• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.138-148
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• 2004

Purpose: Regardless of the underlying diseases, the proteinuric condition demonstrates ultrastructural changes in podocytes with retraction and effacement of the highly specialized interdigitating foot processes. We examined the molecular basis for this alteration of the podocyte phenotypes, including quantitative and distributional changes of ZO-1 protein as a candidate contributing to the pathogenic changes in the barrier to protein filtration. Methods: To investigate whether high glucose and advanced glycosylation endproduct(AGE) induce podocyte cytoskeletal changes, we cultured rat GEpC under 1) normal glucose(5 mM=control) or 2) high glucose(30 mM) or 3) AGE-added or 4) high glucose plus AGE-added conditions. The distribution of ZO-1 was observed by confocal microscope and the change of ZO-1 expression was measured by Western blotting and RT-PCR. Results: By confocal microscopy, we observed that ZO-1 moves from peripheral cytoplasm to inner actin filaments complexes in both AGE-added and high glucose condition. In Western blotting, high glucose or AGE-added condition decreased the ZO-1 protein expression by 11.1%(P>0.05) and 2.3%(P>0.05), respectively compared to the normal glucose condition. High glucose plus AGE-added condition further decreased ZO-1 protein expression to statistically significant level(12%, P<0.05). No significant change was seen in the osmotic control. In RT-PCR, high glucose plus AGE-added condition significantly decreased the expression of ZO-1 mRNA by 12% compared to normal glucose condition. Conclusion: We suggest that both high glucose and AGE-added condition induce the cytoplasmic translocation and suppresses the production of ZO-1 at transcriptional level and these changes may explain the functional changes of podocytes in diabetic conditions.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 1999

Purpose : Paclitaxel is a chemotherapeutic agent with a potent microtubule stabilizing activity that arrests mitosis at G2-M phase of cell cycle which is the most radiosensitive period. Therefore paclitaxel is considered as a cell cycle-specific radiosensitizer. This study investigates the effect of paclitaxel on the radiation response of the normal large bowel mucosa of the rat. Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into the three groups i.e., single intraperitoneal infusion of paclitaxel (10 mg/kg), a single fraction of irradiation (8 Gy, x-ray) to the whole abdomen, and a combination of irradiation (8 Gy, x-ray) given 24 hours after paclitaxel infusion. The histological changes as well as kinetics of mitotic arrest and apoptosis were evaluated on the large bowel mucosa at 6 hours, 1 day, 3 days and 5 days after treatment with paclitaxel alone, radiation alone and combination of paclitaxel and radiation. Results : The incidence of the mitotic arrest was not increased by paclitaxel infusion. The apoptosis appeared in 24 hours after paclitaxel infusion, and the histopathologic changes such as vesiculation, atypia and reduction of the goblet cell of the mucosa of the large bowel were demonstrated during the period from 6 hours to 3 days after, and returned to normal in 5 days after paclitaxel infusion. In irradiated group, the apoptosis was increased in 6 and 24 hours after irradiation, and the histopathologic changes of the mucosa were appeared in 24 hours and markedly increased in 3 days and returned to normal in 5 days. In combined group of irradiation and paclitaxel infusion, the apoptosis was appeared in 3 days and the histopathologic changes appeared during the period from 6 hours to 3 days after infusion. On the basis of the incidence of apoptosis and the degree of the histopathologic changes of the large bowel mucosa, there seemed to be additive effect by paclitaxel on radiation rather than sensitizing effect. Conclusions: The histopathological changes of large bowel mucosa in combined group compared to radiation alone group suggested an additive effect of paclitaxel on radiation response in the large bowel of rat.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.385-390
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• 2015

