pacific in response to enhanced convective activity. On the other hand, the TC activity was very weak from June to August. It is found that the unusual anti-cyclonic circulation in the lower level and weak convection near the Philippines are dominant during summertime. The convection and atmospheric circulation in the western North Pacific contributed unfavorable condition for TC activity in the 2008 summertime. The 2008 TC activity has continued the below normal state since mid 1990s which is apparent the decadal variability in TC activity.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.798-810
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate heart rate variability(HRV) in patients with abnormality on EKG by power spectrum analysis of HRV. Methods : The patient group consisted of 147 patients diagnosed as abnormal on EKG at the Oriental Medical Hospital of Dong-eui University from November 2003 to September 2005. We divided the patient group into 9 subgroups (bradycardia, arrhythmia, PVC, AF, AV block, RBBB, LVH, cardiac ischemia, LAD ). The control group consisted of 117 patients who were diagnosed as normal on EKG at the same hospital during the same period. We checked HRV of the two groups over 5 minutes and compared the HRV index between groups. Results and Conclusions : In the time domain analysis, SDNN was significantly higher in the PVC and AF groups than control group and RMSSD was significantly higher in the all patient group and the bradycardia, PVC and AF groups than in the control group. In the frequency domain analysis, Ln(LF) was significantly higher in the all patient group and the PVC and AF groups than the control group but lower in the LAD group. Ln(HF) was significantly higher in The all patient group and bradycardia, PVE and AF groups than control group. LF/HF ratio was significantly lower in the all patient group and bradycardia, arrhythmia, AF, AV block and LAD groups than control group. The autonomic nerve system and parasympathetic nerve system were higher in the patient group with abnormal EKG compared with the control group.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.343-349
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• 2004

전기성문전도는 발성시에 성문의 진동이 전기적 임피던스를 이용하여 검출되는 신호이다. 본 연구는 이러한 전기성문전도를 기록하기 위한 장비를 구현하고 음성분석 및 후두질환 진단에 대한 적용생을 평가하고자 하였다. 전기성문전도의 하드웨어는 2 쌍의 링전극, 동조증폭기, 검파기, 저역통과필터, 자동이득조절부 등으로 구성되며, 2.7MHz의 반송파 신호를 이용하고 진폭 변조 방식의 검파를 통해 임피던스 신호를 추출하도록 하였다. 추출된 신호는 PC 사운드 카드의 라인 입력을 통해 샘플링되고 양자화되었다. 검출 신호를 분석하기 위한 파라미터는 패래 시간을(CQ), 개폐 속도율(SQ), 개폐속도지수(SI), 성대진동 주파수(F0), 성대진동 주파수변동지수(Jitter), 성대진동 진폭변동지수(Shimmer) 등을 추출하였다. 전기성문전도를 분석한 결과, F0가 증가할수록 CQ는 커지고, SQ와 SI는 작아지는 경향을 보였으며, 전기성문전도와 음성 선호의 기본주파수가 일치함을 알 수 있었다. CQ, SQ, SI는 정상인과 후두암 환자를 비교한 결과 유의한 차이를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 성대의 운동을 관찰할 수 있는 휴대용 전기성문전도 계측기의 구현이 가능하게 하였고, 성대 기능 이상 검사가 가능함을 시사하였다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제28권1호통권69호
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• pp.105-116
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• 2007

Objectives : Mahuang (Ephedra sinica), well known as an herbal medicine in the East and West, contains a relatively high percentage of ephedrine known as sympathomimetic alkaloid. We investigated the effects of Mahuang on sympathetic nervous system with heart rate variety (HRV). Time and frequency domain analysis of HRV is a noninvasive technique capable of providing information on autonomic modulation of the sinus node. Methods : We investigated 57 healthy volunteers consisting of 37 subjects in the Mahuang group and 20 subjects in the placebo group. Study form was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. The 37 subjects in the Mahuang group took 3 Mahuang capsules (1 capsule equivalent to 2g herb Mahuang) twice a day at 10 a.m. and 2 p.,., while the 20 subjects in the placebo group took 3 placebo-capsules filled with glutinous rice powder at the same times. Mahuang medicine and placebo medicine were made into opaque capsules. We measured HRV at 3 p.m. 1 or 2 days before medication and at 3 p.m. after medication. Results : Mean-RR and SDNN of the Mahuang group significantly decreased compared with that of the placebo group, but the heart rate of the Mahuang group significantly increased compared with the placebo. HRV-Index, RMSSD and SDSD of the Mahuang group significantly decreased compared with that of the placebo group, but PNN50 of the Mahuang group significantly increased compared with placebo. Ln(TP), Ln(VLF), Ln(LF) and Ln(HF) of the Mahuang group significantly decreased compared with those of the placebo group. There were no significant differences in normalized LF, normalized HF and LF/HF ratio between the Mahuang and placebo groups. Conclusion : The results suggest that Mahuang in healthy adults tends to reduce the autonomic nervous system within the normal range.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.191-200
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• 1997

