• Educational Technology International
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.59-85
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• 2016

The purpose of the study is to report differences in the effects of learner characteristics on the self-regulated learning (SRL) abilities between Chinese and Korean distance learners by using a structured SRL scale. A standardized 54-item self-regulated learning scale (SRAS) was used. The reliability was tested both in China and Korea which showed the scale had good reliability. The comparative study were conducted by administering the SRAS on 1999 Chinese distance learners from the Open Distance Education Center of Beijing Normal University and 1941 Korean distance learners from H Cyber University. Data on four dimensions of SRL - planning, control, regulating, and evaluation - were analyzed using 't-test' and 'ANOVA' with regards to the learner characteristics such as gender, age, prior education level, semesters, location and major. Results indicated that the average participant had an above medium level of SRL ability in all of the four dimensions. There were significant differences in the self-regulated learning ability between Chinese and Korean distance learners. Chinese distance learners scored higher in SRAS than Korean distance learners. The effects of learner characteristics on the SRL ability showed different patterns in the two countries. As for gender, male learners scored better in SRL than female learners in China, whereas it was just the opposite in Korea. No age differences were found in China, but Korean data exhibited a consistent age effect in all dimensions. In Korea, the age group older than 46 scored the highest, followed by the group between 35 to 45 years old, the group between 26 to 35 years old and the group younger than 25. As for location, Korean distance students from metropolitan were better than those from other regions, whereas it was on the contrary in China, albeit the location effect was not statistically significant. Prior education level had a clear and consistent effect on the SRL ability in both countries: the distance learners from junior colleges had better planning, regulating and evaluating abilities than those who came from senior high schools. These results have been discussed in various contexts of distance/online education as well as in relation to different culture between China and Korea. The results will also have implications for designing distance and online learning generally.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1242-1250
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• 2021

Detection of outliers deviating normal data distribution in high dimensional data is an important technique in many application areas. In this paper, a distance-based outlier detection method using landmarks in high dimensional data is proposed. Given normal training data, the k-means clustering method is applied for the training data in order to extract the centers of the clusters as landmarks which represent normal data distribution. For a test data sample, the distance to the nearest landmark gives the outlier score. In the experiments using high dimensional data such as images and documents, it was shown that the proposed method based on the landmarks of one-tenth of training data can give the comparable outlier detection performance while reducing the time complexity greatly in the testing stage.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 1962

The moving distance of serum protein was determined in the blood of normal, convalescent, and dogs in active progress of the diseas with paper chromatography. The following results were obtained. 1. The moving distance of serum protein in normal dogs were

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.967-976
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• 1999

In this paper we study the Hellinger distance based goodness-of-fit tests that are analogs of likelihood ratio tests. The minimum Hellinger distance estimator (MHDE) in normal models provides an excellent robust alternative to the usual maximum likelihood estimator. Our simulation results show that the Hellinger deviance test (Simpson 1989) based goodness-of-fit test is robust when data contain outliers. The proposed hellinger deviance test(Simpson 1989) is a more direcct method for obtaining robust inferences than an automated outlier screen method used before the likelihood ratio test data analysis.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.85-88
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of active abduction exercise of the great toe on the medial and lateral sesamoid bones in hallux valgus (HV) patients by measuring radiography. Methods: In this study 27 young subjects were separated into two groups (normal group and HV group). Two pictures were taken by radiography while maintaining resting and while holding maximal active abduction of the great toe in sitting position on an x-ray table. All radiographs were used to measure the distance of the medial and lateral sesamoid bone from the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal bone, respectively. Paired t-test was used for analysis of the resting and active abduction exercise in groups. Independent t-test was used to evaluate statistical significance between normal group and HV group. The statistical significance level was p<0.05. Results: In active abduction exercise of the normal group, distance of the medial and lateral sesamoid bones was not significantly different compared to resting condition. In active abduction exercise of the HV group, change of distance of the medial and lateral sesamoid bones showed statistically significant difference compared to resting condition. The distance between the medial sesamoid bone showed a more significant decrease in the HV vs. normal group, while the distance between the lateral sesamoid bone was significantly greater in the HV vs. normal group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that active abduction exercises, to reduce or prevent deterioration of the HV angle, should be considered for sesamoid bone displacement to improve muscle balance in the great toe.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.495-507
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• 2009

