• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.153-163
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• 1986

Paleomagnetic and geological studies of volcanic and sedimentary rocks of Jeju Island have been carried out to determine the position of virtual geomagnetic pole(VGP), and to estimate the geological sequence and their age. As a result of paleomagnetic studies, the reversal polarities are measured in the Sanbangsan trachyte and Hwasun formation, and the normal are the rest. In case of normal polarity, the mean values of declination and inclination are $2.3^{\circ}$ and $48.4^{\circ}$, respectively, and the average value of VGP is $85.4^{\circ}N$ and $79.9^{\circ}W$. The locations of VGP's are coincident with those obtained from world-wide Plio-Pleistocene rocks. The Hwasun formation and Seongsan formation which have been known to be sedimented in the similar time in the 2nd-stage of volcanic eruption, possess reversal and normal polarities, respectively. This fact brings about the result that two formations should be separated in a sense of geological sequence. Consequently, the geological sequence of the 2nd-stage of volcanic eruption is Pyoseonri basalt-Seoguipo hawaiite-Hwasun formation-Seongsan formation-Jungmun hawaiite-Sanbangsan trachyte. Referring to the paleomagnetic studies and the previous and present geological studies, Seoguipo formation corresponds to the Gauss normal epoch, the 2nd-stage of volcanic eruption to Matuyama reversed epoch, and the 3rd-, 4th-, and 5th-stages to Brunhes normal epoch. Therefore, the Seoguipo formation is mostly sedimented during late Pliocene and/or presumably extended to the early Pleistocene. The rocks of the 2nd- to 5th-stage are formed later than this.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.437-445
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• 2003

As obesity is known to be related to hyperlipidemia, insulin and leptin resistance, and other chronic diseases, much recent research has focused on functional food materials and their anti-obesity activity. This study was performed to study the effects of Artemisia Iwayomogi oligosaccharide AIPI on the anti-obesity function in normal rats and diet-induced obese (DIO) rats. F344 male rats were divided into four groups: Normal-control (CONT), normal-AIPI, DIO-CONT and DIO-AIPI. The groups were provided with water (in the CONT groups) or another drink for 4 weeks. The final body weights of rats in the DIO-AIPI group were lower than those in the CONT group. Abdominal adipose tissue weight per kg of body weight in the DIO-AIPI group was significantly lower than that in the DIO-CONT group. Also, the final levels of serum-triglyceride, serum-total cholesterol and serum-low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the DIO-AIPI group were lower than those in the DIO-CONT group. Moreover, the serum-high density lipoprotein cholesterol level in the normal-AIPI group was significantly higher than that in the normal-CONT group. Finally, the serum-leptin concentration was significantly lower in the DIO-AIPI group. Total lipid, triglyceride, and total cholesterol contents in the feces of the DIO-AIPI group were as high as 142％, 199％, and 165% of the respective values of the DIO-CONT GROUP. These results indicate that orally administered Artemisia Iwayomogi oligosaccharide not only has hypotriglycemic and hypocholesterolemic effects, but also has the effect of reducing the body weight and the abdominal adipose tissue weights obese rats. Therefore, we expect that Artemisia Iwayomogi oligosaccharide AIPI may have an anti-obesity function in F344 diet-induced obese rats. (Korean J Nutrition 36(5): 437∼445, 2003)

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2006.10c
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• pp.232-234
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• 2006

Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common diabetic complications. In clinical practices, nerve conduction velocity (NCV) has been used as a standard method for diagnosing diabetic neuropathy. However, it applies maximum of 100mA electric stimulus to nerves causing stress and pain to patients. In this study. as a non-invasive method, $TcpO_2$ was utilized to investigate the difference and relationship between $TcpO_2$ and $SpO_2$ of normal and diabetic neuropathy subjects. In addition, a new method of diagnosing diabetic neuropathy using $TcpO_2$ is suggested. 50 normal subjects and 50 diabetic patients with neuropathy diagnosed by NCV participated in this study. Parameters used in this study were $TcpO_2,\;TcpCo_2$, and $SpO_2$. As a result of the $TcpO_2$ measurements, statistical significances were found from $TcpO_2$ of hands and feet from normal and patients group (p<0.01). $SpO_2$ measured from index finger of normal and patient groups showed no statistical significance (p>0.05). On the other hand, $SpO_2$ measured from great toes of normal and patient group showed statistical significance (p<0.01). Correlation coefficient between $SpO_2$ of finger and $TcpO_2$ of hand was 0.400 (p<0.01) and $SpO_2$ of toe and $TcpO_2$ of foot was 0.471 (p<0.01). Both correlation values were statistically significant. Sensitivities and specificities of the $TcpO_2$ method were found to be 66 % and 92 %, respectively. If suggested $TcpO_2$ method is used periodically. prevention and early diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy is possible.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.395-401
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• 1974