Purpose: This study evaluated the static stereoacuity by Distance Randot Stereotest (STEREO OPTICAL. Co., Inc. USA) and the dynamic stereoacuity by three-rods test (iNT, Korea). Criterion and correlation of stereoacuity between both tests and usefulness of two stereotest methods were also evaluated. Methods: For normal adults of 109 (male 61, female 48), mean age of 20.88 (19-32 years) years old, static stereoacuity by using Distance Randot Stereotest at 3 m distance, dynamic stereoacuity by using three-rods test at 2.5 m distance were measured. Results: The mean of distance static stereoacuity was $155.77{\pm}133.11sec$ of arc and the mean of error distance dynamic stereoacuity $11.13{\pm}9.69mm$. With equivalent-conversion stereoacuity of $23.44{\pm}20.96sec$ of arc, there was statistically significant differences (p=0.00) between two dynamic stereoacuity, but correlation was relatively low (${\rho}=0.226$). In the case of dynamic stereoacuity, separated to normal range by criterion of the error distance 20 mm, it showed the error distance of less than 20 mm in 97 subjects(89%) whose average of error distance and conversion mean dynamic stereoacuity were $8.43{\pm}5.10mm$ and $17.68{\pm}10.67sec$ of arc. repectively. The error distance of was equivalent-conversion dynamic stereoacuity 40.99 sec of arc (PD 62 mm basis) was 20 mm. Conclusions: The results of lower correlation between static and dynamic stereoacuity suggest that seterotest should be applied separately to different functions. The results of this study also suggest that Distance Randot Stereotest can be applied to static stereoacuity excluding monocular cues. Three-rods test can be applied to dynamic stereoacuity containing the response of the eye-hand coordination in the daily life of natural vision condition, including the monocular cues. These different approaches canprovide a criterion of the two stereoacuity and parallel use of the two tests would be useful. For dynamic stereoacuity by three-rods test, error distance 20 mm in a normal range of adults can be used as a criteria to get statistical meaning of the results.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.352-363
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to analyze health-related habits, weight control experience and body composition of 344 female students visiting nutrition counselling office. Dietary habits of the subjects were assessed by means of interview with questionnaire and nutrient intakes were evaluated by the simple dietary assessment method. Weight and height were measured to get body mass index(BMI) and waist-hip ratio and their body composition were measured by Inbody 3.0. The obtained results were as follows: 1) Among students, 14.5% were exercising on a regularly basis, of which the exercises were walking and gymnastic exercise(22.1%), jogging(14.1%), and rope-skipping(4.7%), 48.4% of students were little drinking and 30.5% were once a week and smokers were 4.1%. 2) 28.3% of students were little having breakfast and 15.1% were once or twice a week. Two third of total students were not having breakfast regularly. Also only 59.6% of students were having dinner everyday, which means many of them were even skipping dinner. The reasons why they were not having breakfast were because they don't have enough time to eat(66.0%) and for a diet(2.8%) and the reasons for skipping dinner were because they were not hungry(23.0%), for the weight loss(18.2%). It was shown that they would skip dinner rather than breakfast for a weight control. 51.6% of students were taking snack 1~2 times a day and 5.3% were having little snack. 55.4% of students were dining out once a day and 15.4% more am 2 times a day. 3) 46.7% of students were already experiencing weight control before visiting the counselling office. 78.5% of students tried on one kind of weight control method, 11.4% on two kinds, and 10.1 % on more than three kinds. The method they tried for a weight control most was the one food diet using egg, fruits and beans, which is the most popular among them, and the next were an aerobic exercise(23.6%). a diet tried by a famous entertainer (15.5%), and the fasting(14.5%). 4) The average BMI was 21.2 and the body fat rate was 28.1%. As a result of grouping BMI, 12.8% were underweight 67.6% normal weight 11.6% overweight and 8% obesity. Less than standard for the body fat rate were 0.6%, 50.6% standard, 48.5% more than standard. 49.2% of students as normal weight on a BMI were assessed the so-called "skinny obesity. 50% of consulted students situated fat intra-abdominally at the umbilical level(WHR>0.8). 5) The energy intake was 76.6$\pm$17.8% of RDA and constituent ratio of carbohydrate, fat and protein were 64.2$\pm$5.2%, 21.6$\pm$3.7% and 14.3$\pm$2.3%, respectively, which is little over of 20% of recommended ratio of fat. Protein and niacin intake were more than 90% of RDA and riboflavin and vit. C were taken more than 100% of RDA. But Fe intake was 69.4$\pm$19.3%, Ca 76.6$\pm$23.6%, which were the least constituents. There was not remarkable significance between energy intake and nutrient density based on the groups of underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity of BMI. 6) It was shown that body fat rate had remarkably significant correlation(p<0.000) with BMI(r=0.760) and WHR(r=0.817) respectively, but body fat rate was more correlated with WHR than with BMI. There was not much significant difference between body fat rate and WHR whether they exercised or not. However. BMI was significantly higher in the exercise group because one who showed higher BMI started to exercise since they looked fat in appearance and perceived as they were fat. fat.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.2 s.55