The expected sliding distance for the lifetime of a caisson breakwater has a limitation to be used as the stability criterion of the breakwater. Since the expected sliding distance is calculated as the mean of simulated sliding distances for the lifetime, there is possibility for the actual sliding distance to exceed the expected sliding distance. To overcome this problem, the exceedance probability of the allowable sliding distance is used to assess the stability of sliding. Latin Hypercube sampling and Crude Monte Carlo simulation were used to calculate the exceedance probability. The doubly-truncated normal distribution was considered to complement the physical disadvantage of the normal distribution as the random variable distribution. In the case of using the normal distribution, the cross-sections of Okgye, Hwasun, and Donghae NI before reinforcement were found to be unstable in all the limit states. On the other hand, when applying the doubly-truncated normal distribution, the cross-sections of Hwasun and Donghae NI before reinforcement were evaluated to be unstable in the repairable limit state and all the limit states, respectively. Finally, the shortcoming of the expected sliding distance as the stability criterion was investigated, and we reasonably assessed the stability of sliding of caissons by using the exceedance probability of allowable sliding distance for the caisson breakwaters in Korea.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.217-220
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the location of the mandibular canal in Class III malocclusion to its location in normal occlusion for adults. Materials and Methods: For this study 32 skeletal Class III patients and 26 normal patients were observed. Four measurements were taken on cross sectional tomography between the first and second molars: the distance from the mandibular canal to the inner surface of both the buccal and lingual cortices, the distance from the mandibular canal to the inferior border of the mandible, and the buccolingual width of the mandible. The buccolingual location of the canals was classified as lingual, central, or buccal. Each measurement was analyzed with an independent t test to compare Class III malocclusion to normal occlusion. Results: Compared to the control group, the prognathic group had a shorter distance from the canal to the inner surface of the lingual cortex and to the base of the mandible. A higher percentage of the canals were located lingually in the prognathic group. Conclusion: This study showed that the mandibular canal was located more lingually and inferiorly in prognathic patients than in patients with normal occlusion. These results could help surgeons to reduce injuries to the inferior alveolar nerve.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.229-238
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• 2010

This study investigates the differences in acoustic parameters in vowel space across hearing loss, gender and vowels. The parameters include F1, F2, Euclidean Distance between vowels, and vowel triangular area comprised of /i/, /a/ and /u/. For this study, 20 hearing-impaired and normal hearing adults as a control group were asked to read 7 Korean vowels (/a, $\wedge$, o, u, w, i, $\varepsilon$/). Subjects' readings were recorded by NasalView and analyzed by Praat. Results showed that F1 were significantly higher in the hearing impaired group than in the normal hearing group, higher in the female group than in male group, and higher in low vowels than in high vowels. And the means of F2 was significantly higher in the hearing impaired group than in normal hearing group, higher in high vowels than in low vowels, and there was no difference between male and female group. Secondly, Euclidean distance between vowels was significantly shorter in the hearing-impaired group than in the normal group. Finally, acoustic vowel space area was significantly smaller in the hearing-impaired group than in the normal hearing group. The hearing-impaired group showed that front vowels tended to be backed and back vowels to be fronted.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.31.3-32
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• 2020

The surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) is one of the most crucial distance indicators for unresolved stellar systems at large distances. Here, we present an evolutionary population synthesis model of the surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) for normal and He-enriched simple stellar populations (SSPs). Our SBF model for the normal-He population agrees well with other existing models, but the He-rich populations bring about a substantial change in the SBF of SSPs. Our normal-He SBF model well reproduces the observed SBFs of the Milky Way globular clusters, but the SBFs of early-type galaxies in the Virgo Cluster are placed between the normal-He and He-rich SBF models. We show that the SBF-based distance estimation would be affected by up to a 10-20% level in I- and near-IR bands at given colors. Finally, we propose that when combined with independent metallicity and age indicators such as Mg2 and H��, the UV and optical SBFs can readily detect underlying He-rich populations in unresolved stellar systems. Given the degree of the SBF variation resulting from the population difference, we suggest that the distance measurement before the proper in-depth analysis of stellar populations should be done with great caution.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.607-617
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• 2012

The goodness-of-fit test for multivariate normal distribution is important because most multivariate statistical methods are based on the assumption of multivariate normality. We propose goodness-of-fit test statistics for multivariate normality based on the modified squared distance. The empirical percentage points of the null distribution of the proposed statistics are presented via numerical simulations. We compare performance of several test statistics through a Monte Carlo simulation.