In order to figure out the normal range, lower limit of hypertension and upper limit of hypotension of the blood pressure of Korean, authors had measured blood pressure according to Korotkow's method for 31,897 healthy persons as samples who were occupied different levels of the social class except cases who would seem to be the essential hypertension and had the diseases affecting to secondary hypertension. A following conclusion was induced by actual measurement and statistical reasoning. 1. The normal range and limits of hypo- and hypertension by sex and age groups of Korean were demonstrated in Table 1 and Figure 1. 2. The more aging the higher value of blood pressure in both sexes, especially women rather than men and systolic as to diastolic. 3. Generally, blood pressure values of female were lower than male, after 55 years of age, however, the crossing phenomenon was recognizable. 4. To settle the normal and abnormal ranges of the blood pressure of Korean, it was attempted that $M{\pm}1.282{\sigma}$ as normal range, $M+2{\sigma}$ as lower limit of hypertension and $M-2{\sigma}$ as upper limit of hypotension were calculated, and regression lines were drawn to adjust the biological variables and derive continuity from each age class. (Fig. 2 and 3) 5. The blood pressure levels were becoming elevated as to getting increased of the body weight, particularly diastolic value at 40-49 age group in male and systolic value at 30-39 age group in female.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.901-907
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea catechin o n free radical generation system and peroxidative damage in the liver of streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Spragu-Dawley male rats weighing 150$\pm$10gm were randomly assigned to one normal and three STZ-induced diabetic groups; diabetic groups were classified to catechin free diet(DM-oC group), 0.5% catechin diet(DM-0.5C group) and 1% catechin diet(DM-1C group) according to the levels of dietary catechin supplementation. Diabetes was experimentally induced by intravenous injection of 55mg/kg of body wt of STZ in citrate buffer(pH 4.3) after feeding of three experimental diet for 4 weeks. Animals were sacrificed at the 6th day of diabetic states. Activities of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GPT) in DM-oC groups were higher than those of the normal group, and those in catechin supplementation group were similar to those of the normal group. Liver lipid peroxide values increased by 153%, 49%, and 27% in Dm-oC, DM-0.5C and DM-0C and Dm-1C but was not significantly different in catechin supplementation groups compared with the normal group, and liver cytochrome $P_{450}$ contents was similar to result of XOD activity. In electron microscopic examination of liver, lysosome was relatively scattered in Dm-oC and Dm-0.5C group and preserved normal shapes in DM-1C group. The present results indicate that STZ-induced diabetic rats are more sensitive to oxidative stress, leading to the acceleration of lipid peroxidation process, but this was reduced by anti-oxidative effect of high level of dietary catechin. It is concluded that dietary catechin serves as powerful antioxidant against lipid peroxidation in diabetic rats.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5495-5501
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• 2013

Background: Alu elements are one of the most common repetitive sequences that now constitute more than 10% of the human genome and potential targets for epigenetic alterations. Correspondingly, methylation of these elements can result in a genome-wide event that may have an impact in cancer. However, studies investigating the genome-wide status of Alu methylation in cancer remain limited. Objectives: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) presents with high incidence in South-East Asia and thus the aim of this study was to evaluate the Alu methylation status in OSCCs and explore with the possibility of using this information for diagnostic screening. We evaluated Alu methylation status in a) normal oral mucosa compared to OSCC; b) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of normal controls comparing to oral cancer patients; c) among oral epithelium of normal controls, smokers and oral cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Alu methylation was detected by combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) at 2 CpG sites. The amplified products were classified into three patterns; hypermethylation ($^mC^mC$), partial methylation ($^uC^mC+^mC^uC$), and hypomethylation ($^uC^uC$). Results: The results demonstrate that the $%^mC^mC$ value is suitable for differentiating normal and cancer in oral tissues (p=0.0002), but is not significantly observe in PBMCs. In addition, a stepwise decrease in this value was observed in the oral epithelium from normal, light smoker, heavy smoker, low stage and high stage OSCC (p=0.0003). Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses demonstrated the potential of combined $%^mC$ or $%^mC^mC$ values as markers for oral cancer detection with sensitivity and specificity of 86.7% and 56.7%, respectively. Conclusions: Alu hypomethylation is likely to be associated with multistep oral carcinogenesis, and might be developed as a screening tool for oral cancer detection.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2015