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• pp.205-218
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• 1996

A given facial type can be considered as a syndrome in which various features are aggregated, so a single parameter is not sufficient to accurately identify a given facial type. This study was designed to identify & characterize the skeletal types that blend under the headline-'Cl III,deepbite'. Cephalograms of thirty-four untreated mixed dentition patients, selected mainly on the basis of clinical impression of Cl III with reduced lower face heights were studied. The following conclusion can be drawn. 1. Cl III malocclusion with reduced lower face height could be classified into three types. 2. Subtype 1 was identified by the following features : strong ramus, more anteriorly positioned upper molars without alveolar hypoplasia, acutely reduced Mn. plane angle. 3. Subtype 2 was characterized by a short ramus, sharply reduced postrior alveolar height, and normal Mn. plane angle. In general, this type had hypoplasia tendency in the vertical dimension. 4. In subtype 3, the AUFH occupying more percentage than ALFH was a outstanding feature. Ramal height was in normal range, alveolar hypoplasia and slightly reduced Mn. plane angle was observed. 5. The features of the subtypes were reflected in certain indices, which can be regarded as discriminative index. LAFH: if reduced, regardless of subtypes, indicates reduced lower ant. face height consistently. FHR: when this ratio is increased, it indicates subtype 1. FHI: when this ratio is in normal range, it indicates subtype 2. FPI: if reduced greatly, it indicates subtype 3.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.4346-4353
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to estimate the cervical range of motion and the effects of massage and static stretching in their 20s of normal adult. One hundred participants(massage=50, stretching=50) with no musculoskeletal and nervous system problems volunteered for this study. Massage and static stretching were applied to sternocleidomstoid, scalenes, trapezius, semispinalis, splenius, suboccipital, multifidi and rotatores. Both groups received intervention for 3 times in a week. The time the intervention was applied was for 10minutes. Effleurage, petrissage and stripping technique was applied to massage group and static stretching technique was applied to stretching group. The cervical range of motion (CROM) instrument was used to measure eight cervical motions (suboccipital flexion, suboccipital extension, neck flexion and extension, and left and right lateral flexion, left and right rotation). As a result of making a statistical analysis of the data, the following findings were given: First, normal cervical range of motion revealed; suboccipital flexion($2.39^{\circ}$) and extension($38.36^{\circ}$), flexion($54.11^{\circ}$) and extension($69.39^{\circ}$), lateral flexion on left($43.50^{\circ}$) and right($41.28^{\circ}$), rotation on left($66.39^{\circ}$) and right($65.94^{\circ}$) in male and suboccipital flexion($5.14^{\circ}$) and extension($36.47^{\circ}$), flexion($55.92^{\circ}$) and extension($71.22^{\circ}$), lateral flexion on left($43.34^{\circ}$) and right($41.06^{\circ}$), rotation on left($69.38^{\circ}$) and right($68.63^{\circ}$) in female. Second, women had greater range of motions than men in suboccipital flexion, left and right rotation(p<0.05). Third, it showed significantly increasing cervical range of motion in all directions within groups following treatments but not between groups(p<0.05). Our results suggest that massage and static stretching are an appropriate intervention to increase cervical range of motion by muscle relaxation and stretching and may be provided a basis for future studies investigating the cervical range of motion.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.351-429
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• 1998