Objectives : Periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS) may cause arousals that may lead to non-restorative sleep. PLMS is characterized by long sleep latency, sleep fragmentation, frequent stage shifts, and rarity of stages 3/4 NREM sleep on polysomnography. However, controversies have existed and it still remains to be elaborated whether PLMS actually causes insomnia, since normal persons happen to have PLMS. Clinically, it would be crucial to know factors which might disturb sleep in PLMS. We became interested in Coleman's theory(1980) that invariant periodic movements disturb patients' sleep less. Though, Coleman's study seems to have been confounded by including PLMS patients with various co-morbid sleep disorders. Therefore, we attempted to study in patients only with PLMS the effects of movement patterns on sleep architecture. Methods : In 27 patients diagnosed as having PLMS only with clinical interview and nocturnal polysomnography, we studied the relationship between the movement patterns such as mean duration and variability of periodic limb movement's interval and the sleep architecture variables. Results : The shorter and the more regular the limb movement intervals were, the fewer arousals followed. The movement intervals of the older patients were shorter and more regular than the younger patients. The probability of the accompanying arousal with each limb movement increased as the duration and variance of the movement intervals increased. It decreased as the age and the frequency of limb movements increased. Among these factors the most significant one was the mean duration of the movement intervals. In other words, the shorter the movement intervals were, the less disturbed sleep was. Conclusion : PLMS frequency increases with aging but the probability of the accompanying arousal with each movement decreases with aging. Sleep-disturbing effects of PLMS depends more on the duration and variability of movement intervals than the PLMS frequency.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was to investigate the effects of Cervi Pantotrichum Cornu Pharmacopuncture and Bovis calculus Fel Ursi Pharmacopuncture on autonomic nervous system with Heart Rate Variability(HRV). Purpose of the trial was to observe what influence Cervi Pantotrichum Cornu Pharmacopuncture and Bovis calculus Fel Ursi pharmacopuncture have on the autonomic nervous system. Methods : 40 healthy male volunteers were divided into two experimental groups, such as Cervi Pantotrichum Cornu Pharmacopuncture group and Bovis calculus Fel Ursi Pharmacopuncture group. Study design was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. 20 subjects in one experimental group were injected Cervi Pantotrichum Cornu Pharmacopuncture, 20 subjects in other experimental group were injected hydrolyzed Bovis calculus Fel Ursi Pharmacopuncture at GB21(Kyonjong). We measured HRV 7 times : baseline measurement and every 5 minutes for 30 minutes after injection. The SPSS 15.0 for Windows was used to analyze the data by the paired t-test(in group) and independent sample t-test(between the groups). Results A. Time Domain Analysis 1. Analysis of Mean HRV, SDNN and Complexity After injection of Cervi Pantotrichum Cornu Pharmacopuncture, Mean HRV was significantly decreased all the times after injection. SDNN was significantly increased at immediate and 25 minute after injection. Complexity was significantly decreased only at 15 minute after injection. After injection of Bovis calculus Fel Ursi Pharmacopuncture, Mean HRV was significantly decreased all the times after injection. Complexity was significantly decreased at 15 minutes after injection. 2. Analysis of HRV index, pNN50 After injection of Cervi Pantotrichum Cornu Pharmacopuncture, HRV index was significantly increased immediately after injection. pNN50 was significantly decreased at immediately, 20 and 25 minutes after injection. After injection of Bovis calculus Fel Ursi Pharmacopuncture, HRV index was significantly increased immediately after injection. pNN50 was significantly decreased at immediate and 25 minutes after injection. B. Frequency Domain Analysis 1. Analysis of Ln(TP), Ln(HF), Ln(LF), Ln(VLF) After injection of Cervi Pantotrichum Cornu Pharmacopuncture, Ln(TP) was significantly increased at immediate and 25 after injection. Ln(HF) was significantly increased all the times after injection. Ln(LF) was significantly increased at 15, 20 and 25 minutes after injection. Ln(VLF) was significantly increased at immediate and 25 minutes after injection. After injection of Bovis calculus Fel Ursi Pharmacopuncture, Ln(TP) was significantly increased at immediately and 25 after injection. Ln(LF) was significantly increased at 20 and 25 minutes after injection. Ln(VLF) was significantly increased at immediate and 25 minutes after injection. Conclusions : We results suggest that Cervi Pantotrichum Cornu Pharmacopuncture and Bovis calculus Fel Ursi Pharmacopuncture in healthy adult men tend to activate the autonomic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system within normal range.