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the vital capacity and maximal voluntary ventilationin subjects with forward head posture (FHP). METHODS: Twenty-eight subjects participated in this study (normal 14, FHP 14) and were resident in B city. The mean age, height and weight of subjects was 22.80yrs, 169.36cm and 62.79kg. Subjects were asked to breath maximally for FVC and repeatedly for MVV during 12 seconds. The variables of data were collected as follows: Forced Vital Capacity(FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second($FEV_1$), $FEV_1$/FVC, Maximal Voluntary Ventilation(MVV). Each trial was performed by 3 times and we used the means to analyze the data. The mann-whitney U test and independent t-test were used to compare the vital capacity between normal and FHP subjects. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0 for window versionand p-values less than 0.05 were used to identify significant differences. RESULTS: The FVC, $FEV_1$, $FEV_1$/FVC and MVV of FHP subjects were decreased more than that of normal subjects and the difference was statistically significant between two groups. CONCLUSION: The vital capacity of subjects with FHP was generally lower than normal subjects. This study shows that the vital capacityof subjectswith FHP could be decreased due to the bad neck posture that weakens the respiratory accessory muscles of neck.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2006

This study is to investigate the patients who had blepharoplasty for cosmetic purposes or facial nerve disorders. 21 patients were examined with an age from 17 to 63 years. Sixteen cases were classified as a normal group for investigation of the histopathologic change according to the age. The rest were patients of Bell's palsy(2), $Botox^{(R)}$ injection(2) and blepharospasm (1). We measured a mean diameter of myofiber and dimension's proportion of muscluar tissue per regular visual field. First, we measured a statistical significance according to the age in normal cases by grouping them into younger than 30-year-old, 30's, 40's, 50's and 60's. Second, we divided normal cases(16) into Group A and B by two bases for statistical analysis. In conclusion, although there were several differences as vacuolation, internalization of sarcolemnic nuclei between 35-year-old and 62-year-old patients in simple comparison, there was no uniform decrease according to the age. There were also no significant statistical changes in the value of a diameter of myofibers and dimension's proportion of muscular tissue according to the age in any of the two normal groups. But in $Botox^{(R)}$ injection and Bell's palsy, blepharospasm patients, two values showed remarkable difference compared to the normal group of same age.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.161-176
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• 2004

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acupuncture stimulation and relaxation therapy on autonomic nervous system for students with examination stress by HRV, PSV and to find out relationship with anti-stress effect. Methods : The study group consists of 42 students were classified into three groups randomly : acupuncture stimulation group(male n=8, female n=6), relaxation therapy group(male n=8, female n=6) and rest group(male n=8, female n=6). Using heart rate variability and pupil size variability, we measured the value of HRT, SDNN, SDSD, LF norm, HF norm, LF/HF ratio, Pupil area, and compared the changes the sympathetic- parasympathetic activity. Measurement value were compared before and after, during midterm examination and normal times. Results : 1. HRT, LF/HF ratio, LF norm of acupuncture group was significantly decreased and HF norm were significantly increased in HRV after acupuncture stimulation at a term of examination. While variables of the other group were no significantly different. 2. SDNN of acupuncture group were significantly increased in HRV after acupuncture stimulation at normal times. 3. Pupil area, LF norm, HF norm of three group were no significantly different in PSV at a term of examination. 4. Pupil area of relaxation group were significantly decreased in PSV at normal times. While variables of the other group were no significantly different. 5. HRT of rest group were significantly decreased in HRV between three groups at a term of examination and normal times. 6. Pupil area of relaxation group were significantly decreased in PSV between three groups at a term of examination and normal times. Conclusion : The results suggest that acupuncture stimulation is associated with changed activity in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Measurement values of HRV and PSV are suitable to estimate the activity of automatic nervous system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.5-17
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• 2002

Objectives : Videostrobokymography(VSK) has been recently developed and reported by Sung et at. We aimed to analyze vibratory patterns and objective parameters in various benign vocal fold lesions using VSK, and examine the efficacy of VSK in clinical application. Materials and Methods : Using VSK, we analyzed the vibration pattern of normal vocal fold and various benign lesions, such as nodules, polyps, cysts, Reinke's edema and unilateral vocal fold paralysis. We also calculated objective parameters, open quotient and asymmetric index, and compared them with mean values of parameters in normal controls. Results : In nodules, polyps, and cysts, the open quotient on the site of the lesion was similar to the mean value in normal controls, however, on the other part of the vocal folds it was much larger than normal mean value. In Reinke's edema, irregular and asymmetric vibration was observed. The posterior portion of the vocal folds showed larger open quotients than the anterior portion. In the unilateral vocal fold paralysis, irregular vocal folds vibration and incomplete closure of the vocal folds were documented. Much larger asymmetric indices were calculated in the unilateral vocal fold paralysis than in normal controls and other lesions. The asymmetric index could be a good quantitative parameter of vibration from a patient with vocal fold paralysis. Conclusion : This study demonstrated that VSK could generate clear quantitative documentations of fine vibrations of vocal folds in many different benign lesions. VSK has a potential as an effective tool for quantitative analysis of vibratory patterns of the vocal folds iii clinical settings.