The Purpose of Study 1. Inspection of clinical application on TCD to CVA 2. Objective Comparement and analysis about treatment effect of Western-Medicine, Korean Medicine, Cooperative consultation of Korean and Western medicice for CVA The Subject of Study We intended for the eighty six patient of CVA who had been treated in the Oriental Medical Hospital at Dong Eui Medical Center from 1997. 8. I to 1998. 7. 31 1. View of CT, MRI : the patient of Cb infarction 2. Attack Time : The patient who coming hospital falling ill within the early one week The method of study 1. Treat four group of Korean medicine, Constitution medicine, Western medicine, cooperative consultation of Korean medicine and Western medicine. 2. Application of TCD Check the result for three times, immediatly after the attack, two months later, four months later 3. Comparative analysis of each treatment effect by clinical symptoms and pathologic examination 4. The Judgement of the patient The Result From 8/1/1997 to 7/31/1998, We have the following result by clinical analysis intended for CVA 86 patients who had been treated in the Oriental Medical Hospital at Dong Eui Medical Center from 1997. 8. 1 to 1998. 7. 31 in 1. Analysis according to Age The first stage of thirties, forties, seventies is heavier than forties, fifties in improvement and Index of improvement of symptom 2. Analysis according to sex We have no special relation in an average of symptom and improvement, Index improvement 3. Analysis according to Family History We have the better result in first stage and improvement, index improvement when no family history. 4. Analysis according to Past History We have no special relation in past history like hypertension, DM, heart problem 5. Analysis devided two group, above group and under group on the basis of the average in first stage of all patient. We have the better result when the first stage is light, that the first score of barthel index and CNS is high. 6. Analysis of the effect of treatment about Korean medical treatment, Western medical treatment, cooperative treatment. In this study, the highest group of rate of treatment at four contrast groups (Korean medicine, Constitution medicine, Western medicine, cooperative treatment according to dyagnosis and range of treatment was the patient group of doing dyagnosis and method of treatment based on constitution medicine theory. This is that of doing demostation, A-Tx, po-herb-medication according to dyagnosis and treat method of constitution of Lee Je-ma In case of left, the case of dyagnosis any disease according to doctor view but, normal in TCDwas 22-beginning of attack, 20- two weeks later, 11 case-four weeks later in case of right, 15-beginning of attack, 12-two weeks later, 9 case four weeks later. So left vessel compares to right vessel is more interference, in fact more than a 1/2 of the patients of MCA disease can't do dyagnosis. In rate of imparement, the state of pacient improved but there isn't the improved case of result in TCD. 7. In TCD dyagnosis, between the case of inconsus the doctor view specially MCA in brain blood vessel is in large numbers and in total 86's patient, impossible case of dyagnosis according to interferiance of temporal is 21 case. 7. Result study about application of Kreaan medical treatment 1) The impossible patient of observation MCA blood vescular for interference temporal bone happened in large numbers. 2) There is the case having difference result to CT,MRI, MRA result. 3) Because individual difference is large, excluding to ananalogy of symptom. This is normal numerical value that has possibility of being checked as abnormal numerical value 4) there are a lot of cases that the speed of normal part is as similarly measured as that of abnormal part. It means that we cannot judge the disease by this measure 5) It is rare that this measure represent degree of improvement in patient's condition of disease. When we observe patient's condition become better, but we have no case that the result of TCD test better. 6) The result could be appear differently by the technique of the tester or by the experience of the tester 7) In the TCD test, abnormal symptoms is checked at 0 week, but at 2th week, normal symptoms is checked, again at 4th week abnormal is checked. According to the above result, CVA diagnosis is difficult only with TCD, as it appear in diagnosis error check which is suggested in the problem connected to project, for the aged persons who have the worst hardening of part of the cranium (1998. 5. 26 77 of 83 patients is 50s) there is a lot of cases that the measurement is impossible by TCD and the correction of measurement numerical value is decreased, as the age of cerebral infarction is high, TCD is inappropriate to diagnosis equipment through this study.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.787-793
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to investigate the development of probabilistic thinking in relation to the cognitive level of elementary school students and to analyze the effects of probability activities in Thinking Science(TS) program on the development of probabilistic thinking. 152 6th grade elementary school students compiled the sample group which was divided into an experimental group and a control group. Probability activities in TS program were used with the experimental group, while the normal curriculum was conducted with the control group. Both the experimental and control group were assessed with Science Reasoning Task II and a probabilistic thinking test before execution of this investigation and were post-tested with probabilistic thinking test after the project period was complete. Results of this study showed that the students in the concrete operational stage and transitional stage used subjective strategy together with quantitative strategy in probability problem-solving, and students in the early formal operational stage used quantitative strategy in probability problem-solving. It was also found that the higher the cognitive level of students, the higher the probabilistic thinking level. The probability activities of the TS program influenced the development of probabilistic thinking of elementary school students. Assessing the development of probabilistic thinking on the basis of the cognitive level found that the level of effectiveness was significantly higher for students in the early concrete operational stage and transitional stage than students in any other stage.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1967

Disappearance rate of injected $D_2O$ from the arterial blood as well as the effect of histamine on the rate were studied in rabbits. The concentrations of $D_2O$ in the serial arterial samples obtained through a Polyethylene tubing inserted into the carotid artery were assayed by the freezing point elevation method of Reaser. At zero time 3 ml of isotonic $D_2O$ in normal saline was injected into the jugular vein and at the same time serial sampling of arterial blood started. The serial sampling interval was either 7.7 sec or 12.3 sec. In the histamine treated animals histamine diphosphate (0,5 mg of histamine base) was injected intravenously 30 minutes prior to the zero time. The following results were obtained. 1. $D_2O$ concentration in arterial plasma water, x, was empirically obtained by the sum of 2 exponential terms of time, $x=Ae^{-k1t}+Be^{-k2t},$ and its theoretical basis was sought. The first term of the right member of the equation was regarded to be attributable to the compartment P which possessed instantaneous exchange of water with plasma. The second term was postulated to represent the poorly exchangeable compartment. 2. The constant A of the equation was evaluated as 4,37% and 14.3% in the control and histamine treated groups, respectively. B was 1.19% in the control and 0.849% in histamine treated animals. 3. The disappearance rates determined were; $k_1=0.0519{\pm}0.0221\;sec^{-1}\;K_2=0.00454{\pm}0.00247\;sec^{-1}$ in the control group. $k_1=0.1137{\pm}0.0290\;sec^{-1}\;K_2=0.00499{\pm}0.00204\;sec^{-1}$ in the histamine group. 4. In the histamine treated animals the disappearance rate of the first term was larger than that of the control animals, suggesting an enlarged size of the rapidly exchangeable compartment with regard to the plasma water. On the other hand the constant B was decreased by histamine administration, suggesting a distribution of $D_2O$ in an enlarged volume. This view was also made clear by comparing the apparent asymptotes to which the concentration curves of $D_2O$ approached in respective groups. The asymptotes in the histamine treated group showed lower values.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2013

This study was performed to determine the ranking foods and related foodborne pathogens for the impact of climate change, e.g., increasing temperature, on microbiological food safety. To do this, we developed an impact-ranking model comprising an Excel spreadsheet by using Risk Ranger. Because of a lack of data, input values in this model were determined on the basis of an expert's opinion. These values also were converted to normal distribution, and the developed model was simulated using @RISK. In conclusion, the 5 superior ranking foods and related foodborne pathogens for climate change impact were as follows: ready-to-eat foods (RTE) (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli O157:H7); bread and rice cakes (S. aureus and Bacillus cereus); meat and egg products (Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7, and S. aureus); tofu (bean curds) and jellies (B. cereus, E. coli O157:H7, and S. aureus); and fish products (S. aureus, Vibrio spp., and E. coli O157:H7).